Nimesulide has superior gastrointestinal safety as compared to other NSAIDs. Its multifactorial mode of action gives it a unique and broad action on inflammatory processes.
Nimesulide tablet prevents cancer by inhibiting the proliferation of various types of cancer cells mainly via COX-2 independent mechanisms. It is also used for dry skin, to improve skin-tone,and to increase energy.
Proscalpin (Generic Finasteride 1mg Tablets) is used for the treatment of male pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) to increase hair growth and prevent further hair loss in men 18 years or older. There is no evidence of the efficacy of this medicine in men above the age of 41 years.
Nexpro (Esomeprazole Magnesium Tablets) is used in the treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer, H. pylori Eradication to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence and Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
this presentation helps you describing drugs for patients attending dental clinic regarding their medical problems and drugs they use for their illness.
Nimesulide has superior gastrointestinal safety as compared to other NSAIDs. Its multifactorial mode of action gives it a unique and broad action on inflammatory processes.
Nimesulide tablet prevents cancer by inhibiting the proliferation of various types of cancer cells mainly via COX-2 independent mechanisms. It is also used for dry skin, to improve skin-tone,and to increase energy.
Proscalpin (Generic Finasteride 1mg Tablets) is used for the treatment of male pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) to increase hair growth and prevent further hair loss in men 18 years or older. There is no evidence of the efficacy of this medicine in men above the age of 41 years.
Nexpro (Esomeprazole Magnesium Tablets) is used in the treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), Risk Reduction of NSAID-Associated Gastric Ulcer, H. pylori Eradication to Reduce the Risk of Duodenal Ulcer Recurrence and Pathological Hypersecretory Conditions Including Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
this presentation helps you describing drugs for patients attending dental clinic regarding their medical problems and drugs they use for their illness.
Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) is indicated in menopausal women to overcome the short-term and long-term consequences of estrogen deficiency.HRT can be administered orally( in pill form), vaginally( as a cream), or transdermally ( in patch form) because it replaces female hormones produced by the ovaries, hormone replacement therapy minimize menopause symptoms. It can be used before, during and after menopause.
Ifosfamide for Injection USP Taj Pharma SmPCTajPharmaQC
Ifosfamide for Injection USP 100mg, 500mg, 1000mg, and 2000mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ifosfamide Dosage & Rx Info | Ifosfamide Uses, Side Effects Ifosfamide: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ifosfamide -Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Ifosfamide dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ifosfamide interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ifosfamide contraindications, Ifosfamide price, Ifosfamide Taj Pharma Ifosfamide SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Ifosfamide Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SMPC.
Ranitidine 150mg film coated tablets smpc- taj pharmaceuticalsTaj Pharma
Ranitidine Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ranitidine Dosage & Rx Info | Ranitidine Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ranitidine - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Ranitidine dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ranitidine interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ranitidine contraindications, Ranitidine price, Ranitidine Taj Pharma Ranitidine 150mg Film-coated TabletsSMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Ranitidine Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
Premarin (Conjugated Estrogens Tablets) is used as Hormone replacement therapy for estrogen deficiency symptoms in postmenopausal women.
Premarin tablets are alos used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of future fractures who are intolerant of, or contraindicated for, other medicinal products approved for the prevention of osteoporosis.
Oseltamivir for Injection USP Taj Pharma SmPCTajPharmaQC
Oseltamivir 12mg/ml Powder for Oral Suspension Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Oseltamivir Dosage & Rx Info | Oseltamivir Uses, Side Effects Vecuronium bromide: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Oseltamivir-Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Oseltamivir dose Taj pharmaceuticals Oseltamivir interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Oseltamivir contraindications, Oseltamivir price, Oseltamivir Taj Pharma Oseltamivir SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Oseltamivir Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
the presentation includes a definition of oral contraceptives, type of oral contraceptives, detail description of both types with its mode of action and potential beneficial and unwanted effects also include pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives and knowledge of emergency contraceptives
Premarin is a estrogen medication that consists of conjugated estrogens which is used by women to help reduce symptoms of menopause (such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness). These symptoms are caused by the body making less estrogen.
Progynova is used as a Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) to alleviate the oestrogen deficiency symptoms like such as hot flushes, sweats, sleep disturbances, depressive moods, irritability, dizziness, headaches as well as vaginal dryness and burning in peri- and postmenopausal women. This medicine is also used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in cases where other medicines are not suitable for the patient and are at risk of of fractures due to osteoporosis.
Gemfos (Generic Risedronate Sodium tablets) is a bisphosphonate used for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, treatment to increase bone mass in men with osteoporosis, treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and treatment of Paget’s disease.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT) is indicated in menopausal women to overcome the short-term and long-term consequences of estrogen deficiency.HRT can be administered orally( in pill form), vaginally( as a cream), or transdermally ( in patch form) because it replaces female hormones produced by the ovaries, hormone replacement therapy minimize menopause symptoms. It can be used before, during and after menopause.
