A charge off occurs when a lender declares a debt as uncollectible and removes it from their balance sheet. For a mortgage, this usually happens if payments are 90-180 days past due. While the homeowner still owes the debt, it becomes much harder to remedy once the loan is charged off. If the loan has not been charged off yet, the homeowner must make full monthly payments to avoid it. But if it has been charged off, it will likely be turned over to collections and the lender will expect at least 20% of the amount to settle, making it difficult to close a real estate transaction.