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Elasticiteti i kërkesës dhe ofertës
Elasticiteti ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ne pikĂ«n e funksionit tĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«s kjo mund tĂ« llogaritet: or,  e p  ï‚ș  %   Q %   P e p =  Q 2  - Q 1 Q 1 P 2  - P 1 P 1 Q 2  - Q 1  =   Q P 2  - P 1  =   P =  Q Q 1  P P 1
Elasticiteti si matje e ndikimeve ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 Q Q 1  P P 1 e p   = Çmimi ulet nga $7 nĂ« $5 P 1  = P 2  = P 2 -  P 1   = 5 - 7 =   P = -2  P = -2 Q 1   = Q 2  = Q 2  -  Q 1   = 5 - 3 =   Q  = +2  Q = +2 Elasticiteti i pikĂ«sor I kĂ«rkesĂ«s me ÇmimĂ« prej $7 Ă«shtĂ« -2.3 . KĂ«tu Ă«shtĂ« problem! NĂ«se çmimi  ndryshon nga  $5 nĂ«$7  Koeficienti I elasticiteti do tĂ« jetĂ« tjetĂ«r! 3 P x Q x / ut D $5 B 5 $7 A +2 7 3 [2/3 = .66667] [-2/7=-.28571] =  %   Q = 67% %   P = -28.5% =   -2.3  [rrumbullaksume] -2
Q 1  P P 1 e p   =  Q Q 1 = Duke riaranzhuar  Q P 1 Q 1 = *  P e p Duke marr: = - 1 This is the slope of the demand Q = f(P) P 1  = $7,  Q 1  =   3 =  -2.33   NĂ« funksionin linear tĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«s  PjertĂ«sia mbetĂ« e njĂ«jt kĂ«shtuqĂ« Ju vendosini veq P dhe Q  Q Q 1 P 1    P * = P 1 Q 1 *  Q  P Kjo Ă«shtĂ«  PjertĂ«sia e Funksionit kĂ«rkesĂ«s Kjo Ă«shtĂ« pika nĂ« funksion e KĂ«rkesĂ«s P 1  = $7,  Q 1  = 3 P 2  = $5,  Q 2 = 5 P 2 -  P 1   = 5 - 7 =   P = -2 Q 2  -  Q 1   = 5 - 3 =   Q  = +2 AtĂ«herĂ«,  Q  P +2 -2 = -1 7 3
PjertĂ«sia -1 intercepti 10 Duke pĂ«rdorur formulen, PjertĂ«sia -1, çmimi 7 Me çmim $7, Q = 3 = -2.3 -2.3 Llogarite  e p   me P =  $9 Q = 1 = -9 Llogaritni  e p  pĂ«r tĂ« gjitha Kombinimet çmim dhe sasie -9 Funksioni kĂ«rkesĂ«s: Q = 10 - 1P cmimi sasia e p Total Ardhurat $0 10 $1 9 $2 8 $3 7 $4 6 $5 5 $6 4 $7 3 $8 2 $9 1 $10 0 e p =  Q P 1 Q 1 *  P e p =  Q P 1 Q 1  P * (-1) 7 3 e p =  (-1)   9 1 0 -.11 -.25 -.43 -.67 -1. -1.5 -4. padefinume
VĂ«reni tĂ« çmimet e larta vlera  absolute e elasticitetit,  ï‚œ e p ï‚œï€Ź  Ă«shtĂ«  E madhe. TĂ« ardhurat janĂ« çmimi *  Sasia;  TR = PQ. Kur tĂ« ardhurat janĂ« nĂ« maksimum [TR],  ï‚œ e p  Ă«shtĂ« baraz me Ă« NĂ« intervalin ku  ï‚œ e p  < 1,  [mĂ« pak se  1 apo “inelastik”], TR rriten duke u rritur çmimi,  TR ulen duke u ulur P NĂ« intervalin ku  ï‚œ e p  > 1,  [mĂ« I madhĂ« se 1 apo “elastik”], TR  Ulet deri sa çmimi rritet, TR rritet  Deri sa  P ulet. Funksioni kĂ«rkesĂ«s: Q = 10 - 1P çmimi sasia e p Total Ardhurat $0 10 $1 9 $2 8 $3 7 $4 6 $5 5 $6 4 $7 3 $8 2 $9 1 $10 0 -2.3 -9 0 -.11 -.25 -.43 -.67 -1 . -1.5 -4. padefinume 0 9 16 21 24 25 24 21 16 9 0