Ifosfamide for Injection USP Taj Pharma SmPCTajPharmaQC
Ifosfamide for Injection USP 100mg, 500mg, 1000mg, and 2000mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ifosfamide Dosage & Rx Info | Ifosfamide Uses, Side Effects Ifosfamide: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ifosfamide -Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Ifosfamide dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ifosfamide interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ifosfamide contraindications, Ifosfamide price, Ifosfamide Taj Pharma Ifosfamide SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Ifosfamide Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SMPC.
Ranitidine 150mg film coated tablets smpc- taj pharmaceuticalsTaj Pharma
Ranitidine Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ranitidine Dosage & Rx Info | Ranitidine Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ranitidine - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Ranitidine dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ranitidine interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ranitidine contraindications, Ranitidine price, Ranitidine Taj Pharma Ranitidine 150mg Film-coated TabletsSMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Ranitidine Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
Premarin (Conjugated Estrogens Tablets) is used as Hormone replacement therapy for estrogen deficiency symptoms in postmenopausal women.
Premarin tablets are alos used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of future fractures who are intolerant of, or contraindicated for, other medicinal products approved for the prevention of osteoporosis.
Oseltamivir for Injection USP Taj Pharma SmPCTajPharmaQC
Oseltamivir 12mg/ml Powder for Oral Suspension Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Oseltamivir Dosage & Rx Info | Oseltamivir Uses, Side Effects Vecuronium bromide: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Oseltamivir-Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Oseltamivir dose Taj pharmaceuticals Oseltamivir interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Oseltamivir contraindications, Oseltamivir price, Oseltamivir Taj Pharma Oseltamivir SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Oseltamivir Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
the presentation includes a definition of oral contraceptives, type of oral contraceptives, detail description of both types with its mode of action and potential beneficial and unwanted effects also include pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives and knowledge of emergency contraceptives
Premarin is a estrogen medication that consists of conjugated estrogens which is used by women to help reduce symptoms of menopause (such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness). These symptoms are caused by the body making less estrogen.
Progynova is used as a Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) to alleviate the oestrogen deficiency symptoms like such as hot flushes, sweats, sleep disturbances, depressive moods, irritability, dizziness, headaches as well as vaginal dryness and burning in peri- and postmenopausal women. This medicine is also used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in cases where other medicines are not suitable for the patient and are at risk of of fractures due to osteoporosis.
Gemfos (Generic Risedronate Sodium tablets) is a bisphosphonate used for the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, treatment to increase bone mass in men with osteoporosis, treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and treatment of Paget’s disease.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. AbdominalPain
or
Colitis
Submitted By :
Abu Bakr Ansari
Pharm. D 5th Year
Roll No. 1601096001
Enroll No. 1600100627
Submitted To :
Dr. Mohd Ajmal Sir
Assistant Professor
Integral University, Lucknow
Faculty of Pharmacy
2. Case Study
Mr G is newly diagnosed with mild ulcerative
colitis. His abdominal X-ray suggests
predominantly disease of the rectum and
sigmoid colon. His past medical history
includes joint stiffness due to rheumatoid
arthritis. He presents at the pharmacy with a
prescription for sulphasalazine tablets and
Predfoam® one at night.
3. Questions ?
1. What advice would you give Mr G about the
administration of Predfoam® enemas?
2. What are the side effects associated with the use of
topical
steroids?
Mr G expresses concerns to the primary care doctor about
the
possibility of sulphasalazine impairing fertility as he and
his wife
hope to start a family. The primary care doctor decides to
switch Mr G to mesalazine tablets, 800mg taken three
times a day.
3. Mesalazine 400mg tablets are available in several
different
brands. Does it matter which brand is supplied?
4. Answers
1. Rectal therapy is appropriate for mild left-sided
disease. Enemas are best administered just before
bedtime when the supine position allows longer retention
times. Predfoam® comes in an aerosol can and the drug
is delivered by attaching some plastic rectal tubes to the
canister. A new tube is used for each dose. Patients with
rheumatoid arthritis may have difficulty in using enemas
and this may affect adherence and treatment
success.The aerosol canister is flammable and care
should be taken.
2. Prednisolone sodium metasulphobenzoate
(Predfoam®) is poorly absorbed and the systemic side
effects are minimal.
5. 3. Once initiated, patients should remain on the same
brand of
mesalazine as different brands have different release
profiles.
Relapse of disease can occur if patients are inadvertently
switched to another brand. Prescribers are encouraged to
prescribe by brand and not by generic name.
4. Mesalazine does not cause problems with fertility, only
sulfasalazine is associated with infertility and this only
affects
men. Sulfasalazine affects sperm but is reversible on
stopping
treatment.