What is Antenna.List it functions Antenna Applications Types of Antennas Antenna Parameters Field Regions (a) reactivenear-field, (b) radiating near-field (Fresnel) and (c) far-field (Fraunhofer) regions . Typical changes of antenna amplitude pattern shape from reactive near field toward the far field Radian and Steradian Challenges of Antenna Design. softwares available for Antenna Design

1. 2/14/2023 1
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU

2. MSc (ECT)
1 Year, 2 semester
2/14/2023 2
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU

3. Topics To be Covered.
• What is Antenna.List it functions
• Antenna Applications
• Types of Antennas
• Antenna Parameters
• Field Regions
• (a) reactivenear-field,
• (b) radiating near-field (Fresnel) and
• (c) far-field (Fraunhofer) regions .
• Typical changes of antenna amplitude pattern shape from reactive near field toward the far
field
• Radian and Steradian
Challenges of Antenna Design.

2/14/202
3
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 3

4. It may be piece of conducting material in the form of wire,rod or any
other shape with Excitation.
Antenna is a source or radiator of Electromagnetic waves.
Antenna is Impedance Matching Device.
Antenna is a Transducer.
it can converts R.F electrical current into R.F Electromagnetic Wave.
when R.F applied to antenna ....
- Electric(E),Magnetic(H) Fields produced.
- E,H constuites EM Field/Wave.
- as a result Antenna called , ,
2/14/2023
4
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU

5. in his
pioneering experiments to
prove the existence of
waves predicted by the
electromagnetic theory of
James Clerk Maxwell.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 5
Heinrich Hertz

6. • Which ?
• Crustaceans bear
• The pair attached to the first
segment of the head are called
primary antenna or antennules.
This pair is generally uniramous,
but is biramous in crabs and
lobsters and remipedes.
• The pair attached to the second
segment are called secondary
antennae or simply antennae.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 6

7. 1.Radio(Medium Wave) : Radio Freq 530 to 1620 KHz
Ex: Amplitude modulation uses 1000KHz = 1MHz
λ= c/f = (3x108) /(106) = 300 m
if we use λ/4 mono polo
λ/4 = 300/4 = 75 m.
2.Mobile Phones:1G:CDMA(800Mhz) for Mobiles : LAN-4515 Antenna
2G:GSM900(900-960MHz),GSM1800(1710-1880 MHz) and also
3G: Tx(1920-1980)MHz Rx:(2110-2170)MHz yagi antenna
4G:Tx(2300-2400)MHz Rx:( 2300MHz) bingfu4G LTE
pantagone satillite antennas for 2g,3g,4g uses in india.
usually PIFA antennas prefered in Mobiles.
2/14/2023
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU
7

8. Ex: GSM900 f=900 MHz
λ= c/f = (3x108) /(9x106) = 33 cm
i) if we use λ/4 mono polo
λ/4 = 33 cm/4 = 9 cm.
ii)if we use helical it is 2 cm.
iii)if U use micro strip , one antenna not sufficient ,need 12
band antenna.
iv) for sectorial antenna may be need 4 antennas.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 8

9. 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 9
Wire Antennas: Dipole
antenna, Monopole antenna,
Helix antenna, Loop antenna
Aperture Antennas
Reflector Antennas: Parabolic
reflectors, Corner reflectors
Lens Antennas:

10. VARIOUS TYPES OF ANTENNAS:
Wire Antennas :its familiar to the
layman because they are seen virtually
every where...—on automobiles,
buildings, ships, aircraft, spacecraft,
and so on.
There are various shapes of wire
antennas such as a s
which are
shown in Figure Loop antennas need not
only be circular.
• They may take the form of a rectangle,
square, ellipse, or any other
configuration.
• The circular loop is the most common
because of its simplicity in construction.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 10
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co
mmons/a/a6/Dipole_xmting_antenna_anim
ation_4_408x318x150ms.gif

