As a global challenge with profound implications at the local level, climate change provides new opportunities for individual engagement. Communities around the world have their own unique experiences with the effects of climate change, as well as drastically different climate adaptation needs. This gives individuals an unprecedented role to play in sharing information and guiding policymaking through citizen-based observation. In “Using Citizen-Based Observations to Plan for Climate Change,” Sarah Abdelrahim looks at the work of a variety of citizen-based observation networks, also known as citizens’ observatories. She recommends greater cooperation and support from government agencies and decision-makers for these networks as a key aspect of any and all climate change adaptation strategies.
This text was originally published by the Atlantic Council.
National Ecosystem Assessment Follow on special edition BSBEtalk
Built and natural Environment edition looking at applications of research in practice using ecosystem services but guided by the principles of the ecosystem approach.
National Ecosystem Assessment Follow on special edition BSBEtalk
Built and natural Environment edition looking at applications of research in practice using ecosystem services but guided by the principles of the ecosystem approach.
Presentation by Maria Janowiak of the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science at the New England Society of American Foresters 2015 Winter Meeting.
A broad description of program development and strategy at NSF for FY10 climate research, based on guidance so far from NRC & NSB, focused on programs of interest to the US National Committee on Quaternary Research at the Academies of Science
Dealing with heterogeneous data to improve our knowledge of biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem function: perspectives from synthesis projects: presented by Matthias Grenié for FREE (Causes and consequences of functional rarity from local to global scale) at the sfécologie conference 2018.
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A brief history and origins of the land grant university system in the United States, focusing on Extension and using the University of Minnesota Extension forestry unit as an example.
Remote sensing-derived national land cover land use maps: a comparison for Ma...rsmahabir
Reliable land cover land use (LCLU) information, and change over time, is impor- tant for Green House Gas (GHG) reporting for climate change documentation. Four different organizations have independently created LCLU maps from 2010 satellite imagery for Malawi for GHG reporting. This analysis compares the procedures and results for those four activities. Four different classification methods were employed; traditional visual interpretation, segmentation and visual labelling, digital clustering with visual identification and supervised signature extraction with application of a decision rule followed by analyst editing. One effort did not report classification accuracy and the other three had very similar and excellent overall thematic accura- cies ranging from 85 to 89%. However, despite these high thematic accuracies there were very significant differences in results. National percentages for forest ranged from 18.2 to 28.7% and cropland from 40.5 to 53.7%. These significant differences are concerns for both remote-sensing scientists and decision-makers in Malawi.
Supporting marine management from the bottom up by Jacqueline F Tweddle, MarCRF Research Fellow in Marine Spatial Management at the University of Aberdeen and Marine Scotland Scienc at the workshop 'What are the research needs for planning in 21st century?' at the 2nd Baltic Maritime Spatial Planning Forum in Riga, Latvia on 23-24 November 2016 (the final conference of the Baltic SCOPE collaboration).
Video and other presentations - www.balticscope.eu
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Resource Guide for Advanced Learning on the Scientific Fundamentals of Climat...UN CC:Learn
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Presentation by Maria Janowiak of the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science at the New England Society of American Foresters 2015 Winter Meeting.
A broad description of program development and strategy at NSF for FY10 climate research, based on guidance so far from NRC & NSB, focused on programs of interest to the US National Committee on Quaternary Research at the Academies of Science
Dealing with heterogeneous data to improve our knowledge of biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem function: perspectives from synthesis projects: presented by Matthias Grenié for FREE (Causes and consequences of functional rarity from local to global scale) at the sfécologie conference 2018.
for more information on the group: http://www.cesab.org/index.php/fr/projets-en-cours/projets-2015/216-free
The land grant university system and UMN Extension forestryEli Sagor
A brief history and origins of the land grant university system in the United States, focusing on Extension and using the University of Minnesota Extension forestry unit as an example.
Remote sensing-derived national land cover land use maps: a comparison for Ma...rsmahabir
Reliable land cover land use (LCLU) information, and change over time, is impor- tant for Green House Gas (GHG) reporting for climate change documentation. Four different organizations have independently created LCLU maps from 2010 satellite imagery for Malawi for GHG reporting. This analysis compares the procedures and results for those four activities. Four different classification methods were employed; traditional visual interpretation, segmentation and visual labelling, digital clustering with visual identification and supervised signature extraction with application of a decision rule followed by analyst editing. One effort did not report classification accuracy and the other three had very similar and excellent overall thematic accura- cies ranging from 85 to 89%. However, despite these high thematic accuracies there were very significant differences in results. National percentages for forest ranged from 18.2 to 28.7% and cropland from 40.5 to 53.7%. These significant differences are concerns for both remote-sensing scientists and decision-makers in Malawi.
