This document discusses academic problems and remediations for learning disabilities. It begins by defining learning disabilities and listing some common types like dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia. It then covers topics like prevalence, characteristics, comorbidities, assessments used for diagnosis like the NIMHANS battery, and treatment approaches at the child, school, and home levels. The document provides an overview of learning disabilities and strategies for comprehensive management.
13. Introduction
• “Learning disability is a general term that
refers to
• a heterogeneous group of disorders
manifested by significant difficulties
• in the acquisition and use of listening,
speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or
mathematical abilities.
• These disorders are intrinsic to the
individual, presumed to be due to central
nervous dysfunction,
• and may occur across the life span”.
16. Dyslexia
• Difficulty to read and write – reads
slowly, letter by letter, word by word,
with omission or addition or guessing
of words.
• Misses lines or reads lines again
• Letter sound association not known
• Basic sight words are unfamiliar
• Fails to comprehend
17. Dysgraphia
• Slow to write
• Poor handwriting.
• Reversal of letters or numbers
• mistakes in spellings; Punctuation
problems
• Copying
• Dictation
• Written expression
18.
19. Dyscalculia
• Difficulty with arithmetic operations or statements.
• Transposes answers when copying
• Difficulty in understanding place values
• Difficulty to use money and recheck change in
shops
• Difficulty in understanding fraction
20. Prevalence
• 5 – 10% of school going children have
Specific Learning Disability
• Boys are affected three times more than
Girls
• Da Vinci, Einstein, Edison,Churchill,Walt
Disney,Graham Bell, George Washington
had SLD.
21. Characteristics
• Visual perceptual and motor deficits
• Auditory perceptual deficits
• Deficits in spatial and temporal relationship
• Conceptual deficits
• Memory deficits
• Behavioural components
23. Difference between IDD and SLD???
• IQ
• ADL
• Discrepancy between ability and performance
24. Assessments
• IQ TEST –MISIC, SPM ,WISC,BKT
• SQ TEST-VSMS
• LD ASSESSMENT
• NIMHANS SLD BATTERY
• Assessment of Intelligence
• Assessment of Reading
• Assessment of Spelling
• Assessment of Maths Skills
• Assessment of Writing Skills
• Other assessments (Comprehension and attention, Visio – Spatial ability, Perceptual –
Motor Skills )
25. NIMHANS battery
1—2 LEVEL (for 5 to 7)
Attention
Visual discrimination
Visual memory
Auditory discrimination
Auditory memory
Visual-motor screening
Speech and language
26. LEVEL 2- (for 8 -12 )
Attention
language
Spelling
Perceptual motor abilities
Developmental test of visual motor integration
visual memory
Auditory memory
Arithmetic test