11. Aperture Antennas
• its may be more familiar to the layman
today than in the past because of the
increasing demand for more sophisticated
forms of antennas and the utilization of
higher frequencies.
• Some forms of aperture antennas are
shown in Figure Antennas of this type are
very useful for aircraft and spacecraft
applications, because they can be very
conveniently flush-mounted on the skin of
the aircraft or spacecraft.
• In addition,they can be covered with a
dielectric material to protect them from
hazardous conditions of the environment.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 11

12. Microstrip Antennas/patch antenna:
• its very popular in the 1970s primarily for
spaceborne applications.
• it consist of a metallic patch on a grounded
substrate. The metallic patch can take many
different configurations, the rectangular and
circular patches, are the most popular due to
ease of analysis and fabrication, and their
attractive radiation characteristics,
• low profile, comformable to planar and
nonplanar surfaces, simple and inexpensive .
• high-performance aircraft, spacecraft,satellites,
missiles, cars, and even handheld mobile
telephones are the applications.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 12

13. Array Antennas:
.
• Typical examples of arrays are shown in Figure
Usually the term array is reserved for an
arrangement in which the individual radiators
are separate as shown in Figures (a–d).
2/14/2023
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 13

14.  Reflector Antennas
• The success in the exploration of outer space has
resulted in the advancement of antenna theory.
Because of the need to communicate over great
distances, sophisticated forms of antennas had to
be used in order to transmit and receive signals
that had to travel millions of miles.
• A very common antenna form for such an
application is a parabolic reflector shown in
Figures (a) and (b).
• Antennas of this type have been built with
diameters as large as 305 m. Such large
dimensions are needed to achieve the high gain
required to transmit or receive signals after
millions of miles of travel.
• Another form of a reflector, although not as
common as the parabolic, is the corner reflector,
shown in Figure 1.7(c).
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 14

15.  Lens Antennas
• Lenses are
. by
properly shaping the geometrical
configuration and material of lences, they
can transform various forms of divergent
energy into plane waves.
• They can be used in most of the same
applications as are the parabolic reflectors,
especially at higher frequencies.
• Their dimensions and weight become
exceedingly large at lower frequencies.
• Lens antennas are classified according to
the material from which they are
constructed, or according to their
geometrical shape 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU
15

16. • Summary:
an ideal antenna is one that will radiate all the power delivered to it from the
transmitter in a desired direction or directions.
In practice, however, such ideal performances cannot be achieved but may be
closely approached.
Various types of antennas are available and each type can take different forms
in order to achieve the desired radiation characteristics for the particular
application.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 16

17. 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 17

18. • Radiation : The phenomenon in which energy emitted from source and travel
through the surounding medium is referred as Radiation. and this energy
formation drawing by graph is called Radiation Paterrn.
its of 3 types
Isotrophic : which radiates in all directions(practically none)
Omini Directional: receiveing and sending signals in all directions
,but vertically limited.
Directional: it radiates energy in only
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 18
Antenna Parameters ?

19. 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 19
λ

20. 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 20
(a) Radiation lobes and beamwidths of an antenna pattern.
(b) Linear plot of power pattern and its associated lobes and beamwidths.

21.  Antenna Efficiency
• Associated with an antenna are a
number of efficiencies and can be
defined using Figure.
• The total antenna efficiency e0 is used
to take into account losses at the
input terminals and within the
structure of the antenna. Such losses
may be due to..
• reflections er because of the
mismatch between the transmission
line and the antenna I2R losses
(conduction ec , and dielectriced)
the overall efficiency can be written as
e0 = er ec ed
2/14/2023
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU
21

