Activities on conflict management

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution Skills
Activities on Conflict Management
Submitted To:
Prof. Dr. Shaker Mahmood Mayo
Prof. Dr. Ijaz Ahmad
Submitted By:
Muhammad Nadeem (2016-MS-CRP-03)
Department Of City and Regional Planning
University Of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Negotiation & Conflict Resolution Skills Department of City & Regional planning
Activities on Conflict Management University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore
Table of Contents
Conflict .........................................................................................................................................................1
Conflict Resolution.......................................................................................................................................1
Causes of Conflict.........................................................................................................................................1
Activity No.01: Types of Conflict ................................................................................................................1
Conflict Analysis Tools ................................................................................................................................2
Purpose of Conflict Analysis ....................................................................................................................2
Advantages of Conflict Analysis ..............................................................................................................3
Limitations of Conflict Analysis...............................................................................................................3
Activity No. 02: The Wheel..........................................................................................................................3
Purpose......................................................................................................................................................4
Material.....................................................................................................................................................4
Preparation................................................................................................................................................4
Time..........................................................................................................................................................4
Steps..........................................................................................................................................................4
Activity No. 03: The Conflict Tree...............................................................................................................6
Purpose......................................................................................................................................................6
Material.....................................................................................................................................................6
Preparation................................................................................................................................................6
Time..........................................................................................................................................................6
Steps..........................................................................................................................................................7
Activity No. 04: The Conflict Map...............................................................................................................9
Purpose......................................................................................................................................................9
Material.....................................................................................................................................................9
Preparation................................................................................................................................................9
Time..........................................................................................................................................................9
Steps..........................................................................................................................................................9
Possible Symbols used in Conflict Mapping ..........................................................................................10
Activity No. 05: Need Fears Mapping........................................................................................................12
Purpose....................................................................................................................................................12
Preparation..............................................................................................................................................12
Time........................................................................................................................................................12

Steps........................................................................................................................................................12
Example 01 .............................................................................................................................................12
Example 02 .............................................................................................................................................13
Activity No. 06: Multi Causal Role Model.................................................................................................14
Purpose....................................................................................................................................................14
Preparation..............................................................................................................................................14
Time........................................................................................................................................................14
Steps........................................................................................................................................................14
Example ..................................................................................................................................................15
Activity No. 07: Construction of a new access road to Sungai Penuh cutting through Kerinci Seblat
National Park in Sumatra............................................................................................................................16
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................16
Application of Harvard Approach...........................................................................................................17
Preparation..............................................................................................................................................17
Time........................................................................................................................................................17
Steps........................................................................................................................................................17
Conflict Map...........................................................................................................................................20
Argument against the project..................................................................................................................20
Argument in favor of the project.............................................................................................................21
Agreement...............................................................................................................................................22
Activity No. 08............................................................................................................................................22
Study I: Conduct of Holy Prophet (PBUH) ................................................................................................22
Conflict Type:.........................................................................................................................................23
Apply Glasl’s Escalation Model .............................................................................................................23
Study II: Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Gift of Sour Grapes ................................................23
Conflict Type:.........................................................................................................................................24
Apply Conflict Perspective Analysis......................................................................................................24
Apply Harvard Approach........................................................................................................................24

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Conflict
“It is a form of interaction among parties that differ in interest, perceptions, and preferences.”
(Kolb, David A., Osland, Joyce S., and Rubin, Irwin M., Organizational behavior: An experiential approach, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 6th
Edition.)
Conflict Resolution
It is the process by which two or more parties engaged in a disagreement, dispute, or debate reach an
agreement resolving it. Several skills are needed for you to resolve conflicts in the workplace effectively.
Causes of Conflict
In order to understand a given context it is fundamental to identify potential and existing conflict causes,
as well as possible factors contributing to peace. Conflict causes can be defined as those factors which
contribute to people’s grievances; and can be further described as:
Structural causes
The pervasive factors that have been become built into the policies, structures and fabric of a society and
may create the pre-conditions for violent conflict.
Proximate causes
Factors contributing are to a climate conducive to violent conflict or its further escalation, sometimes
apparently symptomatic of a deeper problem.
Triggers
Single key acts, events, or their anticipation that will set off or escalate violent conflict.
Activity No.01: Types of Conflict
There are following types of conflict are given below
Types of
Conflict
Description
Examples
Micro Level Macro Level
Person vs.
Person
The central character
clashes with another
person
Two former players
compete for the same
position on the cricket team.
Negotiating peace between
Israel and Palestine.
Person vs. Self
The main character
battles him.
Ali caught him friend Ahsan
stealing from a classmate.
Now Ali must choose
between keeping friendship
with Ahsan and doing the
A stutterer preparing for a
public speech.

