Herman Hollerith was an American inventor who developed the first electric tabulating machine in the late 1880s. This machine used punched cards to store and process statistical data, which allowed the 1890 US Census to be tabulated much more quickly than previous censuses. Hollerith went on to found the Tabulating Machine Company, which was later merged with other companies to form IBM in 1911. Hollerith's punched card system was an important early precursor to modern digital computers and data storage. He received several patents for his inventions and left a lasting legacy through the founding and growth of IBM.
This is a PPT on the life and works of John Von Neumann. This PPT contains:
1. John Von Neumann
2. Background
3. Early Life
4. Collage Days
5. Progress In the US
6. Contributions
7. Contributions in Computer Feild
8. Stored Program Concept “Von Neumann Architecture”
9. Concepts behind the modern electronic digital computer 10. Atomic Bomb
11. Influences
12. End Of The Road
13. Honours
14. Conclusion
15. Thank You
Charles Babbage invented the Analytical Engine, the first general-purpose computer, in the 1830s. Alan Turing developed the theoretical concept of the Turing machine in 1936 and designed the Automatic Computing Engine in 1945. Turing also made contributions to artificial intelligence. Danny Hillis invented parallel processing computers and built a Turing machine out of Tinker Toys. Douglas Engelbart invented the computer mouse in 1964 to aid in human-computer interaction. Yves Behar is an industrial designer known for products like the Ouya game console and Jawbone headset.
Mathematical concepts and their applications: Number systemJesstern Rays
The document discusses various number systems including binary and hexadecimal used in computing. It explains how binary represents numbers as 1s and 0s and is used in electronics like transistors and to represent text, images, and more. Hexadecimal is also introduced which uses 16 symbols to efficiently represent more characters using fewer bits than binary. Color codes in computing are represented using hexadecimal values for red, green, and blue components.
Monte Carlo methods use random sampling to solve problems numerically. They work by setting up probabilistic models and running simulations using random numbers. This allows approximating solutions to problems in physics, finance, optimization, and other fields. Examples include estimating pi by simulating dart throws, and using a "drunken wino" random walk simulation to approximate the solution to a partial differential equation on a grid. The accuracy of Monte Carlo methods increases with more simulation iterations, requiring truly random numbers for best results.
Evolution of computer and its impact on societyshreyash singh
The document traces the evolution of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Babbage. The first programmable, general-purpose computer was ENIAC, built in 1946. Subsequent generations saw the replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors and integrated circuits, leading to smaller sizes. Modern computers are based on microprocessors and artificial intelligence. Computers have had widespread social impacts, both positive in areas like communication, and negative through issues like unemployment and data piracy.
The document provides a chronological overview of milestones in the development of computing technology from 2500 BCE to 1939:
- The abacus, developed in China around 2500 BCE, was the first tool used for calculation. Static electricity was described by the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus around 600 BCE.
- The Romans used an abacus with pebbles in 500 BCE. The slide rule was invented in 1633. Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical adding machine in 1642.
- Gottfried Leibniz developed a gear-based calculating machine in 1671. Charles Babbage invented the first programmable mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine, in 1833.
-
The document traces the evolution of computers from early calculating devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It discusses early pioneers like Charles Babbage who conceptualized programmable computers in the 1800s using punched cards as input. The first computer program was written by Ada Lovelace for Babbage's Analytical Engine. Electronic computers were developed in the 1940s, with ENIAC being the first general purpose electronic computer. The stored program concept was introduced by John von Neumann, allowing programs and data to be stored in computer memory. The invention of the transistor ushered in smaller, cheaper computers.
This is a PPT on the life and works of John Von Neumann. This PPT contains:
1. John Von Neumann
2. Background
3. Early Life
4. Collage Days
5. Progress In the US
6. Contributions
7. Contributions in Computer Feild
8. Stored Program Concept “Von Neumann Architecture”
9. Concepts behind the modern electronic digital computer 10. Atomic Bomb
11. Influences
12. End Of The Road
13. Honours
14. Conclusion
15. Thank You
Charles Babbage invented the Analytical Engine, the first general-purpose computer, in the 1830s. Alan Turing developed the theoretical concept of the Turing machine in 1936 and designed the Automatic Computing Engine in 1945. Turing also made contributions to artificial intelligence. Danny Hillis invented parallel processing computers and built a Turing machine out of Tinker Toys. Douglas Engelbart invented the computer mouse in 1964 to aid in human-computer interaction. Yves Behar is an industrial designer known for products like the Ouya game console and Jawbone headset.