22. where
e0 = total efficiency (dimensionless)
er = reflection(mismatch) efficiency = (1 − |Γ |2) (dimensionless)
ec = conduction efficiency (dimensionless)
ed = dielectric efficiency (dimensionless)
Γ = voltage reflection coefficient at the input terminals of the antenna
Γ= (ZA − Z0)/(ZA + Z0)
where ZA = antenna input impedance, Z0 = characteristic impedance of the
transmission line
VSWR = voltage standing wave ratio = 1 + |Γ | / 1 − |Γ|
Usually ec and ed are very difficult to compute, but they can be determined
experimentally. Even by measurements they cannot be separated, and it is usually
more convenient to write
e0 = er ecd = ecd (1 − |Γ |2)
where ecd = eced = antenna radiation efficiency, which is used to relate the gain and
directivity.
2/14/2023
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 22

23.  Radiation Efficiency(ηr)
"The ratio of the total power radiated by an antenna to the net power
accepted by the antenna from the connected transmitter."
(ηr) =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅𝑷𝒓
𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒊𝒏
=
𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝟐
𝑅𝑟
(𝑅𝑟+𝑅𝐿 )
where Pr =
( 𝑷𝑫 ).(𝟒𝝅 𝒅𝟐
)
𝑮
PD Radiated Power Density in w/m2
η Radiation Efficiency (0 < η < 1)
Rr Radiation Resistance
RL Loss in Resistance.
d distance from PD in a directicity
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 23

24.  Effective Length,Effective Area or Effective Aperture of antenna:
Effective Length(Le): for a receiving antenna,its a ratio of open circuited
voltage(Voc) to the incident field streangth(Ei)
Effective Length(Le) =
𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
=
𝑉𝑜𝑐
𝐸𝑖
in metres
Effective Area(Ae): the ratio of power received at the antenna load terminal to
the poynting vector(P),of the incident wave is known as effective area.its also
called capture area.
Effective Aperture(Ae)=
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝒑𝒐𝒚𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
m2
effective area Ae is related to diectivity ( D) at a given wavelength λ by the
equation
Ae = D
𝜆𝟐
𝟒𝜋
=
4𝜋
𝜃𝐸.𝜃𝐻
𝜆𝟐
𝟒𝜋
=
𝜆𝟐
𝜃𝐸.𝜃𝐻
m2
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 24

25. • Given data:
(HPBW)V = θE = 30o
(HPBW)H = θH = 25o
for Neglesible minor lobes,
Max. Aperture area = Ae = ?
Ae = D
𝜆𝟐
𝟒𝜋
=
4𝜋
𝜃𝐸.𝜃𝐻
𝜆𝟐
𝟒𝜋
=
𝜆𝟐
𝜃𝐸.𝜃𝐻
=
𝜆𝟐
30𝑜
.25𝑜 =
𝜆𝟐
(0.523).(0.436)
= 4.385 𝜆𝟐
m2
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 25

26. The Beam Efficiency (BE) of an antenna may be defined as the ratio of the
to the
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 26

27. 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 27

28. 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 28
• If θ1 is chosen as the angle where the first null or minimum occurs.
• the beam efficiency will indicate the amount of power in the major lobe
compared to the total power.
• A very high beam efficiency (between the nulls or minimums), usually
in the high 90s, is necessary for antennas used in radiometry, astronomy, radar,
and other applications where received signals through the minor lobes must
be minimized.
Beam Width: The angular width of major lobe between the two directions at
which maximum power is twice the radiated in received power is known as beam
width.
Beam width = (HPBW)v x (HPBW)H
= (HPBW)E x (HPBW)H = θo
E x θo
H

29. it is also defined as the angular
separation between two identical
points on opposite side of the
pattern maximum.
HPBW = FNBW/2
“Beam area ΩA :it is the solid angle
through which all the power radiated
by the antenna would stream
if P (θ, Ø) maintained its maximum
value over ΩA and was zero
elsewhere.”
ΩA =
4𝜋
𝐷
m2 and
ΩA.max =
𝑑𝑠
𝑟2 =
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝑟2 = 4𝜋
steredians
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 29

30. Aperture Efficiency (εA):the ratio of the effective radiating area (or
effective area) to the physical area of the aperture.”
An antenna has an aperture through which the power is radiated. This
radiation should be effective with minimum losses.
The physical area of the aperture should also be taken into consideration,
as the effectiveness of the radiation depends upon the area of the aperture,
physically on the antenna.
εA= Aeff .Ap
where
εA is Aperture Efficiency.
Aeff is effective area.
Ap is physical area.
.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 30

