what is adjective?

1. ADJECTIVE
• * SOME RULES FOR FORMING
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE

2. A. Comparative:
• 1. short A/Adv:
• Add “er” after them: shorter, longer, higher,….
• Some exceptions:
• end with “y” change into “I” then add “er”:
lovelier, prettier, happier, …
• end by consonant preceded with vowel,
double consonant : thinner, fatter, slimmer,….
• end with “w, er, t” add only “er” : slower,
cleverer, quieter, smarter, …..

3. 2. long A/ Adv: more + A/ Adv
Ex: more intelligent, more beautiful, …

4. B. Superlative:
1. short A/Adv:
• Add “the A+est” after them: the shortest,
longest, highest,….
• Some exceptions:
• end with “y” change into “I” then add “est”:
the loveliest, prettiest, happiest, …
• end by consonant preceded with vowel,
double consonant : the thinnest, fattest,
slimmer,
• end with “w, er, t” add only “er” : slower,
cleverer, quieter, smarter, …..

5. • 2. long A/ Adv: more + A/ Adv
• Ex: the most intelligent, the most
beautiful, ……….

6. Some irregular As:
compariso
n
Adjectives
Comparative Superlative
Good
Bad
Far
little
Better
Worse
Farther
less
The best
The worst
The farthest
The least

7. SOME OTHER KINDS OF COMPARISON:
1. Double comparative:
+ short A: [the short A + er]
Ex: the higher the sun, the shorter the
shadow.
+ long A: [the more A, the more/ A+ er]
Ex: the more modest you are, the more
successful you can get.

8. + V: [the more S+ V]
Ex: The more he works, the thinner he will
be.
+ N: the more N , the more N/ A+ er
Ex: The more money I got, the more
industrious I am.

9. There are 8 kinds of A:
1. Proper: describe a thing
Ex: Chinese language, Italian Watch,…
2. Descriptive: show what quality, in which state
of a thing or a person
Ex: a good man, an old book, an ill person,…
3. Quantitative: show an amount or number of sth
Ex: much, some, few, little,…
4. Demonstrative: show which or what thing is
meant
Ex: this, that these, those, such, same,…

10. 5. Interrogative: used for asking
questions
Ex: whose, what, which, when,…
6. Distributive: show a person or thing
are taken singly or separate lots (every,
each, either, neither…)
7. Possessive: show possession (my,
her, his, its, their, your, our)
8. Limiting or Articles: the, a, an (a man,
the cat, an orange…)

11. Position of A:
• + often in front of N, pronoun

12. + Some exceptions:
+ Modified by a phrase, the A as common thing.
ex: He’s a prison worthy of death.
Qualifying the compound of some,
any, no (one/ thing/ body)
Ex: Is there anything new today?
When it’s formed by prefix “a”
Ex: I saw a boy asleep in his room.
Used in a complement of O to a V
(make, keep, urge,….)
Ex: U made me happy.

13. - Used as a Subjective complement after V
understood.
Ex: All people (that were) present was astonished
by
his coming late.
I booked the most expensive seat (that was)
available.
- Denoting measure or age
Ex: she is 10 years old.
+ This table is 1 meter long and a half of meter
wide.

14. ORDER OF ADJ
NUMBER
QUALITY
AGE
MATERIAL
ORIGIN
COLOR
NOUN
SIZE
Ex: a small black plastic bag
Ex: an old Korean song
SHAPE

15. note
SIZE AND LENGHT SHAPE AND WIDTH
EX:
a tall thin man
a short fat woman

16. note
Two or more A of colour, use AND
EX:
a pink and yellow scarf
a red , blue and white flag

17. Some examples of adjective order
Opinio
n
Size Age Shape Colour Origin
Materia
l
Purpos
e
a silly
youn
g
Englis
h
man
a huge round metal bowl
a
smal
l
red
sleepin
g
bag

18. Exercise 1: Choose the best answer:
1. Which is the correct order?
• a small Canadian thin lady
• a Canadian small thin lady
• a small thin Canadian lady
• a thin small Canadian lady
•

19. 2. Which is the correct order?
• a carving steel new knife
• a new steel carving knife
• a steel new carving knife
• a new carving steel knife

20. 3. Which is the correct order?
• a beautiful blue sailing boat
• a blue beautiful sailing boat
• a sailing beautiful blue boat
• a blue sailing beautiful boat