Mathematical concepts and their applications: Number systemJesstern Rays
The document discusses various number systems including binary and hexadecimal used in computing. It explains how binary represents numbers as 1s and 0s and is used in electronics like transistors and to represent text, images, and more. Hexadecimal is also introduced which uses 16 symbols to efficiently represent more characters using fewer bits than binary. Color codes in computing are represented using hexadecimal values for red, green, and blue components.
Monte Carlo methods use random sampling to solve problems numerically. They work by setting up probabilistic models and running simulations using random numbers. This allows approximating solutions to problems in physics, finance, optimization, and other fields. Examples include estimating pi by simulating dart throws, and using a "drunken wino" random walk simulation to approximate the solution to a partial differential equation on a grid. The accuracy of Monte Carlo methods increases with more simulation iterations, requiring truly random numbers for best results.
Evolution of computer and its impact on societyshreyash singh
The document traces the evolution of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Babbage. The first programmable, general-purpose computer was ENIAC, built in 1946. Subsequent generations saw the replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors and integrated circuits, leading to smaller sizes. Modern computers are based on microprocessors and artificial intelligence. Computers have had widespread social impacts, both positive in areas like communication, and negative through issues like unemployment and data piracy.
The document provides a chronological overview of milestones in the development of computing technology from 2500 BCE to 1939:
- The abacus, developed in China around 2500 BCE, was the first tool used for calculation. Static electricity was described by the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus around 600 BCE.
- The Romans used an abacus with pebbles in 500 BCE. The slide rule was invented in 1633. Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical adding machine in 1642.
- Gottfried Leibniz developed a gear-based calculating machine in 1671. Charles Babbage invented the first programmable mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine, in 1833.
-
The document traces the evolution of computers from early calculating devices like the abacus to modern digital computers. It discusses early pioneers like Charles Babbage who conceptualized programmable computers in the 1800s using punched cards as input. The first computer program was written by Ada Lovelace for Babbage's Analytical Engine. Electronic computers were developed in the 1940s, with ENIAC being the first general purpose electronic computer. The stored program concept was introduced by John von Neumann, allowing programs and data to be stored in computer memory. The invention of the transistor ushered in smaller, cheaper computers.
The document summarizes key developments during the Electromechanical Age from 1840-1940, including the invention of the voltaic battery, telegraph, telephone, radio, and early electromechanical computers using punch cards. Some notable inventions were Alessandro Volta's battery in 1800, Samuel Morse's telegraph in 1832, Alexander Graham Bell's telephone in 1876, Guglielmo Marconi's development of radio in the 1890s, and Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine company in 1896 which later became IBM. These innovations helped convert knowledge into electrical signals and laid the foundation for modern telecommunication.
This document provides a reference list of publications related to computer game playing. It includes journal articles, conference proceedings, books, and websites that cover topics such as algorithms for game playing, chess programs, checkers, and other games. The reference list is updated through volume 29 number 2 and includes over 200 citations ranging from 1988 to 1995.
The electromechanical age from 1840-1940 saw important advances that enabled the development of early computers. Key inventions included Alessandro Volta's battery in 1800, which provided a reliable source of electricity and allowed information to be encoded as electrical signals. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1832 for electrical communication of text messages. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 for bidirectional voice communication. These inventions established telecommunication networks powered by electricity. Early electromechanical computing devices were also developed, such as tabulating machines in the 1850s, the Comptometer mechanical adding machine in 1885, and Herman Hollerith's punched card tabulating system used for the 1890 US Census. These early electromechanical devices demonstrated that
This document discusses the history and development of numeral systems. It begins by explaining the key aspects of a numeral system and some of the earliest systems used, such as unary notation. It then describes the development of place-value systems, including the Hindu-Arabic decimal system. Various base systems are covered, such as base-2 (binary), base-5, base-8, base-10, base-12, base-20, and base-60. The document also discusses weighted and non-weighted binary coding systems, including excess-3 code and gray code. The history of binary numbers is outlined, from early concepts developed by ancient Indian and Chinese mathematicians to its modern implementation in digital circuits.