PĂ«r tĂ« zgjedhur problemin e elasticiteti pikĂ«sor qĂ« Ă«shtĂ« I ndryshĂ«m pĂ«r çdo kombinim  Çmime sasi nĂ« funksionin e kĂ«rkesĂ«s,  arc elasticteti mund tĂ« pĂ«rdoret.  Ky arc elasticiteti  Ă«shtĂ« mesatarja apo pikamesit nĂ« mes tĂ« çmimeve.  Kjo formul llogarit mesataren apo arc elasticitetin e kĂ«rkesĂ«s: Mesatarja apo arcc   e p  nĂ« mes $5 dhe $7 Ă«shtĂ« llogaritur, PjertĂ«sia kĂ«rkesĂ«s =  - 1.5 e p  nĂ« mes $5 dhe $7 Ă«shtĂ« -1.5 3 P x Q x D $5 B 5 $7 A e p =  Q P 1  + P 2 Q 1  + Q 2 *  P e p =  Q P 1  + P 2 Q 1  + Q 2 *  P  Q  P = - 1 -1 P 1  = $7,  Q 1  = 3 P 2  = $5,  Q 2 = 5 P 2 -  P 1   = 5 - 7 =   P = -2 Q 2  -  Q 1   = 5 - 3 =   Q  = +2 P 1  + P 2  = 12 12 Q 1  + Q 2   =  8 8
Llogaritni pikĂ«n  e p  pĂ«r çdo çimimĂ« nĂ« tabele. Llogaritni TR pĂ«r çdo çmim NĂ« tabele. Llogaritni arc  e p  nĂ« mes $10 dhe $20. Llogaritni arc  e p  nĂ« mes $25 dhe $28. Llogaritni arc ep nĂ« mes $20 dhe $28 . Paraqitni grafikisht funksioni e kĂ«rkesĂ«s dhe identifikoni se nĂ« çfarĂ« Intervali funksioni kĂ«rkesĂ« Ă«shtĂ« elastic dhe nĂ« cilĂ«n Ă«shtĂ« inelastik. ipet:  Q  =  120  -  4  P Çmimi  Sasia e p T R $ 10 $  20 $  25 $  28
Llogaritni pikĂ«n ep pĂ«r çdo çimimĂ« nĂ« tabele. Llogaritni TR pĂ«r çdo çmim NĂ« tabele.  TR = PQ Llogaritni arc  e p  nĂ« mes $10 dhe $20. e p   = -1 Llogaritni arc  e p  nĂ« mes $25 dhe $28 e p   = -7.6 Llogaritni arc ep nĂ« mes $20 dhe $28 . e p   = -4 Paraqitni grafikisht funksioni e kĂ«rkesĂ«s dhe identifikoni se nĂ« çfarĂ« Intervali funksioni kĂ«rkesĂ« Ă«shtĂ« elastic dhe nĂ« cilĂ«n Ă«shtĂ« inelastik. . NĂ« cilin çmim TR do tĂ« maksimizohen? P = $15 ipet:  Q  =  120  -  4  P Çmim  Sasia  e p T R $ 10 $  20 $  25 $  28 80 40 20 8 - . 5 -2 -5 -14 $800 $800 $500 $224
e p   = -1 |  e p  | > 1 [elastic] Pjesa e epĂ«rme “gjysma” e Funksiont Ă«shtĂ« elastike. |  e p  | < 1 inelastic Pjesa e poshtmĂ«â€gjysma” e funksionit tĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«s Ă«shtĂ« inelastike. grafikimi  Q = 120 - 4 P, TR Ă«shtĂ« maksimum  kur  e p Ă«shtĂ« -1 apo TR’s  PjertĂ«sia = 0 Kur  e p Ă«shtĂ« -1  TR Ă«shtĂ« nĂ« maksimum. Kur  |  e p  | > 1 [elastic], TR dhe P  LĂ«vizin nĂ« drejtime tĂ« kundĂ«rta. (P ka PjertĂ«si negative, TR pozitive.) Kur  |  e p  |  <  1  [inelastic], TR dhe P  LĂ«vizin nĂ« drejtim tĂ« njĂ«jtĂ«.  (P dhe TR  tĂ« dyja kanĂ« pjertĂ«si negative.) Arc apo mesatarja e   e p   Ă«shtĂ«  elasticiteti nĂ« mes dy pikave [apo çmimeve] pika  e p  Ă«shtĂ« elasticiteti nĂ« pikĂ« apo çmim. Q/ut Price 120 30 15 60 TR