Supporting marine management from the bottom up by Jacqueline F Tweddle, MarCRF Research Fellow in Marine Spatial Management at the University of Aberdeen and Marine Scotland Scienc at the workshop 'What are the research needs for planning in 21st century?' at the 2nd Baltic Maritime Spatial Planning Forum in Riga, Latvia on 23-24 November 2016 (the final conference of the Baltic SCOPE collaboration).
Video and other presentations - www.balticscope.eu
www.vasab.org
Resource Guide for Advanced Learning on the Scientific Fundamentals of Climat...UN CC:Learn
This resource guide contains a wealth of learning resources on the fundamentals of climate science available that have been identified as important from a country perspective. It includes first guide which directs a user to specific learning materials and courses, as well as selected reference materials relevant for learning. This guide is a part of the UN CC:Learn Series of Resources Guides for Advanced Learning on Climate Change.
Invited presentation for plenary session 1: Leveraging a Never Ending Technological Revolution as part of the 4th GEOSS Science and Technology Stakeholder Workshop: Concepts, Technologies, Systems and Users of the Next GEOSS, Norfolk, VA, held on March 24-26, 2015. http://www.gstss.org/2015_Norfolk_4th/program.php
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PROVIA-led research prioritization for vulnerability, impacts and adaptationPROVIA
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In July 2014, experts from public, private and research sectors met at the Rockefeller Foundation's "Planetary Health" summit to explore ways to better value ecosystems today to ensure their healthy existence tomorrow.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
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WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...
Abdelrahim, s. (2017). using citizen based observations to plan..
1. I
t is well documented that climate change is already affecting regions
across the globe. Even if the global community can successfully limit
greenhouse gas emissions, the impacts of climate change will still
last decades into the future. In addition to implementing mitigation
efforts, many communities are already planning for climate change
and adopting measures to adapt to projected scenarios and prepare
for potential surprises. While national governments and international
organizations have a major role to play in supporting climate adaptation
efforts at all levels of governance, these efforts ultimately should be
tailored to the local level, as the type and magnitude of climate change
impacts vary greatly across regions.
To prepare for climate change at the local level, it is important to engage
local citizens. Input from local citizens can help verify the impacts of this
phenomenon on the ground and ensure that identified solutions fit the
specific conditions and needs of that location. Furthermore, engaging
local citizens in climate adaptation efforts increases the capacity of
communities to adjust to future changes.
One way to engage local communities is through citizen-based
observation networks. This strategy improves the adaptation process
by allowing for the collection and sharing of crucial environmental data
across communities and regions. These networks encourage members
of the public to submit observations about their local environments,
which can then typically be accessed using a public online platform. By
making these observations public, researchers, decision-makers, and
citizens are able to view and analyze information gathered across space
and time. In the European Union (EU), the term “citizens’ observatory”
is often used to refer to such information networks.
Citizen-based observation is a form of “citizen science,” a more
readily understood term that has grown in popularity in recent years.
According to the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
citizen science is “a form of open collaboration where members of the
Using Citizen-Based
Observations to Plan
for Climate Change
The Emerging Leaders in Energy
and Environmental Policy
(ELEEP) Network is a joint
project of the Atlantic Council’s
Millennium Leadership Program
and the Ecologic Institute, an
independent nonprofit think tank
and applied research organization
focused on environmental policy.
The Millennium Leadership
Program provides exceptional
leaders aged thirty-five and under
with unique opportunities to
build a global network, engage
directly with world leaders at
flagship Atlantic Council events,
develop key professional skills,
and collaborate to have a global
impact.
ISSUE BRIEF
SEPTEMBER 2017 SARAH ABDELRAHIM
Atlantic Council
MILLENNIUM LEADERSHIP
PROGRAM
A Look at the United States
and Europe
2. 2 ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Using Citizen-Based Observations to Plan for Climate Change
public participate in the scientific process to address
real-world problems in ways that include identifying
research questions, collecting and analyzing data,
interpreting results, making new discoveries,
developing technologies and applications, and solving
complex problems.”1
With advances in technology,
crowdsourcing has become a popular way to share
and pool information for diverse applications—from
spreading new ideas to navigating traffic—in real time.
