Since the history of evolution of cities, civilizations have developed means to make
their settlements advanced in terms of efficiency, comfort and to foster safety. Thus
safety within cities, is an important factor that forms an integral part of city design.
This “safety” is not related to engineered design only but connected to human
behavior that forms a very important attribute in livable environments. The paper is
based on a robust literature review that aim to investigate into the field of Urban
Safety. It deals with several theories that are inter-connected and relate to this
concept. The concept of safety in urban context is a very complicated construct and
involves a large number of variables, thus is order to fine –tune this concept, a
systematic scanning of several related fields of theories are undertaken. They are
classified , categorized and further filtered into segments from which a large number
of study parameters are identified that can contribute to the factor of urban safety in
public areas. These parameters further could be used in further research to generate
safety audit tool.
Defining privacy and related notions such as Personal Identifiable Information (PII) is a central notion in computer science and other fields. The theoretical, technological, and application aspects of PII require a framework that provides an overview and systematic structure for the discipline’s topics. This paper develops a foundation for representing information privacy. It introduces a coherent conceptualization of the privacy senses built upon diagrammatic representation. A new framework is presented based on a flow-based model that includes generic operations performed on PII.
The place matters. We were born there, have been living and working there, entered there and exited from there. Places are an object of observation from the outside while we experience them from the inside. A place is the most ethnographic level of observation of relational territorialisation.
However, do we really know how territories behave? Can we really observe in practise the notion of the Network Territory? How does the dynamic concept of a territory fit and juxtapose with that of a network?
Some territories are putting all their efforts, thanks to the common work of public, private, and civil agents, into restructuring the post-crisis economic and social system. Nevertheless, can we observe and see what is occurring in these places and territories? How are we supposed to observe those big black boxes with input and output but with an unknown and hardly explainable process? How can we apply hermeneutics to the socially innovating processes in the networked territories at any scale? What tools should we use for this observation? What tools do we want and can we use to intervene? What effect do we ultimately want to have?
All these elements may demand a systemic vision in the cybernetic multi-disciplinary sense that Social Innovation requires and that links with the two main currents of Social Innovation in a coherent way: we are referring to, on the one hand, the more academic approach, with a social justice dimension, aligned towards the Territory and Social Economy and, on the other hand, the more practitioner and policy-making approach, championed by the third-way labour school of thought of the Young Foundation, Nesta and Demos.
This publication is thus to suggest taking a step back to achieve some impulse and present a Territory Systemic Framework from Social Innovation. We mixed elements from
Action Research as a suggestion for the investigation methodology, the way to observe the Territory from the viewpoint or paradigm of Social Innovation. That is to say that we de-constructe the Territory into three scales (#Macro, #Meso and #Micro) to be able to observe, understand, and implement social transformations. What we know now is that the future of Territories is currently determined by two variables: their network-notion and their value of commons. The Territories that are able to mingle with the collective intelligence that is strategically aligned with the understanding of the Territory-Network and Common Welfare will be in a better position to undertake some real processes of Social Innovation within themselves. Which policies, projects, and agents/people should be promoted within the Territories?
And what role do creative atmospheres or ecosystems play?
Let us then answer three questions:
What? Why? How? That is to say, Territory, Social Innovation, and Action Research.
PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATION OF TECHNOLOGY AND ITS EFFECT ON HUMAN AND ARCHITE...civej
There are many factors contributing in emergence of an architectural works including form, content,
performance and technology. Form means the shape and geometry, content refers to theoretical
foundations of a work, performance signifies efficiency and utilization of space and technology includes
machines, tools and manufacturing method. Technology involves both materialistic elements and human
activities. Since human behavior is affected by the surrounding atmosphere while forming a part of their
identity, therefore, technology affects human and their identity as a part of environment. In the current
article, the definition of technology, its views and its effects on the environment and architectural spaces
were examined. In addition, the similarities and differences between modern and traditional technology
and each effect on architectural space and human were analyzed. Finally, a strategy was proposed for
appropriate application of modern technology in Iranian architecture
Philosophical Investigation of Technology and its Effect on Human and Archite...civejjour
There are many factors contributing in emergence of an architectural works including form, content,
performance and technology. Form means the shape and geometry, content refers to theoretical
foundations of a work, performance signifies efficiency and utilization of space and technology includes
machines, tools and manufacturing method. Technology involves both materialistic elements and human
activities. Since human behavior is affected by the surrounding atmosphere while forming a part of their
identity, therefore, technology affects human and their identity as a part of environment. In the current
article, the definition of technology, its views and its effects on the environment and architectural spaces
were examined. In addition, the similarities and differences between modern and traditional technology
and each effect on architectural space and human were analyzed. Finally, a strategy was proposed for
appropriate application of modern technology in Iranian architecture.