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right thing.
Person vs.
Society
The main character
challenges a law,
tradition, or
institution.
A boy struggling to fit in at
school.
Ali makes an art project
protesting school
examination.
Prime Minister speaking out
against segregation.
Prime Minister encouraging
non violent protests.
Person vs.
Nature
The main character
fights to endure or
overcome forces of
nature.
A guard dog attacking a
thief when he entered into
house.
Trying to summit Mount
Everest.
Floods destroying a
person’s house and
livelihood.
Person vs.
Supernatural
The main character
resists forces that are
not of this world.
A young boy digs a hole in
his backyard and finds a
gateway to another
dimension, one which is
filled with monsters.
A family moves into a
house on a Civil War battle
ground that turns out to be
haunted.
Person vs.
Technology
The central character
struggles with or
against the forces of
technology.
A group of strangers gets
stuck in an elevator.
The pencil sharpener won’t
sharpen your pencil.
GPS giving wrong
directions.
Ali flying the airplane after
the pilot dies.
Electricity going out.
Conflict Analysis Tools
Conflict analysis is the systematic study of the profile, causes, actors, and dynamics of conflict. It helps
development, humanitarian and peace building organizations to gain a better understanding of the context
in which they work and their role in that context.
Purpose of Conflict Analysis
The purpose of conflict analysis is
o To better understand why there is a conflict and why this conflict is expressed violently.
o To better understand how stakeholders deal with conflicts.
o To inform the actors concerned how to respond sensitively to a conflict situation, thereby
contributing to reducing or eliminating the likelihood of violent conflict.

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Advantages of Conflict Analysis
The advantages of conflict analysis is
o The involvement of project staff leads to an increase in their professional capability to work in
complex environments.
o Conflict analysis encourages project teams to think beyond their set objectives and planned
impacts, and to consciously consider the broader environment (Including cultural, political, and
socio-economic factors) within which the project operates.
o Making conscious and explicit attempts to "integrate a conflict lens" into a project usually results
in making additional attempts in adopting common good practices such as participation,
transparency, and application of developmental policy criteria such as poverty orientation, good
governance and sustainability.
Limitations of Conflict Analysis
The limitations of conflict analysis is
o Conflict analysis might provoke various forms of opposition from within and resistance from
outside.
o Conflict analysis cannot be conducted at any moment. Conflict analysis itself presents an
intervention in the conflict, and therefore involves the risk of aggravating existing tensions.
o Data collection is constrained. In areas where free articulation of opinion might entail personal
security risks for staff, first hand information cannot be obtained. In addition to that, most people
do not want 'outsiders' to find out about 'the state of internal affairs'.
o The quality of the conflict analysis depends on the local capacity for professional conduct of
conflict analysis. There is no substitute for skilled regional analysts.
o Most of the time, conflict analysis is a snapshot of a present situation. Conflicts are highly
dynamic and a regular updating mechanism is often needed.
Activity No. 02: The Wheel
The students of Negotiation and Conflict Resolution Skills are divided into three groups. Each group
consists of one mediator with five members. Each group selected two or three conflict through
brainstorming technique within fifteen minutes and finalized one core conflict which has enough relevant
data. Members of each group are shifted from one group to another but mediator remained fixing.
Group-I prepared Conflict wheel on Disasters due to Heavy flood of 2010 in Pakistan which is under
Person versus Nature type of conflict.