This document provides a summary of the history of early computers from ancient counting tools like the Ishango bone dated to 20,000 BC to the development of Boolean logic in the 19th century. Some of the key events and inventions discussed include the abacus from 2500 BC, the Antikythera mechanism from 150-100 BC, the Pascaline mechanical calculator from 1642, Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner mechanical calculator from 1672-1694, Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine design from 1837, the first general purpose programmable computer, Ada Lovelace's notes on the Analytical Engine which are considered the first computer program, George Boole's development of
This document provides an overview of the history of computing and how computers store data. It discusses:
- Gottfried Leibniz inventing binary arithmetic in the 17th century, which became the basis for how computers represent numbers.
- How early computers used mechanical switches to represent 1s and 0s, with switches in the on position representing 1 and off representing 0.
- Each byte in a computer's memory being divided into eight bits, with each bit representing a digit in the binary number system.
- Larger numbers being stored across multiple bytes, with the maximum value storable in a single byte being 255 and across two bytes being 65,535.
- A brief history of
The first computers were human "computers", predominantly women, who performed calculations by hand. Early mechanical aids included the abacus and Napier's Bones. The first programmable digital computer was the Harvard Mark I, built in 1944. The ENIAC, completed in 1946, was the first fully electronic general-purpose computer. The integrated circuit, invented in 1958, led to smaller, more powerful computers and the development of the microprocessor in the 1970s enabled personal computers. Bill Gates left Harvard to start Microsoft and write software for the Intel-based IBM PC, launched in 1981, which popularized personal computing.
The document traces the evolution of computers from early calculating devices like the abacus through modern digital computers. It discusses early pioneers and inventions like the Pascaline, Analytical Engine, Hollerith's tabulating machine, ENIAC, and UNIVAC. The development of binary systems, stored programs, and transistors marked key transitions to modern digital computing.
The document traces the evolution of computers from early calculating devices like the abacus through modern digital computers. It discusses early pioneers and inventions like the Pascaline, Analytical Engine, Hollerith's tabulating machine, ENIAC, and UNIVAC. The development of binary systems, stored programs, and transistors marked key transitions to modern digital computing.
The document summarizes key developments during the Electromechanical Age from 1840-1940, including the invention of the voltaic battery, telegraph, telephone, radio, and early electromechanical computers using punch cards. Some notable inventions were Alessandro Volta's battery in 1800, Samuel Morse's telegraph in 1832, Alexander Graham Bell's telephone in 1876, Guglielmo Marconi's development of radio in the 1890s, and Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine company in 1896 which later became IBM. These innovations helped convert knowledge into electrical signals and laid the foundation for modern telecommunication.
This document provides a reference list of publications related to computer game playing. It includes journal articles, conference proceedings, books, and websites that cover topics such as algorithms for game playing, chess programs, checkers, and other games. The reference list is updated through volume 29 number 2 and includes over 200 citations ranging from 1988 to 1995.
The electromechanical age from 1840-1940 saw important advances that enabled the development of early computers. Key inventions included Alessandro Volta's battery in 1800, which provided a reliable source of electricity and allowed information to be encoded as electrical signals. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1832 for electrical communication of text messages. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 for bidirectional voice communication. These inventions established telecommunication networks powered by electricity. Early electromechanical computing devices were also developed, such as tabulating machines in the 1850s, the Comptometer mechanical adding machine in 1885, and Herman Hollerith's punched card tabulating system used for the 1890 US Census. These early electromechanical devices demonstrated that
This document discusses the history and development of numeral systems. It begins by explaining the key aspects of a numeral system and some of the earliest systems used, such as unary notation. It then describes the development of place-value systems, including the Hindu-Arabic decimal system. Various base systems are covered, such as base-2 (binary), base-5, base-8, base-10, base-12, base-20, and base-60. The document also discusses weighted and non-weighted binary coding systems, including excess-3 code and gray code. The history of binary numbers is outlined, from early concepts developed by ancient Indian and Chinese mathematicians to its modern implementation in digital circuits.
This document provides a summary of the history of early computers from ancient counting tools like the Ishango bone dated to 20,000 BC to the development of Boolean logic in the 19th century. Some of the key events and inventions discussed include the abacus from 2500 BC, the Antikythera mechanism from 150-100 BC, the Pascaline mechanical calculator from 1642, Gottfried Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner mechanical calculator from 1672-1694, Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine design from 1837, the first general purpose programmable computer, Ada Lovelace's notes on the Analytical Engine which are considered the first computer program, George Boole's development of
This document provides an overview of the history of computing and how computers store data. It discusses:
- Gottfried Leibniz inventing binary arithmetic in the 17th century, which became the basis for how computers represent numbers.