Citizen-based observation networks build on the
concepts of citizen science and crowdsourcing. With
respect to climate change, citizen-based observation
networks have great potential to help scientists,
decision-makers, and the public understand its varied
impacts across regions. These networks also have the
potential to increase information-sharing across local
and international boundaries to support continued
learning in light of new, and sometimes unexpected,
challenges.
This paper explores the potential of citizen-based
observation networks when used as a tool for sharing
information in ways that can help local communities
prepare for the impacts of climate change. The first
section presents several examples of these networks in
the United States and Europe and the second uses these
examples to explore the networks’ potential benefits
and challenges. The third part describes recent policies
and initiatives that support the increase of these
networks in the United States and Europe. The issue
brief ends with three overarching recommendations
to expand the use of community-based observation
networks in local, regional, national, and international
climate adaptation efforts.
Citizen-Based Observation Networks:
Examples from the United States and
Europe
There are numerous examples of citizen-based
observation networks throughout the United States and
across Europe. These networks help local communities
and decision-makers in all levels of government prepare
for the ramifications of a changing climate.
1 “Citizen Science and Crowdsourcing,” National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, http://www.noaa.gov/office-educa-
tion/citizen-science-crowdsourcing.
USA National Phenology Network
The USA National Phenology Network (USA-NPN)2
—
whose activities are supported by several federal
government agencies and academic partners3
—
promotes enhanced understanding of plant and
animal phenology4
and highlights changes to these
phenologies over short and long timescales. To achieve
its goals, the USA-NPN maintains Nature’s Notebook,
a network that allows members of the public to submit
observations online or through a mobile application.
Users can track events, such as the autumnal arrival
of migratory birds at a specific site, or the appearance
of sunflowers as they emerge from the soil, produce
leaves, and flower.5
USA-NPN also offers a tool to
visualize and analyze data across seasons, regions, and
species. The network tries to standardize its monitoring
approach and improve the quality of data that it collects
by offering detailed protocols and training materials to
its citizen scientists.
Phenology is a key indicator of climate change
impacts. Changes in phenological life cycles of plants
and animals are already observed anecdotally by
people around the world. Therefore, formalizing these
observations through established networks will allow
for a more systematic method of tracking, comparing,
and analyzing these changes. To this end, the US Global
Change Research Program has proposed a prototype
set of national climate change indicators,6
including
the “start of spring” indicator, which is calculated
and validated using data from USA-NPN and Nature’s
Notebook. The results have the potential to support
many decision-makers and resource managers who
must account for changing environmental variables
such as fire seasons and flora and fauna ranges.7
2 USA National Phenology Network, https://www.usanpn.org.
3 “About Us,” USA National Phenology Network, https://www.usan-
pn.org/about.
4 According to the USA National Phenology Network, phenology
refers to recurring plant and animal life cycle stages. It is also the
study of these recurring life cycle stages, especially their timing
and relationships with weather and climate.
5 US Geological Survey (USGS) and the USA National Phenology
Network, “The USA National Phenology Network - Taking the
Pulse of Our Planet,” 2011, https://www.usanpn.org/files/shared/
files/USA-NPN_factsheet_March2011.pdf.
6 “Indicators,” U.S. Global Change Research Program, http://www.
globalchange.gov/explore/indicators.
7 “Phenology: A National Indicator,” USA National Phenology Net-
work, https://www.usanpn.org/about/national-indicator.
3. 3ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Using Citizen-Based Observations to Plan for Climate Change
iNaturalist
iNaturalist is a global network that allows citizen
scientists to submit observations of biodiversity, either
online or through a mobile app. iNaturalist also allows
experts to crowdsource identifications of observed
organisms. The quality of an observation is “graded”
based on its levels of verification. A submitted
observation is classified as “research-grade” when it
includes coordinates, a photo, and a date, and when the
community agrees on the identification of the species
that has been observed.8
iNaturalist also allows users
to create “projects,” or iNaturalist sub-communities,
in order to track more specific types of information.
Several existing projects, for example, are aimed at
improving global understanding of coral reefs, and
how they might be impacted by climate change.
Developed at the University of California, Berkeley,
in 2008, iNaturalist was acquired by the California
8 “Help,” iNaturalist, http://www.inaturalist.org/pages/help.