Elasticiteti në rastet ekstreme ,[object Object],[object Object]
Determinuesit e Elasticitetit ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elasticiteti I të ardhurave ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elasticiteti I tërthort I kërkesës ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elasticiteti I tërthort I kërkesës ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elasticiteti I tĂ«rthort I kĂ«rkesĂ«s Elasticiteti I kĂ«rkesĂ«s pĂ«r biftek me respekt pĂ«r çmimin e derrit, e biftek-derr  or  e bd mund tĂ« llogaritet: Rritja nĂ« çmimin e derrit, “ shkakton” rritje nĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«n pĂ«r biftek. Elasticiteti I tĂ«rthort pozitiv Ulje nĂ« çmimin e derrit, “ shkakton” ulje nĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«n pĂ«r biftek  NĂ«se tĂ« mirat janĂ« zavĂ«ndĂ«suese,  e xy  do tĂ« jetĂ« pozitiv. MĂ« I madh  koeficienti, mundĂ«sit pĂ«r tĂ« qenĂ« zavĂ«ndĂ«suese janĂ« mĂ« tĂ« mĂ«dhaja. e bp  = %   Q of beef %  P of pork +   P d +    Q b +e bd positive e bp  = %   Q of beef %  P of pork -    P d -   Q b +e bd positive
Elasticiteti I tĂ«rthort I kĂ«rkesĂ«s [ plotĂ«sues] Libra kolor P c ngjyrna P c D p Ulje nĂ« çmimin e ngjyrnave, P 1 Q 1 $3 2000 Rritet sasia e kĂ«rkuar pĂ«r ngjyrna  Sa mĂ« shumĂ« ngjyrna Blihen, kĂ«rkesa pĂ«r Libra kolor rritet. D c 2500 Me çmim tĂ« njĂ«jt Sasi mĂ« madhe Do tĂ« blihet +   Q b PĂ«r plotĂ«sues, elasticiteti I tĂ«rthort Ă«shtĂ« negativ, nĂ«se çmimi Rritet apo ulet. P o Q 2 D c ’ Rritet KĂ«rkesa e bc  = %   Q of b %  P of c -  P c -   P c +   Q b - e bc negative
Elasticiteti I tërthort I kërkesës ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elasticiteti I ofertës ,[object Object],[object Object]
Duke marr funksionin, Me çmim [P 1 ], Q 1  prodhohet dhe ofrohet  PĂ«r shitje. P 1 Q 1   Me çmim mĂ« tĂ« lart [P 2 ], P 2 mĂ« shumĂ«sasi, Q 2 , do tĂ« prodhohet  dhe ofrohet pĂ«r shitje. Q 2 +  P +  Q Rritja nëçmim [   P ], shtyen Sasi mĂ« tĂ« madhe [   Q]pĂ«r  shitje. Sa mĂ«tĂ« ndjeshĂ«m janĂ« shitĂ«sit nĂ«   P, mĂ« e madhe do tĂ« jeta vlera e   e s . Elasticiteti i ofertĂ«s Q /ut P oferta e s  =  %  Q ofruar   %  P
Elasticiteti ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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elasticiteti

  • 2.