- How early computers used mechanical switches to represent 1s and 0s, with switches in the on position representing 1 and off representing 0.
- Each byte in a computer's memory being divided into eight bits, with each bit representing a digit in the binary number system.
- Larger numbers being stored across multiple bytes, with the maximum value storable in a single byte being 255 and across two bytes being 65,535.
- A brief history of
The first computers were human "computers", predominantly women, who performed calculations by hand. Early mechanical aids included the abacus and Napier's Bones. The first programmable digital computer was the Harvard Mark I, built in 1944. The ENIAC, completed in 1946, was the first fully electronic general-purpose computer. The integrated circuit, invented in 1958, led to smaller, more powerful computers and the development of the microprocessor in the 1970s enabled personal computers. Bill Gates left Harvard to start Microsoft and write software for the Intel-based IBM PC, launched in 1981, which popularized personal computing.
The document traces the evolution of computers from early calculating devices like the abacus through modern digital computers. It discusses early pioneers and inventions like the Pascaline, Analytical Engine, Hollerith's tabulating machine, ENIAC, and UNIVAC. The development of binary systems, stored programs, and transistors marked key transitions to modern digital computing.
The document traces the evolution of computers from early calculating devices like the abacus through modern digital computers. It discusses early pioneers and inventions like the Pascaline, Analytical Engine, Hollerith's tabulating machine, ENIAC, and UNIVAC. The development of binary systems, stored programs, and transistors marked key transitions to modern digital computing.
1. A Tribute to Herman Hollerith
(Mr. IBM)
"We get paid for working with our heads."
--Herman Hollerith
If you studied the history of computers, Charles Babbage
(Ada Lovelace's mentor) is at the top of the list with his
theoretical design of a rudimentary steam-driven numbers
cruncher in 1822. A century later, a group of English
scientists took his design and built the numbers cruncher.
In second place came Mr. IBM himself (Herman Hollerith)
with his invention of a mechanical punch card-based
numbers cruncher in 1890. (If you thought that Ada
Lovelace should have come in second place behind her
mentor, she is at the top of the list concerning the history of
computer software.)
Herman's date of birth is February 29, 1860 (year of
America's Civil War). His date of death is November 17,
1929 (year of the stock market crash).
In 1879, Herman graduated from Columbia University
(CU) with a B.S. degree in mining. Because of the rigorous
courses that he took (i.e. Chemistry, Physics, Geometry,
Surveying & Graphics, Surveying & Assaying, and visits to
metallurgical & machine shops to understand how the
functionality thereof), I would definitely rate this defining
moment as Herman's first major inheritance from his
professors.
1
2. After his graduation from CU, Herman received an offer to
work at Uncle Sam's Census Bureau as an Assistant to
William Petit Trowbridge, his former teacher. Herman met
Dr. John Shaw Billings, Department head over Vital
Statistics, through his daughter (Kate Sherman Billings,
Herman's girl friend). Dr. John's theoretical assistance and
motivation became Herman's second major inheritance.
Herman's mentor is deserving of a brief digression from
Herman's mini-biography because Dr. John was a
contributing factor (on a theoretical level) to Herman's
invention.
Dr. John's primary legacy can be summed up as being the
chief organizer of medical knowledge in libraries. (Being
the designer of the original buildings of John Hopkins
Hospital in 1889 was a side note in comparison to his
contributions to the formation of libraries--funded by
Andrew Carnegie--throughout New York.)
Let's focus on Dr. John's contributions to Uncle Sam's
Census Bureau. Dr. John was able to transform medical and
demographic data into numbers that were PUNCHED ON
CARDBOARD CARDS as developed by Herman. Dr. John
was responsible for the WHAT of punched cards. Herman
was responsible for the HOW of punched cards.
The best advice that Dr. John gave to Herman is for him to
study a weaving device (Herman's third major inheritance)
called a Jacquard loom (named in honor of Frenchman
Joseph Marie Jacquard who invented the device). Joseph
2
3. had a similar dilemma as Herman when it came to
repetitive tasks that could be automated. Joseph invented a
system that consisted of weaving (cloth making) patterns
represented by punched holes. Herman was able to apply
Joseph's punched hole system of making cloths to his
system of processing numbers.