Academy of Sciences in 2014.9
The network shares its
data with a number of other platforms. For example,
Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON)10
builds on research-grade iNaturalist data and a range
of other sources (e.g., monitoring programs, peer-
reviewed literature) to share millions of plant and
animal species’ observation records publicly.11
BISON,
maintained by the US Geological Survey, is a useful tool
for visualizing species’ occurrences and distribution.
Moreover, it can be used to analyze how species’ ranges
and population sizes are shifting with a changing
climate. Users can search for species within a specific
geographical area (e.g., state, county, customized
location) to see how occurrence is changing over time.
The range of data offered by BISON is enhanced by the
addition of iNaturalist citizen science data.
9 “About Us,” iNaturalist, https://www.inaturalist.org/pages/about.
10 “Home,” USGS, Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BI-
SON), https://bison.usgs.gov.
11 “Data Providers,” USGS, BISON, https://bison.usgs.gov/#providers.
La Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), based in Mexico, is an organizational
node of the iNaturalist Network. CONABIO operates the NaturaLista website, which connects to the iNaturalist software.
Photo credit: www.naturalista.mx/.
4. 4 ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Using Citizen-Based Observations to Plan for Climate Change
iNaturalist is a global community that enables
information-sharing across national boundaries, and
consists of organizational “nodes” that operate in
the United States, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand,
and Colombia.12
Collectively, these organizational
nodes are known as the iNaturalist Network, and they
manage nationally tailored websites (e.g., inaturalist.ca
or naturalista.conabio.gob.mx) that connect to the
iNaturalist software. The iNaturalist Network allows
organizations to more effectively engage the public by
tailoring the software’s features and interface to their
respective national contexts.
WeSenseIt Citizen Water Observatories
In 2012, as part of the European Union’s Seventh
Framework Programme for Research and Technological
Development (2007-2013), five citizens’ observatory
projects received funding under the topic “developing
community-based environmental systems using
innovative and novel earth observations applications.”13
One of these projects, WeSenseIt Citizen Water
Observatories, began in October 2012 and developed
crowdsourcing applications in different pilot regions.
One of the project’s pilot areas was the densely
populated Delfland region of the Netherlands, home
to 1.4 million people. The applications allow citizens
to submit observations about various aspects of the
water environment (e.g., flooding occurrence, water
quality, and the built infrastructure) in their respective
locations.14
Today, the applications from WeSenseIt help decision-
makers access and visualize a range of information.
For example, the WaterDetective application allows
observers to submit photos of a clogged drain or a
ditch that has overflowed. These types of observations
can serve as quick references for water managers
preparing for extreme weather events. As such events
rise in frequency and intensity, and as climate change
increasingly impacts water quality, tools like those
produced by the WeSenseIt initiative can prove valuable
for ensuring the resilience of water environments and
the communities around them.
12 “What Is It,” iNaturalist, https://www.inaturalist.org/pages/
what+is+it.
13 European Commission, FP7 Work Programme 2012: Environ-
ment; European Biodiversity Observation Network, “Citizens’
Observatories: Five EU FP7 Projects Focused on Citizen Science,”
September 23, 2014, http://www.eubon.eu/news/11594_cit-
izens%E2%80%99-observatories-five-eu-fp7-projects-fo-
cused-on-citizen-science-/.
14 WeSenseIt, http://www.wesenseit.com/.
GROW Observatory
Other citizens’ observatories are emerging or in the
early stages of development throughout Europe. The
EU’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program
(2014-2018) provided funding to four more citizens’
observatory projects in 2016.15
One of these initiatives,
the GROW Observatory,16
aims to share land, water,
and soil resource information across Europe. By
encouraging the collection of local soil moisture
observations, the GROW project hopes to validate the
soil moisture data provided remotely by satellites. Soil
moisture is an important indicator of extreme climate
events, such as flooding, drought, and heat waves.17
GROW also explores ways to support participants
with monitoring protocols, soil testing kits, and low-
cost sensing technology. As the GROW network
expands, the aim is to establish an active online
community of growers and land managers that share
not only data, but knowledge and advice on best
practices for managing soil and growing food. In
addition to providing important data for dealing with
extreme events, GROW will also establish a network
of people equipped to preserve the quality of land
and soil resources in the face of climate change.18
Soil
quality is an important factor in carbon sequestration
and ensuring the production of high-quality food—
challenges that will grow with climate change.19
LEO Network
The Local Environmental Observer (LEO) Network20
is
a community-based observation network with origins
in Alaska that is poised to expand across the United
States, Mexico, and the circumpolar Arctic.21
In Alaska
15 “About,” Citizens’ Observatories, http://citizen-obs.eu/about/.