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The Wheel gives a first overview of a conflict, before analyzing specific aspects. The Wheel symbolizes
wholeness and movement, once the various aspects have been examined; they need to be brought together
again, to get the conflict analysis “rolling”.
Conflict Wheel having three important dimension of conflict analysis are given below
o Understanding Conflict Context
o Understanding the Interactions
o Developing Options and Alternatives
Purpose
To identify issues and gives alternatives of the conflict.
Material
Flip charts and Colored pens are the materials.
Preparation
Draw a Sample conflict tree on a flip chart.
Time
1 Hour
Steps
The following steps are involve to perform conflict wheel activity are given below
o Introduce the purpose of the activity
o Decide conflict which is above mentioned.
o Draw a wheel on large sheet of paper.
o Divide wheel into three sections.
o List the various aspects in the three sections of the wheel.

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Activity No. 03: The Conflict Tree
Group-II prepared Conflict tree on conflict between Custodians and affectees, Orange line metro train
project Lahore, which is under Person versus Society type of conflict.
The tree visualizes the interaction between structural, manifest and dynamic factors. The roots symbolize
structural “static” factors. The trunk represents the manifest issues, linking structural factors with the
dynamic factors. The leaves moving in the wind represent the dynamic factors.
Dynamic Factors: Dynamic factors include the form of communication, escalation level, relationship
aspects etc. Working with dynamic factors involves a short time horizon; reactions to interventions are
quick and at times unpredictable. Examples are diplomatic interventions, or multi track conflict
transformation dealing directly with the form of interaction between the conflict parties. Quick money is
often more important than big money when addressing dynamics factors.
Manifest issues: Issues are what the conflict parties want to talk about, the “topic” of the conflict.
Structural Factors: Root causes are the basic “reason “of the conflict. They are difficult to influence
on a short time basis, if they are avoided, however, the conflict may pop up again later. This is the typical
area for development cooperation, longer-term involvement and the prevention of structural violence.
Purpose
To help stakeholders examine the origins and underlying causes of conflict.
Material
Flip charts, Post-it notes and Colored marking pens.
Preparation
Draw a Sample conflict tree on a flip chart.
Time
1Hour

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Steps
o Introduce the purpose of the activity. Explain that this activity assists the understanding of how
and why conflict originates and the sequence of contributing causes.
o The starting point is a specific conflict. Members first to discuss and agree on a conflict that they
are all familiar with and write the conflict issue at the top of the flip chart.
o Each person gets several index cards, on which they write a word or two indicating important
factors of the conflict as they see it.
o Draw a tree with root, trunk and branches.
o Invite member to attach their cards to the tree
o Mediator facilitates the discussion on where the factors are placed on the tree. There is no
absolute “right” or “wrong”. Placement of factors is partly subjective, may be different in
different conflicts, and may change over time.
o Members visualize their own conflict transformation efforts and place this on the tree in relation
to the factors they are currently working on.
o Discussion on the links between root causes and dynamics factors and how to address these.
o At the end, give presentation.

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Activity No. 04: The Conflict Map
Group-III prepared Conflict Map on Housing Shortage for Low Income Group in Lahore, which is under
Person versus Society type of conflict.
Similar to a geographic map that simplifies terrain so that it can be summarized on one page, a conflict
map simplifies a conflict, and serves to visualize
o The actors and their “power”, or their influence on the conflict
o Their relationship with each other
o The conflict theme or issues
A conflict map represents a specific view point (of the person or group mapping), of a specific conflict
situation, at a specific moment in time, similar to a photograph.
Purpose
o To clarify relationships between actors
o To visualize and reflect on the “power” of various actors
o To determine the primary issues of conflict
Material
Flip chart and Colored pens are materials used in conflict mapping.
Preparation
Draw a Sample conflict map on a flip chart.
Time
1Hour
Steps
o Explain the purpose of the activity, emphasizing that mapping is a useful tool for exploring power
of actors.
o Explain to participants that they will need first to discuss and agree on a conflict that they are all
familiar with.
o Preparing a basic sketch map of the area on which the conflict is centered. On this map, they are
to show the major actors who are involved to provide Low income housing.