31. antenna :
(in a given direction) is defined as “the ratio of the intensity, in a given
direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power
accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically.
The radiation intensity corresponding to the isotropically radiated power is
equal to the power accepted (input) by the antenna divided by 4π.”
Gain (Gd)= 4π ( radiation intensity/total input (accepted) power )
=
𝟒𝝅 𝑼(𝜽 ,𝝋)
𝑷𝒊𝒏
dimensionless) ;
.
Prad = ecd Pin watts
where ecd is the antenna radiation efficiency (dimensionless)
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 31

32. Gain (G): Gain of the antenna can be calculated by .....
G = ηr.D
where ηr is Antenna Radiation efficiency
D is Directivity
G is Maximum 40-50 db(usually large dish antennas)
Directivity(D): which measures the degree, to which single direction radiation energy
emittes
D =
4𝜋
𝜃𝐸.𝜃𝐻
=
4𝜋𝐴𝑒
𝜆2 =
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔
=
𝑀𝑎𝑥.𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑣𝑔.𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
=
4𝜋
𝛺𝐴
where 𝜃𝐸. 𝜃𝐻 are degrees in E,H fields in radians
Ae Aperture area of antenna in sq.m
λ wave length in m
ΩA effecve Beam area in m2
2/14/202
3 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU
32

33. D is allways in between .
when D is higher,Beam can travel more and more.
usually D 1.76 dbi - for short dipole.
50 dbi - for dish antenna.
directivity can also find by D = U/U0= (4πU)/Prad
D = directivity (dimensionless) : D0 = maximum directivity (dimensionless)
U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle): Umax = maximum radiation intensity (W/unit solid
angle)
U0 = radiation intensity of isotropic source (W/unit solid angle):Prad = total radiated power (W)
Reflection Coefficient:In the case of antennas and feeders, the reflection coefficient is defined
as the
The Greek letter Γ is typically used for reflection coefficient, although σ is also often seen.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 33

34. Reflection Coefficient (Γ ) farmulae
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 34
• (Γ ) =
𝑍𝐴−𝑍0
𝑍𝐴+𝑍0
=
𝑷𝒓
𝑷𝒇
where Pr,Pf :reflected,farwarded powers.
• ZA -antenna impedance
• Z0 -characteristic impedance of a
source.
• if Z0 = 0 ; Γ =1 (open load)ideal case.
(i.e max value)
• if ZA =0 ( short load) Γ =-1 (i.e min.value)
𝑍𝐴 = 𝑍0 matched impedance load)Γ
= for
practically acceptable Γ = 1/3=0.33

35. VSWR :The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is an indication of the
e connecting to it.
• VSWR =
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
=
𝟏+𝐈𝚪𝐈
𝟏−𝐈𝚪𝐈
practically accepts Γ = 1/3 sub above VSWR=2
The antenna can be described as having a
“Good Match”.
So when someone says that the antenna is
poorly matched, very often it means that the
VSWR value exceeds 2 for a frequency of
interest.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 35

36. Link Budget of Antenna:The amount of margin required can be reduced by the use
of mitigating techniques such as antenna diversity or frequency hopping. A simple
link budget equation looks like this:
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 36
as per raleigh transmision.far field Region
where r- distance betn Tx,Rx.
D-diameter of the antenna.