16 GROW Observatory, http://growobservatory.org/.
17 Kirien Whan, Jakob Zscheischler, Rene Orth, Mxolisi Shongwe et
al., “Impact of Soil Moisture on Extreme Maximum Temperatures
in Europe,” Weather and Climate Extremes 9, 2015: 57-67.
18 University of Dundee Centre for Environmental Change and Hu-
man Resilience, The GROW Observatory – An EU-Wide “Citizen
Science” Project, September 5, 2016, https://www.dundee.ac.uk/
cechr/news/2016/articles/the-grow-observatory--an-eu-wide-cit-
izen-science-project.php.
19 R. Victoria et al., “The Benefits of Soil Carbon,” in UNEP Year Book
2012, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, http://
staging.unep.org/yearbook/2012/pdfs/UYB_2012_CH_2.pdf.
20 Local Environmental Observer Network, https://www.leonetwork.
org/en/.
21 “Local Environmental Observer Network (LEO),” Commission
for Environmental Cooperation, http://www.cec.org/our-work/
projects/local-environmental-observer-network-leo; Arctic Con-
taminants Action Program, “Circumpolar Local Environmental
5. 5ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Using Citizen-Based Observations to Plan for Climate Change
and the Arctic, temperatures are rising at twice the
global average rate.22
As a result, communities in the
region are already experiencing deep impacts to their
environment and way of life.
The LEO Network engages communities on the front
lines of climate change by collecting information
on anomalous environmental events. For example,
observers can report when sea ice melts earlier than
seasonally normal or when mass numbers of a particular
species die at once, the latter of which can be an early
indicator of disease related to a changing climate.
These observations are important contributions in a
region where data availability is often quite poor. Many
of the communities that contribute to the LEO Network
have a deep connection to the land. Thus, continuous
monitoring of the surrounding environment is crucial
to ensuring the health of these communities.
LEO members can submit observations, with added
commentary, using a mobile application. Attaching
notes allows participants to put their observations into
context, which is particularly important for observers
from indigenous communities. These groups can add
indigenous and/or local knowledge,23
particularly with
respect to their communities’ own experiences and
historical observations. The LEO Network also engages
scientists and other experts, who advise community
members on observations of concern.
The LEO Network, maintained by the Alaska Native
Tribal Health Consortium and supported in part by the
US Environmental Protection Agency, has also been
actively identifying partner organizations in order to
expand. Due to the program’s success in Alaska, the
White House announced in September 2016 that the
program will expand both to the lower forty-eight
US states, as well as across international borders.24
The Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a
Observer Network,” February 23, 2016, https://www.arctic-coun-
cil.org/images/PDF_attachments/CLEO_meeting_docs/2016-02-
23-v3-ACAP-CLEO-one-pager.pdf.
22 J. Overland et al., “Surface Air Temperature” in Arctic Report
Card 2016, Arctic Program, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/Re-
port-Card.
23 According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cul-
tural Organization, indigenous and local knowledge refers to the
understandings, skills, and philosophies developed by societies
with long histories of interaction with their natural surroundings.
24 The White House (archived), “Fact Sheet: The 8th Annual White
House Tribal Nations Conference,” September 26, 2016, https://
obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/09/26/
fact-sheet-8th-annual-white-house-tribal-nations-conference.
trinational organization consisting of the United States,
Canada, and Mexico, has announced its support for
expanding the LEO Network across North America.25
Under the Arctic Council, partners are working
to establish a foundation for a Circumpolar Local
Environmental Observer Network (CLEO).26
A CLEO
would cover both the North American and European
Arctic and provide a mechanism for communities to
share observations about their changing environments
across international borders. Sharing information and
experiences is an important pillar of a region-wide
Arctic approach to adaptation and resilience. Given
that communities in the same region often face similar
challenges, a CLEO could help establish stronger
networks and share information across the Arctic.