  • 3. Ne pikĂ«n e funksionit tĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«s kjo mund tĂ« llogaritet: or, e p ï‚ș  %  Q %  P e p = Q 2 - Q 1 Q 1 P 2 - P 1 P 1 Q 2 - Q 1 =  Q P 2 - P 1 =  P =  Q Q 1  P P 1
  • 4.
  • 5.  Q Q 1  P P 1 e p = Çmimi ulet nga $7 nĂ« $5 P 1 = P 2 = P 2 - P 1 = 5 - 7 =  P = -2  P = -2 Q 1 = Q 2 = Q 2 - Q 1 = 5 - 3 =  Q = +2  Q = +2 Elasticiteti i pikĂ«sor I kĂ«rkesĂ«s me ÇmimĂ« prej $7 Ă«shtĂ« -2.3 . KĂ«tu Ă«shtĂ« problem! NĂ«se çmimi ndryshon nga $5 nĂ«$7 Koeficienti I elasticiteti do tĂ« jetĂ« tjetĂ«r! 3 P x Q x / ut D $5 B 5 $7 A +2 7 3 [2/3 = .66667] [-2/7=-.28571] = %  Q = 67% %  P = -28.5% = -2.3 [rrumbullaksume] -2
  • 6. Q 1  P P 1 e p =  Q Q 1 = Duke riaranzhuar  Q P 1 Q 1 = *  P e p Duke marr: = - 1 This is the slope of the demand Q = f(P) P 1 = $7, Q 1 = 3 = -2.33 NĂ« funksionin linear tĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«s PjertĂ«sia mbetĂ« e njĂ«jt kĂ«shtuqĂ« Ju vendosini veq P dhe Q  Q Q 1 P 1  P * = P 1 Q 1 *  Q  P Kjo Ă«shtĂ« PjertĂ«sia e Funksionit kĂ«rkesĂ«s Kjo Ă«shtĂ« pika nĂ« funksion e KĂ«rkesĂ«s P 1 = $7, Q 1 = 3 P 2 = $5, Q 2 = 5 P 2 - P 1 = 5 - 7 =  P = -2 Q 2 - Q 1 = 5 - 3 =  Q = +2 AtĂ«herĂ«,  Q  P +2 -2 = -1 7 3
  • 7. PjertĂ«sia -1 intercepti 10 Duke pĂ«rdorur formulen, PjertĂ«sia -1, çmimi 7 Me çmim $7, Q = 3 = -2.3 -2.3 Llogarite e p me P = $9 Q = 1 = -9 Llogaritni e p pĂ«r tĂ« gjitha Kombinimet çmim dhe sasie -9 Funksioni kĂ«rkesĂ«s: Q = 10 - 1P cmimi sasia e p Total Ardhurat $0 10 $1 9 $2 8 $3 7 $4 6 $5 5 $6 4 $7 3 $8 2 $9 1 $10 0 e p =  Q P 1 Q 1 *  P e p =  Q P 1 Q 1  P * (-1) 7 3 e p = (-1) 9 1 0 -.11 -.25 -.43 -.67 -1. -1.5 -4. padefinume
  • 8. VĂ«reni tĂ« çmimet e larta vlera absolute e elasticitetit, ï‚œ e p ï‚œï€Ź Ă«shtĂ« E madhe. TĂ« ardhurat janĂ« çmimi * Sasia; TR = PQ. Kur tĂ« ardhurat janĂ« nĂ« maksimum [TR], ï‚œ e p  Ă«shtĂ« baraz me Ă« NĂ« intervalin ku ï‚œ e p  < 1, [mĂ« pak se 1 apo “inelastik”], TR rriten duke u rritur çmimi, TR ulen duke u ulur P NĂ« intervalin ku ï‚œ e p  > 1, [mĂ« I madhĂ« se 1 apo “elastik”], TR Ulet deri sa çmimi rritet, TR rritet Deri sa P ulet. Funksioni kĂ«rkesĂ«s: Q = 10 - 1P çmimi sasia e p Total Ardhurat $0 10 $1 9 $2 8 $3 7 $4 6 $5 5 $6 4 $7 3 $8 2 $9 1 $10 0 -2.3 -9 0 -.11 -.25 -.43 -.67 -1 . -1.5 -4. padefinume 0 9 16 21 24 25 24 21 16 9 0