37. for a radio link
Transmitted Power (Pt)
Trasmitter effective aperture (Aet )
operating Frequency (f)
Receiver effective aperture (Aer)
LOS lone of sight betn Tx,Rx = r
Power received at Receiver (Pr) = ?
• for a radio Link ,lossless matched
antenna
Pr =
𝑷𝒕.𝑨𝒆𝒕.𝑨𝒆𝒓
𝝀𝟐𝒓𝟐. watts
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 37

38. Field Regions
• The space
surrounding an
antenna is usually
subdivided into three
regions:
• (a) reactivenear-
field,
• (b) radiating near-
field (Fresnel) and
• (c) far-field
(Fraunhofer) regions
.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 38

39. • Reactive near-field region is defined as “that portion of the near-
field region immediately surrounding the antenna wherein the
reactive field predominates.”
For most antennas, the outer boundary of this region is commonly
taken to exist at a distance
R <(0.62)√(D3/λ) from the antenna surface,
where λ is the wavelength and
D is the largest dimension of the antenna.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU
39

40. • Radiating near-field (Fresnel) region is defined as “the region between the
region and the region wherein radiation fields
predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon the
distance from the antenna.
If the antenna has a maximum dimension that is not large compared to the
wavelength, this region may not exist.
on the basis of analogy to optical
terminology. If the antenna has a maximum overall dimension ,which is very
small compared to the wavelength, this field region may not exist.”
The inner boundary is taken to be the distance R ≥ (0.62)√(D3/λ) and
the
where D is the largest dimension of the antenna. D must also be large
compared to the wavelength (D > λ)
.
In this region the field pattern is, in general,a function of the radial distance
and the radial field component may be appreciable.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU
40

41. Far-field (Fraunhofer) region is defined as “that
If the antenna has a maximum overall dimension D, the far-field regionis
commonly taken to exist at distances greater than 2D2/λ from the antenna,
such as multibeam reflector antennas,
are sensitive to variations in phase over their apertures. For these antennas 2D2/λ
may be inadequate.
For an antenna focused at infinity, the far-field region is sometimes referred to as
the Fraunhofer region on the basis of analogy to optical terminology.” In this
region, the field components are essentially transverse and the angular distribution
is independent of the radial distance where the measurements are made. The
inner boundary is taken to be the radial distance R = 2D2/λ and the outer one at
infinity.
2/14/2023 41
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU

42. Typical changes of antenna from
• The amplitude pattern of an antenna, as the
observation distance is varied from the
reactive near field to the far field, changes in
shape because of variations of the
fields,both magnitude and phase. here D>λ.
• It is apparent that in the reactive nearfield
region the pattern is more spread out and
nearly uniform, with slight variations.
• As the observationis moved to the radiating
near-field region(Fresnel), the pattern
begins to smooth and form lobes.
• In the far-field region (Fraunhofer), the
pattern is well formed, usually consisting of
few minor lobes and one, or more, major
lobes
Typical changes of antenna amplitude pattern shape
from reactive near field,toward the far field
2/14/2023 42
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU

43.  Radiation patterns of a paraboloic antenna
for different distances from the antenna
• the pattern variation as a function of radial
distance beyond the minimum 2D2/λ far-
field distance, we have included three
patterns of a parabolic reflector calculated
at distances of R = 2D2/λ, 4D2/λ, infinity .
• It is observed that the patterns are almost
identical, except for some differences in the
pattern structure around the first null and
at a level below 25 dB. Because infinite
distances are not realizable in practice,
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 43

44. Radiation intensity(U):
in a given directionit is defined as “the power radiated from an
antenna per unit solid angle.” The radiation intensity is a far-field
parameter, and it can be obtained by simply multiplying the radiation
density by the square of the istance.
In mathematical form it is expressed as
U = r2 Wrad
where
U = radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
Wrad = radiation density (W/m2)
or
U0 = (Prad / 4π)
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 44

45. Radian and Steradian:
• The measure of a plane angle is a
radian. One radian is defined as
the plane angle with its vertex at
the center of a circle of radius r
that is subtended by an arc whose
length is r.
. One steradian is
defined as the solid angle with its
vertex at the center of a sphere of
radius r that is subtended by a
spherical surface area equal to
that of a square with each side of
length r.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 45

46. Relation Between EIRP & ERP
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 46

47. Estimating signal strength
at receiving end and finding received power.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 47