21. 4. Which is the correct order?
• an old wooden square table
• a square wooden old table
• an old square wooden table
• a wooden old square table

22. 5. Which is the correct order?
• an new French exciting band
• a French new exciting band
• an exciting French new band
• an exciting new French band

23. 6. Which is the correct order?
• a red big plastic hat
• a big red plastic hat
• a plastic big red hat
• a bit plastic red hat

24. 7. Which is the correct order?
• a small Japanese serving bowl
• a Japanese small serving bowl
• a small serving Japanese bowl
• a serving small Japanese bowl

25. 8. Which is the correct order?
• a cotton dirty old tie
• a dirty cotton old tie
• an old cotton dirty tie
• a dirty old cotton tie

26. Exercise 2: Give the correct order:
1. round small reading lamp.
2. German old yellow car
3. wooden huge sailing ship
a small round reading lamp

27. Exercise 2: Give the correct order:
4. physics boring old teacher
5. slim Canadian handsome snowboarder
6. sugar blue round bowl

28. Exercise 3: Choose the best answer:
1. He was wearing a ________ shirt.
– dirty old flannel
– flannel old dirty
– old dirty flannel

29. 2. Pass me the ________ cups.
• plastic big blue
• big blue plastic
• big plastic blue

30. 3. All the girls fell in love with the ________
teacher.
• handsome new American
• American new handsome
• new handsome American

31. 4. I used to drive ________ car.
• a blue old German
• an old German blue
• an old blue German

32. 5. He recently married a ________
woman.
• young beautiful Greek
• beautiful young Greek
• beautiful Greek young

33. 6. This is a ________ movie.
• new Italian wonderful
• wonderful Italian new
• wonderful new Italian

34. 7. She is a ________ supermodel.
• beautiful slim Brazilian
• Brazilian beautiful slim
• slim Brazilian beautiful

35. 8. It's in the ________ container.
• large blue metal
• blue large metal
• blue metal large

36. 9. He sat behind a ________ desk.
• big wooden brown
• big brown wooden
• wooden big brown

37. 10. She gave him a ________
vase.
• small Egyptian black
• black Egyptian small
• small black Egyptian

38. FORMING AJECTIVES
• -able: có thể, có thể được (thành lập adjective)
[abolishable, acceptable, attractable, drinkable,
eatable, livable, lovable…]
•  -al = -ial = -ic = -ical: thuộc về (thành lập
adjective) [disciplinal, electronic, facial, financial,
geologic, governmental, professional, romantic,
scenical…]
•  -an = -ean = -ian: thuộc về (thành lập
adjective) [african, American, Anglican,
European…]

39. •  -ar: thuộc về, trông giống như (thành lập
adjective) [angular, lunar, solar, spicular,
tubercular…]
•  -ary: thuộc về, có sự liên quan đến
(thành lập adjective) [alimentary, biliary,
disciplinary, evolutionary, military,
voluptuary…]

40. •  -ative: liên quan đến, có quan hệ với
(thành lập adjective) [affirmative,
authoritative, cogitative, discriminative,
exclamative, imitative, imputative,
inspirative, meliorative, qualitative,
quantitative…]
•  -ative: hướng về, hướng tới (thành lập
adjective) [imbricative, ruminative,
talkative…]

41. •  -ative: liên quan đến, có quan hệ với
(thành lập adjective) [affirmative,
authoritative, cogitative, discriminative,
exclamative, imitative, imputative,
inspirative, meliorative, qualitative,
quantitative…]
•  -ative: hướng về, hướng tới (thành lập
adjective) [imbricative, ruminative,
talkative…]

42. •  -en: làm bằng (thành lập adjective)
[ashen, earthen, golden, silken, wooden…]
•  -ern: thuộc về (dung cho phương
hướng) (thành lập adjective và noun)
[eastern, northern…]
•  -esque: kiểu, loại, giống như (thành lập
noun và adjective) [arabesque,
picturesque, statuesque…]

43. •  -eth: số thứ tự (đặt sau một nguyên âm,
thành lập adjective và noun) [ninetieth,
thirtieth, twentieth…]
•  -ey: như, có vẻ như, đặc điểm (thành lập
adjective) [clayey, homey…]
•  -ferous: chứa đựng, truyền, chuyển
(thành lập adjective) [auriferous,
carboniferous, coniferous, metalliferous,
pestiferous…]