Herman's invention consisted of the use of electrical
connections to record information via a counter that was
triggered by those electrical connections. The information
was recorded by the punched holes in a card. According to
Herman, information that was punched in certain locations
(later called rows and columns) on a card can also be
counted/sorted in a mechanical manner.
Allow me to enter a deeper level of specificity concerning
the mechanics of Herman's invention that revolutionized
the US Bureau of Statistics. Holes were punched on
cards/sheets made of material that was a conduit of
electricity. The holes represented a specific relationship to
each other (i.e. a hole in one position represented a male, a
hole in another position represented a female, a hole in a
different position represented a US citizen, and in another
position a foreigner) and to a standardized format (the
brains--Centralized Processing Unit---of Herman's
invention).
The format is used to count items either separately or
together. The counting was done mechanically by electro-
magnetic circuits that are controlled by the holes on the
cards/sheets. In other words, when a hole is passed over a
3
4. drum, an electrical circuit for each hole is completed. Each
electrical current that is caused by a hole is considered a
hit/count for a statistic (number of males, females, US
citizens, foreigners, etc).
The hole punching system is similar to the binary system of
ones (holes) and zeros (no holes). Hence, Herman's
invention was a pre-cursor to the modern computer storage
of digital data. Assembly language courses teach you how
to use ones (1) and zeros (0) to form representations of
numbers, characters, and logic. The binary representation
of basic numbers (4 bits required) is as follows:
0000 = 0
0001 = 1
0010 = 2
0011 = 3
0100 = 4
0101 = 5
0110 = 6
0111 = 7
1000 = 8
1001 = 9
1010 = 10
1011 = 11
4
5. 1100 = 12
1101 = 13
1110 = 14
1111 = 15
10000101 (8 bits/1 byte required) = 128 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 4
+ 0 + 1 = 133
The binary representation of our alphabet (ASCII standard)
is as follows (binary number--base 2--is the representation
of the decimal number--base 10):
Symbol Decimal Binary (8 bits/1 byte required)
A 65 01000001
B 66 01000010
C 67 01000011
D 68 01000100
E 69 01000101
F 70 01000110
G 71 01000111
H 72 01001000
I 73 01001001
J 74 01001010
K 75 01001011
L 76 01001100
5
6. M 77 01001101
N 78 01001110
O 79 01001111
P 80 01010000
Q 81 01010001
R 82 01010010
S 83 01010011
T 84 01010100
U 85 01010101
V 86 01010110
W 87 01010111
X 88 01011000
Y 89 01011001
Z 90 01011010
Symbol Decimal Binary
a 97 01100001
b 98 01100010
c 99 01100011
d 100 01100100
6
7. e 101 01100101
f 102 01100110
g 103 01100111
h 104 01101000
i 105 01101001
j 106 01101010
k 107 01101011
l 108 01101100
m 109 01101101
n 110 01101110
o 111 01101111
p 112 01110000
q 113 01110001
r 114 01110010
s 115 01110011
t 116 01110100
u 117 01110101
v 118 01110110
w 119 01110111
x 120 01111000
y 121 01111001
7
8. z 122 01111010
. 250 11111010
Space 32 00100000
If I want a computer to understand the following sentence:
I want 10 boxes.
Any computer programming language (i.e. Ada) would
translate the preceding sentence into the following binary
representation:
Symbol Decimal Binary
I 73 01001001
Space 32 00100000
w 87 01010111
a 97 01100001
n 110 01101110
t 116 01110100
Space 32 00100000
10 10 1010
Space 32 00100000
b 98 01100010
o 111 01101111
x 120 01111000
e 101 01100101
s 115 01110011
. 250 11111010
8
9. Here's the sentence in our English language:
I want 10 boxes.
Here's the sentence in the computer's language:
01001001 00100000 01010111 01100001 01101110
01110100 00100000 1010 00100000 01100010 01101111
01111000 01100101 01110011 11111010
Binary logic is used as a representation of electrical
circuitry in computers that have a number of input
electrical lines A, B, C, ... and a number of output electrical
lines with the result of either on (1) or off (0).
In the case of real digital circuits, currents that are passed
through the lines with a voltage between about 5 and 15 are
called ON or TRUE or 1. Currents that are passed with a
voltage near zero are called OFF or FALSE or 0. TRUE
represents the digit 1, and FALSE represents the digit 0.