Benefits and Challenges
Supporting citizen-based observation efforts could
have many benefits for climate change adaptation and
resilience. In remote areas, such as the Arctic, the public
availability of physical and biological data can be sparse,
while the costs and time associated with collecting
these data can be significant. However, planning for
climate change and undertaking adaptation measures
are difficult without proper baseline observations
and consideration of additional trends. Citizen-based
observation efforts can increase the availability of data
in remote areas. Along with indigenous and/or local
knowledge of historical events and trends, projects
such as the LEO Network can provide an opportunity
for community members to integrate individual
observations into the broader context.
Citizen-based observation networks also increase
local engagement and preparedness. Participants in
the networks become invested in the information they
collect and are therefore more likely to understand
environmental trends and plan for the future. Because
effective adaptation requires locally tailored solutions,
it is important to support the capacity of local citizens
to understand and address the changes they observe.
Additionally, citizen-based observation networks
connect people. iNaturalist brings citizen observers
and experts together to discuss observations and
crowdsource species identifications. The GROW
25 “Local Environmental Observer Network (LEO),” Commission for
Environmental Cooperation.
26 Arctic Contaminants Action Program, “Circumpolar Local Envi-
ronmental Observer Network.”
6. 6 ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Using Citizen-Based Observations to Plan for Climate Change
initiative will eventually result in an EU-wide network
that will share information and best practices for
the conservation of soil quality. The LEO Network
has the potential to connect observers across all of
North America and the circumpolar Arctic. Sharing
information and connecting citizens can spur learning
between regions and lead to innovation.
Finally, citizen-based observation initiatives allow
communities to monitor the effectiveness of adaptation
programs and adjust accordingly. When developing
adaptation plans, communities can consider how
citizen-based observation networks can be used as
part of a monitoring and evaluation plan.
Of course, citizen-based observation networks can also
face a few challenges. While they can be especially
beneficial in remote areas, internet connectivity in
these places can be limited, making it difficult to submit
data points in real time. Additionally, as these networks
expand, approaches become more decentralized,
which could lead to observer bias or variations in data
quality. To alleviate these issues, many networks have
implemented standardized guidelines and provide
training opportunities for observers, both online and
in person. The training encourages a higher level of
data quality and enhances decision-makers’ ability to
compare data across observation points. Furthermore,
organizations such as the Citizen Science Association
are emerging to provide monitoring guidelines and
best practice recommendations across citizen-
based observation initiatives. Despite the challenges
associated with these networks, recent policies suggest
a growing acknowledgment that the advantages
outweigh the potential risks.
Top-Down Support for Participatory
Monitoring
While citizen-based observation networks are often
developed from the bottom up, national and multilateral
organizations have taken note of their potential.
The US federal government has long supported the
development of several citizen-based observation
networks. The benefits of citizen science and
crowdsourcing were more formally recognized by law
in January 2017 through the American Innovation and
Competitiveness Act,27
which granted federal agencies
the explicit authority to use crowdsourcing and citizen
27 “S.3084—American Innovation and Competitiveness Act of 2017,”
Congress.gov, United States Government, 114th Congress, https://
www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/3084.
science. The law acknowledged that these methods
help advance the federal government’s responsibilities,
and recognized the ability of citizen science and
crowdsourcing to increase effective spending, address
societal issues, and engage members of the public.
In addition, the law formalized the position of a US
chief technology officer (CTO). It is too soon to tell
if and how the Donald Trump administration plans to
advance crowdsourcing and citizen science efforts,
but further top-down policies may be influenced by the
appointment of a CTO. A CTO had not been nominated
at the time of publication.
Countries across Europe are adopting programs or
outlining citizen science approaches at the national
level.28
While the EU has not formalized citizen science
policies,29
theEuropeanCommissionhasshownsupport
for the concept through initiatives such as FP7 (2007-
2013) and Horizon 2020, the European Commission’s
research and innovation program. The current 2016-
2017 Work Programme (climate action, environment,
resource efficiency, and raw materials) for Horizon
2020 identifies the coordination of community-based
environmental monitoring initiatives—again referred
to as citizens’ observatories—and promotion of best
practices as priorities.30
It envisions a coordinated
network of environmental monitoring initiatives that
can be integrated with traditional Earth observation
systems and contribute to more informed decision-
making actions by local environmental and emergency
managers. As shown by the expansion of the LEO
Network, many multilateral organizations such as the
Arctic Council and the Commission for Environmental
Cooperation support citizen-based observation
networks.
