ADHD as a Social Construction
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ADHD is commonly defined as having symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. However, the document argues that ADHD should be considered a social construction rather than a mental disorder. It notes that behaviors associated with ADHD fall on a spectrum of normal behavior. Additionally, it points out that ADHD diagnoses are disproportionately given to white, middle- and upper-middle-class children and that biological indicators and consistent testing models are lacking.
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Total stations are surveying instruments that combine an electronic theodolite, electronic distance meter, and on-board computer. They allow users to measure horizontal and vertical angles as well as slope distances to calculate coordinates. Modern total stations can store thousands of data points, perform computations, and transfer data remotely via memory cards or wireless connections. They have largely replaced standalone theodolites and distance meters due to greater accuracy, automation, and data processing capabilities. Total stations find wide application in civil engineering, mining, accident reconstruction, and other fields requiring precise spatial measurements and positioning.
Costume for trailer
Lilith will wear an oversized white dress and black tights to mislead the audience into thinking she is harmless, when she is actually evil. Maria will dress formally in white, black, and gold to portray her as the victim the audience can sympathize with. Sammy and Robyn will wear black clothes to foreshadow the danger ahead for them as their costumes lack innocence. Maria's father will be in all black to portray formality but also keep his secrets and enigma.
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Total station and its application to civil engineering
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Dr. Kritsonis is Tenured Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired and graduated the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. Since then, Dr. Kritsonis has chaired 22 doctoral dissertations along with serving as a committee member on many others.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Valid Medical Condition or Cultural...
This article challenges the definition of ADHD as a legitimate medical condition and argues it may instead be a culturally constructed myth. The author provides evidence that ADHD diagnoses have increased dramatically in the US without clear scientific evidence that it is a neurological disorder. No biological tests can confirm ADHD, and rates of diagnosis vary widely between countries. The author suggests economic and cultural factors may better explain the rise in ADHD diagnoses in America than it representing a real neurological condition.
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This document discusses Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and how the diagnostic criteria for ADHD has been updated in the DSM-5 to better characterize ADHD in adults. It notes that ADHD often continues from childhood into adulthood. The document then discusses common clinical histories seen in adults with ADHD, domains of impairment associated with ADHD, and the link between ADHD and addiction, noting people with ADHD are vulnerable to substance abuse to try and self-medicate their symptoms. It emphasizes the importance of treating both ADHD and any co-occurring addictions.
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ADHD, Breaking the Misbeliefs and Embracing the Facts of this Gifted Life.
All across the globe, millions of children and adults have been diagnosed with "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" or "ADHD" for short. It is a very common neurodevelopmental disorder and knowing the facts associated with this condition is critical in treating it and viewing it properly.
Adhd handbook11
Attention Deficit Disorder is commonly referred to as ADHD. Three types of
ADHD are identified by the National Institute of Mental health. They are: the
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (that does not show significant inattention);
the predominantly inattentive type (that does not show significant hyperactive-
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ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND TEENS
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emotional disorder
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2. Diagnoses are based on classification systems like the DSM-IVR which lists behavioral characteristics, but these criteria are subject to interpretation and can vary between professionals.
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ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects about 5% of children and 2.5% of adults globally. Genetics play a major role in causation, with heritability estimated around 75-80%. Neuroimaging studies show decreased prefrontal cortex volume and activity. Stimulant medications and behavioral therapies are effective treatments. Left untreated, individuals with ADHD are at higher risk for academic underachievement, accidents, substance abuse, and legal/occupational problems.
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Adh dbeginsinchildhood
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) begins in childhood and may continue into adulthood, affecting an individual's activities professionally, socially, and within their family. ADHD is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. While it is a widely recognized disorder, some professionals still question its validity. ADHD has been linked to changes in the brain regions involved in behavioral inhibition, attention, and neurotransmitter systems. Treatment may include therapy, support at home and school, and stimulant medications which help the functioning of affected brain areas without causing addiction.
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Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
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9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
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12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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ADHD as a Social Construction
- 1. Should ADHD be classified as a mental disorder or a social construction? Jessica Bell
- 2. What is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? The National Institute of Mental Health defines ADHD’s symptoms as difficulty staying focused and paying attention, difficult controlling behavior, and overhyperactivity.
- 3. Disorder or Construction? ADHD is a social construction. The behavioral problems associated with it fall on spectrum of normative behavior Images from Clip Art
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