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o Take a large sheet of paper
o Draw the actors as circles on the paper, the size of the circle representing an actors’ “power”.
o Draw lines between the circles representing the relationship between the actors.
o In square boxes, list the main themes.
o Add title on the top of the chart and date to the conflict map.
Possible Symbols used in Conflict Mapping
Name Description Symbol
Circle
Parties involved in the situation. The size of the Circle/s
symbolized the power of the conflict party in relation to the
conflict. The name of the party can be written in the circle.
Straight Line Close Relationship
Double Line Very good relationship, Alliance
Dotted Line Weak, Informal or Intermittent Links
Arrow Predominant direction of Influence or activity
Zig Zag Line
Discord, Conflict. Lightning Bolts can be added to indicate
hot events
Crossed Out
line
Broken Connection
Half / Quarter
Circle
External Parties, Third Parties
Rectangular
Boxes
Issues, Topics, or Things other than people and
organizations

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Activity No. 05: Need Fears Mapping
This method focuses on actors and their issues, interests, needs, fears, means and options. It
allows for a clear comparison of actors similarities and differences in the form of a table.
Purpose
o To clarify in a comparable format the various actors attributes
o To focus on needs and fears, and possible options to deal with these
o To help people understand each other perceptions
o To stimulate discussion
Preparation
Prepare a table on Need Fear Mapping technique.
Time
30 Minutes
Steps
o Draw a table with the following columns: Issues, interests/needs, fears, means and
options
o A conflict party or third party fills the table in as a conflict analysis tool
o The joint table is discussed in the group
o Give presentation and make discussion
The following example about the Need Fears Mapping are given below
Example 01
Actors Issues Interest/Needs Fears Means Options
Pastoralists
Pound
unavailability
Limited access
to water
Income
generation
Increase of
production
Loss of
livestock
Increase in
poverty
Public
consultation
Cooperation
with land
department for
Negotiation
with irrigation
department
Coordination
with farmers

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Livelihood and
survival
Migration provision of
land
Political
Lobbying
Give funds/
incentive to the
farmers
Dialogue to
provide water
to the farmers
Example 02
Actors Issues Interest/Needs Fears Means Options
Farmer
Owning 10
Buffalos
Unavailability
of land
Lack of
grazing space
Lack of
training to
remain healthy
Provide land
provide proper
storage space
Provide
medicine
Severe illness
Death of
buffalo
Increase in
poverty
Cooperation
with
department
Public
consultation
Feeds export
from other city
Storage space
provide by
Government
Negotiation
with park
concerns
Funds provides
by Government

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Activity No. 06: Multi Causal Role Model
The concept differentiates structural from actor-oriented factors by synthesizing system and actor
approaches. Disputes have their roots in psycho-sociological, socioeconomic, political, and international
conditions.
Purpose
o To trace causal mechanisms, patterns, to distinguish between the different quality and role of the
various factors that lead to conflicts.
o To facilitate the location of entry points for conflict transformation, to differentiate between short
term and long term commitment needs.
Preparation
Draw a diagram based on Multi Causal Role Model.
Time
30 Minutes
Steps
Focusing on your conflict, differentiate between the following factors
Reason: these are the basic or root causes and structural factors of the conflict, perceived by the actor as
“historical problems”. Reasons are related to a conflict parties’ interests and needs, but also to their
perception of history.
Target: These are the aims of the conflict parties, what the conflict parties say they are fighting about, the
positions and expressed interests of the conflict parties.
Channels: These are lines of political, social, economic or national cleavage, that group people together,
that form group-identity. The channels are often not directly related to the root cause of the conflict.
Triggers: It initiate a new level of conflict. It is very difficult to identify.
Catalysts: It influence the rate, intensity and duration of a conflict once the conflict is underway,
affecting content and dynamics of a conflict.