Outside of government, nonprofit organizations also
support the coordination of citizen-based observations
and citizen science efforts. The Citizen Science
28 A. Bonn et al., Citizen Science Strategy 2020 for Germany, Bürg-
er Schaffen Wissen, 2016, http://www.buergerschaffenwissen.de/
sites/default/files/assets/dokumente/gewiss_cs_strategy_en-
glisch.pdf.
29 Muki Haklay, Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective,
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2015, https://
www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Citizen_Science_Poli-
cy_European_Perspective_Haklay.pdf.
30 European Commission, Horizon 2020, Work Programme 2016-
2017, Climate Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw
Materials, April 24, 2017, https://ec.europa.eu/research/partici-
pants/data/ref/h2020/wp/2016_2017/main/h2020-wp1617-cli-
mate_en.pdf.
7. 7ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Using Citizen-Based Observations to Plan for Climate Change
Association31
isanonprofitorganizationthatcoordinates
citizen science activities, connects practitioners, and
offers guidelines and best practices. Furthermore, the
European Citizen Science Association,32
established
in 2013, coordinates citizen science activities across
the EU in hopes of encouraging and increasing citizen
science efforts, while connecting actors across Europe
that are involved in planning and promoting citizen
science programs.
Recommendations
Citizen-based observation networks are growing in the
United States and Europe and present opportunities
for the development of relevant programs.
Governments at all levels, international organizations,
networking organizations, and even citizen-based
observation networks themselves all have a role to
play in supporting the expansion of these networks.
31 Citizen Science Association, http://citizenscience.org/.
32 European Citizen Science Association, https://ecsa.citizen-sci-
ence.net/.
The following overarching recommendations should
be considered to expand the use of citizen-based
observation networks to better plan for and address
climate change impacts.
1. Policy makers, planners, and decision-makers
should consider using citizen-based observation
networks as an integral part of local, regional,
and national climate adaptation strategies.
The benefits of participatory monitoring and
its contribution to the climate adaptation and
resilience-building process of local communities
are increasingly recognized. To maximize the
benefits of these methods, policy makers and
planners should consider integrating citizen-
based observation efforts into their adaptation
and resilience strategies. Doing so would prioritize
support for citizen-based observation networks
and ensure their connection to other adaptation
and resilience activities.
The Local Environmental Observer (LEO) Network website includes an interactive mapping tool to view observations by
location. Photo credit: www.leonetwork.org.
8. 8 ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Using Citizen-Based Observations to Plan for Climate Change
2. Governments at all levels, along with multilateral
organizations, should consider formalizing the use
of citizen science and citizen-based observation
networks through policies. While the decentralized
nature of citizen science may lead to some
hesitation on its formal endorsement from policy
makers, it is important to recognize the potential
benefits and cost savings, especially in the face of
increasing climate change impacts. Formal policies
can further promote citizen science and citizen-
based observations as useful and authoritative
tools for solving problems. These policies should be
considered at the international, regional, national,
and sub-national levels.
3. Where feasible, governments, peer-to-peer
learning organizations, and observation
networks themselves should work together to
connect citizen observation networks. As the
use of participatory monitoring efforts grows, it
is important that these efforts are coordinated
to the maximum extent possible. Collaboration
saves resources and raises awareness among
users about the information available through
various networks. There is also potential to
share experiences and observations of local
environmental changes across international
borders. Communities, nations, and regions
of the world will need to be flexible and adapt
their climate adaptation approaches to the
changing conditions and challenges. Using citizen
observation networks is one way to ensure that
people across the world can learn from each other
and better prepare for and adapt to changes
brought about by climate change.
Conclusion
The establishment and use of citizen observation
networks is growing across the United States and
Europe. These networks can and should be used as
tools for understanding climate change impacts and
building local communities’ capacity for adaptation and
resilience to environmental changes. As the benefits
of citizen science are increasingly recognized at the
national and international levels, there is great potential
for linking citizen observation networks to facilitate
knowledge-sharing across both local communities
and international borders. There is no one-size-fits-
all approach to prepare for climate change—rather,
climate change adaptation undoubtedly requires a
wide range of solutions. Citizen observation networks
are critical tools for helping communities and countries
become better prepared for climate change impacts
now and in the future.
Sarah Abdelrahim is a 2016-2017 Emerging Leaders in
Energy and Environmental Policy Fellow.
9. Atlantic Council Board of Directors
CHAIRMAN
*Jon M. Huntsman, Jr.