  • 9. PĂ«r tĂ« zgjedhur problemin e elasticiteti pikĂ«sor qĂ« Ă«shtĂ« I ndryshĂ«m pĂ«r çdo kombinim Çmime sasi nĂ« funksionin e kĂ«rkesĂ«s, arc elasticteti mund tĂ« pĂ«rdoret. Ky arc elasticiteti Ă«shtĂ« mesatarja apo pikamesit nĂ« mes tĂ« çmimeve. Kjo formul llogarit mesataren apo arc elasticitetin e kĂ«rkesĂ«s: Mesatarja apo arcc e p nĂ« mes $5 dhe $7 Ă«shtĂ« llogaritur, PjertĂ«sia kĂ«rkesĂ«s = - 1.5 e p nĂ« mes $5 dhe $7 Ă«shtĂ« -1.5 3 P x Q x D $5 B 5 $7 A e p =  Q P 1 + P 2 Q 1 + Q 2 *  P e p =  Q P 1 + P 2 Q 1 + Q 2 *  P  Q  P = - 1 -1 P 1 = $7, Q 1 = 3 P 2 = $5, Q 2 = 5 P 2 - P 1 = 5 - 7 =  P = -2 Q 2 - Q 1 = 5 - 3 =  Q = +2 P 1 + P 2 = 12 12 Q 1 + Q 2 = 8 8
  • 10. Llogaritni pikĂ«n e p pĂ«r çdo çimimĂ« nĂ« tabele. Llogaritni TR pĂ«r çdo çmim NĂ« tabele. Llogaritni arc e p nĂ« mes $10 dhe $20. Llogaritni arc e p nĂ« mes $25 dhe $28. Llogaritni arc ep nĂ« mes $20 dhe $28 . Paraqitni grafikisht funksioni e kĂ«rkesĂ«s dhe identifikoni se nĂ« çfarĂ« Intervali funksioni kĂ«rkesĂ« Ă«shtĂ« elastic dhe nĂ« cilĂ«n Ă«shtĂ« inelastik. ipet: Q = 120 - 4 P Çmimi Sasia e p T R $ 10 $ 20 $ 25 $ 28
  • 11. Llogaritni pikĂ«n ep pĂ«r çdo çimimĂ« nĂ« tabele. Llogaritni TR pĂ«r çdo çmim NĂ« tabele. TR = PQ Llogaritni arc e p nĂ« mes $10 dhe $20. e p = -1 Llogaritni arc e p nĂ« mes $25 dhe $28 e p = -7.6 Llogaritni arc ep nĂ« mes $20 dhe $28 . e p = -4 Paraqitni grafikisht funksioni e kĂ«rkesĂ«s dhe identifikoni se nĂ« çfarĂ« Intervali funksioni kĂ«rkesĂ« Ă«shtĂ« elastic dhe nĂ« cilĂ«n Ă«shtĂ« inelastik. . NĂ« cilin çmim TR do tĂ« maksimizohen? P = $15 ipet: Q = 120 - 4 P Çmim Sasia e p T R $ 10 $ 20 $ 25 $ 28 80 40 20 8 - . 5 -2 -5 -14 $800 $800 $500 $224
  • 12. e p = -1 |  e p | > 1 [elastic] Pjesa e epĂ«rme “gjysma” e Funksiont Ă«shtĂ« elastike. |  e p | < 1 inelastic Pjesa e poshtmĂ«â€gjysma” e funksionit tĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«s Ă«shtĂ« inelastike. grafikimi Q = 120 - 4 P, TR Ă«shtĂ« maksimum kur e p Ă«shtĂ« -1 apo TR’s PjertĂ«sia = 0 Kur e p Ă«shtĂ« -1 TR Ă«shtĂ« nĂ« maksimum. Kur |  e p | > 1 [elastic], TR dhe P LĂ«vizin nĂ« drejtime tĂ« kundĂ«rta. (P ka PjertĂ«si negative, TR pozitive.) Kur |  e p | < 1 [inelastic], TR dhe P LĂ«vizin nĂ« drejtim tĂ« njĂ«jtĂ«. (P dhe TR tĂ« dyja kanĂ« pjertĂ«si negative.) Arc apo mesatarja e e p Ă«shtĂ« elasticiteti nĂ« mes dy pikave [apo çmimeve] pika  e p Ă«shtĂ« elasticiteti nĂ« pikĂ« apo çmim. Q/ut Price 120 30 15 60 TR
  • 13.