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Example
The following example on the Multi Causal Role Model are given below
In this diagram Illegal Housing Scheme related issue is highlighted to show the application of Multi
Casual Model.
Illegal Housing Scheme
Lahore Motorway City
extended the area
beyond your approved
limit by Lahore
Development Authority
and entered into River
Ravi Front project
Lahore Development
Authority wants to draw
area from the project but
wants to not remove the
area from the project
Political interfere and
Media are the channels
Extended area is the main
cause of conflict
enter into the River Ravi
project area
Lahore Development
Authority, Lahore
Reason
Target
Channel Catalyst
Violence
Trigger

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Activity No. 07: Construction of a new access road to Sungai Penuh
cutting through Kerinci Seblat National Park in Sumatra
Introduction
o Kerinci Seblat National Park is the largest National Park on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia
and one of the largest protected areas in all of South East Asia
o 370 species of birds, 85 species of mammals and 4,000 species of plants
o Total area:13,791 km2
o Established: 4 October, 1982
o legally confirmed: 1999
o Governing body: Ministry of Environment and Forestry
o One of thirteen Globally Important Tiger Conservation Landscapes
o Highest population of Tigers on Sumatra, estimated to be between 165-190 individuals
o Part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site (2004) Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra, the
Kerinci Seblat National Park has a wide variety of geological features and landscapes from
volcanoes and cloud forests, hot springs to waterfalls to lakes, Kerinci is diverse in every way
o Six species of Wild Cats
o KSNP has faced most of the challenges common to protected areas in tropical countries- illegal
logging, illegal mining, poaching, and encroachment.
o These activities were mainly viewed by park officials as opportunistic acts perpetrated by
residents of villages surrounding the park rather than coordinated challenges to the central
government's administration of the park.
o In the years just after the park's designation, park managers had limited enforcement resources,
and so in some areas fields and agroforests that predated the park's founding were allowed to
remain.

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Application of Harvard Approach
Roger Fisher and William Ury of Harvard wrote a seminal work on negotiation entitled “Getting to yes:
Negotiating Agreement without Giving In”.
The “Principled Negotiation” theory which they developed was first applied to the Camp David
negotiations between Egypt and Israel in 1978.
Good negotiation is more than just getting to “yes.” A good agreement is one which is wise and efficient,
and which improves relationships. Wise agreements satisfy both parties’ interests and are fair and lasting.
With most long-term clients, business partners and team members the quality of the ongoing relationship
is more important than the outcome of the particular negotiation. In order to preserve and hopefully
improve relationships how you get to “yes” matters.
Preparation
Make an agreement on which every group member is agree
Time
4 hours
Steps
o Selection of Mediator and Assistant Mediator
o Assigned role by Mediator
o Brief introduction of conflict by Mediator
o Brainstorming and discussion on conflict
o Identification of common interest on conflict
o Criteria for good solution and agree on solution
o Conclude agreement
In the first step rules are assigned to each member to express their view about the conflict might be in
favor and against of the project
Role Name
Mediator Iqra Ismail
Assistant Mediator Tayyaba Nazir

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Bupati/ Mayor of Sungai Penuh
Zahid Hussain
Atiq-ur-Rehman
Chief Warden, Kerinci Seblat National Park
Umair-Bin-Saad
Muhammad Bilal Akram
Representative of Ministry of Environment and Forestry Muhammad Nadeem
A Swiss Environmental NGO Sumaira Chohan
A Tour Operator Based in Jambi Aqsa Jabeen
Chamber of Commerce, Sungai Penuh Muhammad Ikram Anwar
Regional Planners’ Association of Central Sumarta
Muhammad Ihsan Nawaz
Khawaja Junaid Ahmed
Representative of the Suku Anak Dalam People Muhammad Suleman
Environmental Activist
Uzma Afzal
Hassam Ali
Transporter Muhammad Farhan Zaheer
Poverty Eradication Activist Usama Younas
Mostly members are in favor of the project and some members are against of the implementation of
project passes through the park. This step shows that
Competing
In this step, everyone wants to compete in the project. Each member gave argument are in favor and
against of the project.
Collaborating
After discussion when some members are against of the project. Members who in favor of the project try
to resolve the conflict
Role Name Status Personal Intentions
Mediator Iqra Ismail Neutral Satisfying both parties
Assistant Mediator Tayyaba Nazir Neutral Satisfying both parties
Bupati/ Mayor of Sungai
Penuh
Zahid Hussain
Atiq-ur-Rehman
In Favor Corruption