CHAIRMAN EMERITUS,
INTERNATIONAL
ADVISORY BOARD
Brent Scowcroft
PRESIDENT AND CEO
*Frederick Kempe
EXECUTIVE VICE CHAIRS
*Adrienne Arsht
*Stephen J. Hadley
VICE CHAIRS
*Robert J. Abernethy
*Richard Edelman
*C. Boyden Gray
*George Lund
*Virginia A. Mulberger
*W. DeVier Pierson
*John Studzinski
TREASURER
*Brian C. McK. Henderson
SECRETARY
*Walter B. Slocombe
DIRECTORS
Stéphane Abrial
Odeh Aburdene
*Peter Ackerman
Timothy D. Adams
Bertrand-Marc Allen
John R. Allen
*Michael Andersson
David D. Aufhauser
*Rafic A. Bizri
Dennis C. Blair
*Thomas L. Blair
Philip M. Breedlove
Reuben E. Brigety II
Myron Brilliant
*Esther Brimmer
R. Nicholas Burns
*Richard R. Burt
Michael Calvey
James E. Cartwright
John E. Chapoton
Ahmed Charai
Melanie Chen
Michael Chertoff
George Chopivsky
Wesley K. Clark
David W. Craig
*Ralph D. Crosby, Jr.
Nelson W. Cunningham
Ivo H. Daalder
Ankit N. Desai
*Paula J. Dobriansky
Christopher J. Dodd
Conrado Dornier
Thomas J. Egan, Jr.
*Stuart E. Eizenstat
Thomas R. Eldridge
Julie Finley
Lawrence P. Fisher, II
*Alan H. Fleischmann
*Ronald M. Freeman
Laurie S. Fulton
Courtney Geduldig
*Robert S. Gelbard
Gianni Di Giovanni T
homas H. Glocer
Sherri W. Goodman
Ian Hague
Amir A. Handjani
John D. Harris, II
Frank Haun
Michael V. Hayden
Annette Heuser
Ed Holland
*Karl V. Hopkins
Robert D. Hormats
Miroslav Hornak
*Mary L. Howell
Wolfgang F. Ischinger
Deborah Lee James
Reuben Jeffery, III
Joia M. Johnson
*James L. Jones, Jr.
Stephen R. Kappes
*Maria Pica Karp
*Zalmay M. Khalilzad
Robert M. Kimmitt
Henry A. Kissinger
Franklin D. Kramer
Richard L. Lawson
*Jan M. Lodal
*Jane Holl Lute
William J. Lynn
Wendy W. Makins
Zaza Mamulaishvili
Mian M. Mansha
Gerardo Mato
William E. Mayer
T. Allan McArtor
John M. McHugh
Eric D.K. Melby
Franklin C. Miller
James N. Miller
Judith A. Miller
*Alexander V. Mirtchev
Susan Molinari
Michael J. Morell
Richard Morningstar
Georgette Mosbacher
Thomas R. Nides
Franco Nuschese
Joseph S. Nye
Hilda Ochoa-Brillem-
bourg
Sean C. O’Keefe
Ahmet M. Oren
Sally A. Painter
*Ana I. Palacio
Carlos Pascual
Alan Pellegrini
David H. Petraeus
Thomas R. Pickering
Daniel B. Poneman
Arnold L. Punaro
Robert Rangel
Thomas J. Ridge
Charles O. Rossotti
Robert O. Rowland
Harry Sachinis
Rajiv Shah
Stephen Shapiro
Kris Singh
James G. Stavridis
Richard J.A. Steele
Paula Stern
Robert J. Stevens
Robert L. Stout, Jr.
*Ellen O. Tauscher
Nathan D. Tibbits
Frances M. Townsend
Clyde C. Tuggle
Paul Twomey
Melanne Verveer
Charles F. Wald
Michael F. Walsh
Maciej Witucki
Neal S. Wolin
Mary C. Yates
Dov S. Zakheim
HONORARY DIRECTORS
David C. Acheson
Madeleine K. Albright
James A. Baker, III
Harold Brown
Frank C. Carlucci, III
Ashton B. Carter
Robert M. Gates
Michael G. Mullen
Leon E. Panetta
William J. Perry
Colin L. Powell
Condoleezza Rice
Edward L. Rowny
George P. Shultz
Horst Teltschik
John W. Warner
William H. Webster
*Executive Committee Members
List as of September 18, 2017