This document discusses different English modal auxiliaries used to express capability, ability, willingness, and permission. It explains that "can" and "could" are used to express ability or capability, with "can" used for present tense and "could" used for past tense. "Can" follows verbs and is used in positive, negative, and interrogative sentences. "Will" and "would" express willingness, with "will" for present and "would" for past tense. These also follow verbs and are used in positive, negative, and interrogative sentences. The modal auxiliaries discussed provide ways to concisely express concepts like ability, willingness, and permission in the English language.

2. STATING CAPABILITY/ ABILITY

3. Capability (ability) means the ability or
the competence in doing something.
To express the capability or ability in
English, we can use the modal auxiliaries
“can, could, or be able” which means
dapat atau bisa

4. Modal CAN

5. Modal “CAN” can be used to express
capability in a form of present tense
Can always follow by verb 1

6. Example of Positive Sentence of CAN:
 Jono can climb a tree
 Siti can cook fried rice
 Father and I can swim very well
 They can play guitars
 Birds can fly

7. To express inability (Negative sentence), we can
add –not after modal can, (Cannot / Can’t)
Example of negative sentence of modal can:
 Tiara can not ride a bicycle
 Mother can’t run fast
 A penguin can’t fly.

8. To make interrogative sentence, “Can” can be placed in
the front of the sentence or as the question word
Example of interrogative sentence:
 Can he sing a song?
Yes, he can / no, he cannot
 Can a gecko crawl?
Yes, it can
 Can you come to my birthday party?
No, I can’t. I’m busy.

9. MODAL COULD

10. Basically, the function of modal could have
no different with can.
The difference is could can be used to
express the action in past tense.
Could is also used to make the sentence to
be more polite

11. EXAMPLE:
Positive Sentence:
(+) Santi could walk 20 kilometers away.
(+) The policeman could arrest the criminal.
Negative Sentence:
(-) Dani could not dance.
Interrogative Sentence:
(?) Could you please open the door? Yes, she could/ No, She couldn’t.
(?) Could she win the singing contest? Yes, she could/ No, She
couldn’t.

13. Willingness means ready or willing
and eager to do something
To express it, we can use modal “will” or “would”.
It means mau atau akan atau bersedia
Will almost have no different in using.
The only difference is will used in form of present tense
yet would used in form of past tense.

14. THE PATTERN:
(+) S + will / would + V1
( - ) S + will / would + not + V1
(?) Will / Would + S + V1 ?

15. Example:
Positive Sentence
 I will visit your house.
 She will come to your bithday party.
 They will help you if you want.
 He would go there.
 Mom and Dad would leave the room.

16. Negative Sentence
 Dodi will not (won’t) pay the bill.
 Ririn would not (wouldn’t) take part in the competition.

17. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE
 Will Tina go with Arum tonight?
Yes, She will.
No, She will not (won’t).
 Would you come here?
Yes, I would.
No, I would not (wouldn’t).

18. THE END