The binary expressions of logic are as follows (NOT, OR,
AND, NOR, NAND, and EOR):
[1] NOT(A) = 1 if A=0; NOT(A) = 0 if A=1.
[2] A OR B = 1 if A or B = 1; A OR B = 0 if both A and B
= 0.
9
10. [3] A AND B = 1 if A and B = 1; A AND B = 0 if A or B =
0.
[4] A NOR B = NOT(A OR B). The symbol "NOR" means
the opposite of the "OR" symbol, which is the "AND"
symbol.
[5] A NAND B = NOT (A AND B). The symbol "NAND"
means the opposite of the "AND" symbol, which is the
"OR" symbol.
[6] A EOR B = 1 if either A or B = 1 but not both; A EOR
B = 0 if both A and B = 1 or both A and B = 0. The "EOR"
symbol means Exclusively OR.
The following are logic tables that graphically express the
preceding logic:
[1] "NOT" Table
A not(A)
0 1
1 0
[2] "OR" Table
A B A OR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
10
11. 1 0 1
1 1 1
[3] "AND" Table
A B A AND B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
[4] "NOR" Table
A B A OR B NOT(AOR B) = A NOR B
0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
[5] "NAND" Table
A B A AND B NOT(A AND B) = A NAND B
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
11
12. 1 1 1 0
[6] "EOR" Table
A B A EOR B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
[END OF BINARY REPRESENTATION OF NUMBERS,
CHARACTERS, AND LOGIC]
Concerning the cards, Herman adopted Joseph's idea of
using cards on the weaving device. In Herman's case, he
decided to use cards on his statistical device. The
computer's punched cards were later named the Hollerith
cards in honor of Herman Hollerith. Also, the Hollerith
constants/strings (declaration of string constants in
computer programming) were named in honor of Herman
Hollerith.
The cards were the same dimensions of our paper
denominations (6" long by 2.8" wide). The main advantage
of such a dimension was that the cards could be sorted/re-
sorted with relative ease in comparison to the long
continuous strips that were difficult to correct when sorting
problems occurred (besides being easy to tear).
12
13. Herman replaced the drum component with the press (like
the printing press) that operated according to its name
(pressing the cards).
The revised counting routine was that the pins over the
holes passed through the cards that were submerged in
mercury (liquid metallic element). The mercury-filled cards
created electrical circuits that produced hits that are kept in
temporary storage by counters (similar to variables that
store temporary values like the following pseudo code
statement in which the variable "COUNT" stores the actual
number of whatever statistic that triggered it: COUNT =
COUNT + 1).
In 1882, while enrolling himself in CU's Ph.D program,
Herman taught mechanical engineering at MIT and begin
working on the mechanics of his invention (Herman's
fourth major inheritance deposited to his mind by MIT's
culture of creativity).
In 1884, Herman decided to file a patent application with
Uncle Sam's Patent Office. On the application, he entitled
his idea "Art of Compiling Statistics." It was during this
time that he received both motivation and theoretical
assistance from his mentor John.
In 1889, Herman put the preceding information concerning
his invention in his doctoral thesis entitled "An Electric
Tabulating System" that resulted in the fulfillment of his
goal of obtaining a Ph.D (Herman's fifth major
inheritance). Also in 1889 (five years after the application
13
14. was submitted), Herman received his patent (his first
LEGACY).
After receiving his patent, Herman created a company
(named Tabulating Machine Company) that specialized in
making card punching machines (rudimentary form of
computers at the time). His first customers were Uncle
Sam's Navy and the US Census Bureau that used Herman's
product to formulate the 1890 census in one year ($5
million in savings). (It took 8 years to formulate the 1880
census).
The cards/sheets were sold separately from the machine. In
those days, machines were leased instead of purchased.
(Hardware was expensive in those days.) Herman's
tabulating computers were leased by census organizations
around the world (New Jersey, New York, Maryland,
England, Italy, Germany, Russia, Canada, France, Norway,
Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines). The computers
were leased by insurance companies also.
Thomas J. Watson (first President of newly formed IBM)
became Herman's sixth major inheritance because of his
skills as a master salesman. Herman made the computers.
Thomas sold the computers. It was a match made in
Heaven, and IBM's bottom line proved it.
Herman continued to make advancements to his invention.