44. •  -fic: làm cho, làm ra (thành lập adjective)
[colorific, felicific, pacific, prolific, soporific…]
•  -fid: chia ra, phân ra (thành lập adjective)
[bifid, muftifid, sexifid, trifid…]
•  -fold: phần (thành lập adjective và adverb)
[fivefold, fourfold, hundredfold, manifold…]
•  -form: hình, hình dáng (thành lập adjective)
[conifrom, coralliform, cruciform, falciform,
multiform, oviform, triform, uniform…]
•  -ful: tính chất (thành lập adjective) [awful,
beautiful, careful, shameful, thoughtful…]

45. •  -ful: đầy, nhiều (thành lập adjective và
noun) [colorful, cupful, handful, mouthful,
roomful, spoonful…]
•  -ful: có khuynh hướng (thành lập
adjective) [eventful, grateful, harmful…]
•  -ible: có thể được (thành lập adjective)
[credible, legible, perfectible, reducible,
visible…]

46. •  -ile: có thể được (thành lập adjective)
[contractile, docile, ductile, extensile, facile,
fertile, fragile, tensile, volatile…]
•  -ine: giống như, tính chất (thành lập adjective)
[asinine, coralline, crystalline, equine, feline,
marine…]
•  -ious: đầy, nhiều (thành lập adjective)
[commodious, compendious, conscientious,
contentious, ferocious, prodigious…]

47. •  -ish: thuộc về, quốc tịch, dân tộc, ngôn ngữ
(thành lập adjective và noun) [British, Danish,
English, Finnish, Spanish, Turkish…]
•  -ish: giống như, có khuynh hướng (thành lập
adjective) [babyish, buckish, cattish, mulish,
thievish…]
•  -ish: hơi hơi, gọi là (thành lập adjective)
[coolish, dampish, oldish, prettyish, reddish,
sweetish…]
•  -ish: độ chừng (thành lập adjective) [eightyish,
fortyish…]

48. •  -ive: tính chất (thành lập adjective)
[constructive, defensive, impeditive, imperative,
retaliative…]
•  -less: không có (thành lập adjective)
[ceaseless, childless, countless, dauntless,
fadeless, homeless, numberless, peerless,
resistless, witless…]
•  -like: giống như (thành lập adjective) [childlike,
homelike, husbandlike, lifelike, wolflike,
womanlike…]

49. •  -ly: giống như (thành lập adjective)
[brotherly, fatherly, manly, queenly,
saintly…]
•  -most: nhất, cùng (thành lập adjective)
[foremost, headmost, inmost, topmost,
utmost…]
•  -oid: giống, giống như, như nhau (thành
lập adjective và noun) [anthropoid, cuboid,
rhomboid…]

50. •  -ous: đầy, nhiều (thành lập adjective)
[amorous, clamorous, garrulous,
glamorous, glorious, joyous, ferilous…]
•  -ous: tính chất (thành lập adjective)
[blasphemous, circuitous, dangerous,
frivolous, generous, idolatrous, nervous,
parsimonious, poisonous, wondrous,
zealous…]

51. •  -ory: nhiệm vụ, có khuynh hướng (thành
lập noun và adjective) [compulsory,
conciliatory, contributory, declaratory,
directory, justificatory…]
•  -ose: đầy, có nhiều, giống như (thành
lập adjective) [jocose, otiose, schistose,
verbose…]

52. •  -proof: chống lại, bảo vệ (thành lập
adjective) [bombproof, fireproof,
soundproof, waterproof…]
•  -some: có khuynh hướng (thành lập
adjective) [awesome, burdensome,
frolicsome, handsome, lonesome,
meddlesome, quarrelsome, tiresome,
troublesome…]

53. •  -teen: số đếm từ 30 đến 90 (thành lập
adjective và noun)
•  -ty: từng nhóm mười (thành lập adjective và
noun) [fifty, forty…]
•  -y: đầy, nhiều, gồm có, sức chứa đựng (thành
lập adjective) [airy, cloudy, dewy, icy, juicy, salty,
steepy, watery, windy…]
•  -y: có khuynh hướng (thành lập adjective)
[chatty, dreamy, fidgety, sleepy…]