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Chief Warden, Kerinci Seblat
National Park
Umair-Bin-Saad
Muhammad Bilal Akram
Against Has personal grudges with the
Mayor
Representative of Ministry of
Environment and Forestry
Muhammad Nadeem Against
Wants to favour some other
project in this area.
A Swiss Environmental NGO Sumaira Chohan Against
Becoming famous though
media by opposing the project
A Tour Operator Based in
Jambi
Aqsa Jabeen In Favor
Boosting her business if
tourism will be promoted.
Chamber of Commerce,
Sungai Penuh
Muhammad Ikram Anwar In Favor Corruption
Regional Planners’
Association of Central
Sumarta
Muhammad Ihsan Nawaz
Khawaja Junaid Ahmed
In Favor
Getting privileges from mayor
by supporting the project
Representative of the Suku
Anak Dalam People
Muhammad Suleman In Favor
Becoming famous in the
community and get elected for
the next tenure
Environmental Activist
Uzma Afzal
Hassam Ali
Against Always supports Swiss NGO
Transporter
Muhammad Farhan
Zaheer
In Favor More Economic Benefits
Poverty Eradication Activist Usama Younas In Favor Economic Benefits
The above table shows that mediator and Assistant mediator are natural while
most members are in favor and some members are against.
Natural
In Favor
Against

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Conflict Map
The conflict map shows the power of the actors as well as the relationship between actors.
Argument against the project
o Road construction through national parks is forbidden by national law without the consent of the
MoF (Ministry of Forest). The MoF has not approved any of the proposed roads not only because
of their ecological impacts, but also because roads pose a threat to the MoF's control over forest
resources. The MoF, like other bureaucratic entities responsible for land, forests, and other
natural resources, is both regulator and rent seeker, and so increased access for district elites
potentially decreases the ability of the MoF to reach lucrative conservation and/or exploitation
agreements with multinational corporations, international nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), and other non-state actors.

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o Roads are also opposed by local, national, and international conservation organizations.
o The main argument against the road proposals is that they will adversely impact KSNP. Roads
directly impact protected areas by increasing edge effects and fragmented habitats, which leads to
a wide variety of avoidance behaviors among key species. These impacts are compounded by the
economic and physical contexts in which roads are constructed on Sumatra. Road construction in
Indonesia is rife with corruption from the sub-district level all the way up to the national level.
o Conservationists and park officials also point to the secondary effects of road construction,
asserting that new roads would provide a point of entry for illegal loggers and poachers as well as
frontier encroachment on either side of the road.
Argument in favor of the project
o District governments argue that roads provide an economic advantage, providing shorter routes to
existing markets and additional routes to new markets.
o For farmers in the mostly agricultural communities surrounding KSNP, new, shorter, and better
roads decrease transportation time and costs.
o They will help in opening up isolated and underdeveloped areas or those they will reconnect
villages and regions that have traditional or historical ties.
Most of the districts around the park argue that it is an obstacle to development.
o Not only can they not benefit from the timber, ore, and land sequestered within the park, but the
ban on existing roads serves as an enforced isolation that puts them at an unfair disadvantage in
relation to other districts. In many instances this is true, e.g. Kerinci district in Jambi province,
which is a densely populated enclave completely surrounded by the park, is accessible only via
three roads, which adds to travel times and increases the cost of consumer goods. It takes 12
hours by road to reach the provincial capital (Jambi City) and seven hours to reach the nearest
port. However, the role of road construction in district politics cannot be ignored.
o As the proposed road allows connectivity to airport, tour operator is of the view that tourism will
be promoted as accessibility would increase. More revenue will be generated as an outcome
which will help to overcome the economic investment made in this project.
o The Representative of transport sector supports the argument with the view point that this project
will be beneficial for the locals by providing accessibility to markets and other basic facilities like
school, hospitals; of which they are deprived of.