For instance, he increased the input speed of data entry
operators by creating the first automatic card-feed
mechanism and the first keyboard that was used to punch
14
15. holes in the cards. As a result, skilled data entry operators
could punch 200-300 cards per hour (his second
LEGACY). Also, Herman created a tabulator (device used
to read data from the punched cards and to generate an
output of printed lists of the result--his third LEGACY)
that was designed to be used only for 1890 Census cards.
In 1906, Herman refined his tabulator by adding to it a plug
board control panel (his fourth LEGACY) that enabled the
Type I Tabulator to be used for different purposes without
tinkering with the hardware. (This concept became the
precursor to computer programming. However, Ada
Lovelace's invention of algorithms pre-dated the
"algorithmic brains" behind Herman's plug board control
panel.)
In 1911, four companies (including Herman's company)
united under the umbrella name Computing Tabulating
Recording Company (CTR). When Herman appointed
Thomas J. Watson to be the combined company's first
President, the name was changed to International Business
Machines (IBM) in 1924. IBM became Herman
Hollerith's fifth and longest lasting LEGACY.
(By the way, the quickest way to become a CEO is to be
great in sales. If you don't believe me, ask people like Lee
Iacocca and Larry Ellison who were great salesmen.)
2 of Herman's great-grandsons (Herman Hollerith IV and
Randolph Marshall Hollerith) are Episcopal Bishop of the
Diocese of Southern Virginia and Episcopal Priest in
15
16. Richmond, Virginia respectively. (Don't forget that
children are legacies also. The Bible calls them heritages of
the LORD.) Herman had 6 children to come from his wife's
womb. If you have children, then please stop complaining
about now having a legacy. Your children are your legacy.
Whether they are good or bad legacies is dependant on your
ability to train up your children in the way that they should
go so that when they become adults, they won't depart from
your training.
I presented unto you another biographical example of a
person (just like you and me) who was able to convert the
inheritances he received in a variety of ways (professors at
CU, his mentor at Uncle Sam's Census Bureau, and Joseph
Marie Jacquard's invention of the loom) into tremendous
legacies (patents of his inventions and IBM that is still in
operation today as more of a service company instead of a
hardware company).
Herman's legacies were improved upon by others. Such
improvements are to be expected because of the
advancement of knowledge. Herman himself was able to
improved Joseph Marie Jacquard's legacy of the Jacquard
loom. Even Moore's law (and other similar laws about the
rate of technology's advancement) confirms it.
If Herman could leave a legacy for others to enjoy, you can
do it also (on a smaller scale). A legacy is a legacy whether
it's a large company that employs thousands of people or
the ability to clean things. Legacies do not depend on how
many people know about your creation. All you need is at
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17. least one person to know about it and to receive it as an
inheritance.
Salvation Prayer (for those who are not saved)
"Heavenly Father, I come to You in the Name of Jesus
Christ. Your Word says, 'Whosoever shall call on the name
of the Lord shall be saved,' and 'If thou shalt confess with
thy mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in thine heart
that God hath raised him from the dead, thou shalt be
saved (Romans 10:9).' You said my salvation would be the
result of Your Holy Spirit giving me new birth by coming to
live within me (John 3:5,6,15-16; Romans 8:9-11) and that
if I would ask, You would fill me with Your Holy Spirit and
give me the ability to speak with other tongues (Luke
11:13; Acts 2:4)."
"I take You at Your Word. I confess that Jesus Christ is
Lord. And I believe in my heart that You raised Jesus
Christ from the dead. I thank You for coming into my heart,
for giving me Your Holy Spirit as You have promised, and
for being Lord over my life. Amen."
If you have just prayed this prayer, please let me know of
your decision. Also, use the following contact information
to receive your FREE GIFT:
kcm.org/salvation
(the web of Kenneth Copeland Ministries)
1-800-600-7396
(phone number of Kenneth Copeland Ministries)
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18. Aaronic Blessing (Numbers 6:24-26)
"The LORD bless thee, and keep thee; the LORD make
his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee: The
LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee
peace." Amen and amen.
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shaw_Billings
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/tabulator
http://l3d.cs.colorado.edu/courses/CSCI1200-
96/binary.html
http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/ascii1.htm
http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/teaching/B261/binary_logic.html
http://www.computersciencelab.com/ComputerHistory/Hist
oryPt2.htm
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Herman_Hollerith.asp
x
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith
http://www.livescience.com/20718-computer-history.html
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