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  • 18. Elasticiteti I tĂ«rthort I kĂ«rkesĂ«s Elasticiteti I kĂ«rkesĂ«s pĂ«r biftek me respekt pĂ«r çmimin e derrit, e biftek-derr or e bd mund tĂ« llogaritet: Rritja nĂ« çmimin e derrit, “ shkakton” rritje nĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«n pĂ«r biftek. Elasticiteti I tĂ«rthort pozitiv Ulje nĂ« çmimin e derrit, “ shkakton” ulje nĂ« kĂ«rkesĂ«n pĂ«r biftek NĂ«se tĂ« mirat janĂ« zavĂ«ndĂ«suese, e xy do tĂ« jetĂ« pozitiv. MĂ« I madh koeficienti, mundĂ«sit pĂ«r tĂ« qenĂ« zavĂ«ndĂ«suese janĂ« mĂ« tĂ« mĂ«dhaja. e bp = %  Q of beef %  P of pork +  P d +  Q b +e bd positive e bp = %  Q of beef %  P of pork -  P d -  Q b +e bd positive
  • 19. Elasticiteti I tĂ«rthort I kĂ«rkesĂ«s [ plotĂ«sues] Libra kolor P c ngjyrna P c D p Ulje nĂ« çmimin e ngjyrnave, P 1 Q 1 $3 2000 Rritet sasia e kĂ«rkuar pĂ«r ngjyrna Sa mĂ« shumĂ« ngjyrna Blihen, kĂ«rkesa pĂ«r Libra kolor rritet. D c 2500 Me çmim tĂ« njĂ«jt Sasi mĂ« madhe Do tĂ« blihet +  Q b PĂ«r plotĂ«sues, elasticiteti I tĂ«rthort Ă«shtĂ« negativ, nĂ«se çmimi Rritet apo ulet. P o Q 2 D c ’ Rritet KĂ«rkesa e bc = %  Q of b %  P of c -  P c -  P c +  Q b - e bc negative
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  • 22. Duke marr funksionin, Me çmim [P 1 ], Q 1 prodhohet dhe ofrohet PĂ«r shitje. P 1 Q 1 Me çmim mĂ« tĂ« lart [P 2 ], P 2 mĂ« shumĂ«sasi, Q 2 , do tĂ« prodhohet dhe ofrohet pĂ«r shitje. Q 2 +  P +  Q Rritja nëçmim [  P ], shtyen Sasi mĂ« tĂ« madhe [  Q]pĂ«r shitje. Sa mĂ«tĂ« ndjeshĂ«m janĂ« shitĂ«sit nĂ«  P, mĂ« e madhe do tĂ« jeta vlera e e s . Elasticiteti i ofertĂ«s Q /ut P oferta e s = %  Q ofruar %  P
  • 23.