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Compromising
Ready to give up some of my claims, if receive something from other party. The members who are
against about the project want to compromise by giving some incentives or alternatives of their views.
Accommodating
The members who are in favor of project to prepare for sacrifice. After listening argument of all roles,
Mediator and Assistant Mediator tried to resolve the conflict by bringing both parties to level of
compromise in order to achieve some of their goals.
Issues mentioned by opposing parties were discussed with supporting party and they were asked to
accommodate their perspective in their plans in order to satisfy their concerns.
After discussion with supporting party, mediator and assistant mediator listed down the possible solutions
and presented them to the other party.
After mutual consensus, some solutions were extracted which are mentioned on next slide.
Agreement
It’s a win-win situation where both parties have to compromise for their benefits.
Concluding the discussion and satisfying the opposing parties, the favoring parties agreed upon the
following conditions to be met regarding the proposal:
o Government will provide separate land for forest in place of the land taken for the project.
o Government has to ensure that the project is not totally political but aims to lessen social and
economic barriers. It should also ensure provision of facilities for villages around the park.
o EIA and TIA are to be conducted and submitted for the project. Moreover, government should
ensure effective monitoring of the project during operation phase.
Activity No. 08
Study I: Conduct of Holy Prophet (PBUH)
Holy prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and a few other individuals were having their meal when a person,
suffering from smallpox, came to the gathering. His disease was so acute that the boils had become septic.
Every person, near whom this diseased person tried to sit, would show his revulsion and loathing by

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rising up and moving away from him. (Noticing this) Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) made the person
sit beside himself and exhibited great kindness towards him.
On another occasion, Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), together with a few of his companions, was
busy having his food when a leper arrived in the gathering. The people present expressed their abhorrence
and detestation over his arrival but Holy prophet Muhammad (PBUH) asked him to sit next to himself
and invited him to eat the food.
Note: A person from the Quraish, who had displayed his aversion, was afflicted with the same disease
before meeting his death!
Conflict Type: Person Vs Society
Apply Glasl’s Escalation Model
Interaction between two or more people is only then a conflict.
Lose-Lose
A person who was suffered from smallpox tried to sit near Sahabah, the Sahabah moving away from that
person. This condition shows lose-lose situation for ill person.
Win-Win
Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) made the person sit beside himself and exhibited great kindness
towards him.
Accumulating (Harvard Model)
This case study shows that Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) accumulating the ill person in the
gathering
Study II: Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the Gift of Sour
Grapes
Whenever they reaped their first harvest, they brought early, fresh fruits to Holy Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH). Then he would distribute them among his companions (Sahabah), those who sat around him.
This morning, a poor man brought one fruit from his small farm and gave it to Holy Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH).

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Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) accepted the gift, tested it and then went on eating it alone while the
companions watched. One of those present meekly said: O Messenger of Allah (SWT), you have over
looked the right of those who watch while you eat?
Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) smiled and waited till the poor man who had brought the fruit had
gone. Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: “I tested the fruit and it was not yet ripe. Had I allowed
you to have some of it, someone would have definitely shown his distaste, thus disappointing the poor
man who had brought the gift. Rather than make him feel better, my palate the bitterness.” Such were the
conducts and manners of this most noble Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Conflict Type: Person Vs Society
Apply Conflict Perspective Analysis
Apply Conflict Perspective Analysis which helps conflict parties to broaden their view.
Actors: Holy prophet (PBUH), Shabah (R.A.) and Person.
Facts: Grapes are sour.
Motivation: Holy Prophet (PBUH) does not want to heart the person who brings grapes by giving to
Shabah (R.A.).
Options: Holy Prophet (PBUH) could give grapes to Shabah (R.A.).
Reality Check: Such were the conducts and manners of the noble Holy Prophet (PBUH).
Apply Harvard Approach
Types of Conflict Solution: Win-Win Solution
Accommodating Approach: Sacrifice
Conciliation: Talk separately to the parties.
Finally Holy Prophet (PBUH) stopped the conflict to transfer shabah (R.A.).

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