48. (↑)
• {
In view of this, if we narrow our focus down to the any specific topic.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 48

49. 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 49

50. The design of antennas for compact multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) terminals is a challenging feat,
due to the space constraint and
the physical structure of the terminal.
The space constraint forces the antennas to be closely spaced, which
degrades MIMO performance due to high signal correlation and low
antenna efficiency.
=> space contraint ( ⬇) => performanance( ⬇)
signal correlation (↑) & efficiency ( ⬇)
Moreover, the terminals are equipped with ground planes which further
complicate the implementation of antennas for good MIMO performance.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 50

51. • Given data
Radiation efficiency (ηr) = ?
Input Power(Pin) = 2KW = 2X103 W
• now the Expression for
(ηr) =
𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝑷𝒊𝒏
------------(1)
where Prad =
𝑷𝑫
.𝟒𝝅.𝒅𝟐
𝑮
=
𝟒𝝅 {
𝟏𝟓𝟖
.
𝟒
𝜼𝒓
(G= ηr .D)
=> Prad =
𝟏.𝟓𝟖 𝑲𝑾
𝜼𝒓
sub in eqn (1) (ηr) =
𝟏.𝟓𝟖 𝑲𝑾
𝜼𝒓
𝟐 𝒌𝑾
=
𝟎.𝟕𝟗
𝜼𝒓
ηr = √ (0.79) = 0.88 =88%
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 51

52. Calculate the maximum usable frequency for a high frequency radio link between
two points at a distance of 2500 km on the surface of Earth.consider the height of
Ionosphere is 200 km and the critical frequency of 5 MHz.
• fmuf = fcr 1 +
𝐷
2ℎ
• where critical frequency( fcr ) =5 MHz
• for a high freq link betn two points.
• distance betn two Earth stations D=2500 km
• height of ionosphere h= 200km
• now sub. all above
• fmuf = fcr 1 +
𝐷
2ℎ
= 5x106
1 +
2500
2𝑥200
=5x106
1 + 39.065 =31.647 MHz
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 52

53. • Given data :
for a radio link
Transmitted Power (Pt) = 15x103 w
Trasmitter effective aperture (Aet ) =25 m2
operating Frequency (f) =5Ghz
Receiver effective aperture (Aer)=0.5 m2
LOS lone of sight betn Tx,Rx
= d =15x103 m
Power received at Receiver (Pr)= ?
• for a radio Link ,lossless matched
antenna
...
Pr =
𝑷𝒕.𝑨𝒆𝒕.𝑨𝒆𝒓
𝝀𝟐𝒅𝟐.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 53

54. Antenna Lab
softwares ?
• It is directly related
to your structure
such as microstrip
or planar, 3d or
other forms.
• And also related to
your
• TARANG( in hindi language meaning wave)
• MATRIX(Matrix Software is an independent Dutch
software company)
• IE3D(Integral Equation Three-Dimensional
(electromagnetics)
• CODE V (for optial Antennas)
• ZEMAX(The first version was called Max, named after
the programmer's dog. The name was later changed to
Zemax due to a trademark conflict.)
• COMSOL(Multiphysics is a cross-platform finite element
analysis, solver and multiphysics simulation software.)
• EZNEC(simple free to use)
2/14/202
3
Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 54

55. OSLO ((Optics Software for Layout and Optimization)for LENS Antennas)
SONNET (is very interesting tool for filter design.)
FEKO(for analyzing the integral equation based boundary condition,for Wire
antenna analysis)name derived from german language
CADFEKO(for Large reflector Antenna design)
CST & CST MW STUDIO(MHz frequency band & Integral Equation Solver is
recommended)
HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) its good for Microstrip/DRA/Ground
Defective Structures.
ANSOFT HFSS( Ansoft and sold HFSS stand-alone under a 1989 marketing
relationship with Hewlett-Packard, and bundled into Ansoft products.
2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU
55

56. 2/14/2023 Dr KRB AAD ECT ETU 56