Running head ARCHITECTURE AS SPACE1TITLE OF YOUR PAPER.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ARCHITECTURE AS SPACE 1
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER Architecture As SpaceRabab bu Khamsin
27 Aug 2019
Ph.D Luca GuidoThe University of Oklahoma
ARCHITECTURE AS SPACE
Introduction
Architecture has been for a long time subject to criticism and vague analysis that ignores the content and focuses on superficial appearance. This is the main reason why architecture is compared to paintings and sculptures. The position that the general public takes concerning architecture is largely affected by historical views that are in books and articles. Critics tend to concentrate on the pictorial values just like they would in paintings and sculptures and this diverts their interests from the greatness of architecture 1. There are permanent guiding principles inscribed in traditional architecture that can be used in appreciating modern architecture. It is only by providing the public with the real value of architecture that they will learn to appreciate it without being vague 1. The major task remains for the second generation of modern architects to overcome the challenge of functionalist movements and then establish a cultural order that appreciates the real impact of architecture on human life. The following are some approaches that can be used to reclaim its position in comparison to art like music, paintings, and sculptures among others.
Body
Architecture faces a unique challenge of physical immobility because pieces of architectural work cannot be transported to other areas like paintings and sculptures. The public who might be interested in them must travel and physically visit the sites. The other challenge is the lack of a comprehensive description of the architectural works. The architects use technical terms like rhythm, symmetry, solids and voids, harmony, and other technical registers that an average person does not understand 1. The authors of architectural journals should find legitimate terms to use in describing the works and strive to make the essence of architecture clear to everyone. The historians of architecture should provide coherent methods of studying a building from a spatial point of view 1. It is important to think of architecture as space and focus on the specific properties that make it distinguishable from other forms of art.
Architecture works in three dimensions vocabularies that accommodate man into the construction. Paintings are also unique in expressing three to four dimensions despite being drawn in two dimensions. Sculptures work in three dimensions but man is not incorporated inside 1. This makes architecture unique and important because an architect will present a representation of the exterior and a sketch of the interior of a building. The architectural volume is represented in plans, elevations, and cross-sections that can then be explained as floors, walls, and specific rooms of the building. The necessity to measure the distances between horizontal planes and describing them as space is th ...
Defining privacy and related notions such as Personal Identifiable Information (PII) is a central notion in computer science and other fields. The theoretical, technological, and application aspects of PII require a framework that provides an overview and systematic structure for the discipline’s topics. This paper develops a foundation for representing information privacy. It introduces a coherent conceptualization of the privacy senses built upon diagrammatic representation. A new framework is presented based on a flow-based model that includes generic operations performed on PII.
The place matters. We were born there, have been living and working there, entered there and exited from there. Places are an object of observation from the outside while we experience them from the inside. A place is the most ethnographic level of observation of relational territorialisation.
However, do we really know how territories behave? Can we really observe in practise the notion of the Network Territory? How does the dynamic concept of a territory fit and juxtapose with that of a network?
Some territories are putting all their efforts, thanks to the common work of public, private, and civil agents, into restructuring the post-crisis economic and social system. Nevertheless, can we observe and see what is occurring in these places and territories? How are we supposed to observe those big black boxes with input and output but with an unknown and hardly explainable process? How can we apply hermeneutics to the socially innovating processes in the networked territories at any scale? What tools should we use for this observation? What tools do we want and can we use to intervene? What effect do we ultimately want to have?
All these elements may demand a systemic vision in the cybernetic multi-disciplinary sense that Social Innovation requires and that links with the two main currents of Social Innovation in a coherent way: we are referring to, on the one hand, the more academic approach, with a social justice dimension, aligned towards the Territory and Social Economy and, on the other hand, the more practitioner and policy-making approach, championed by the third-way labour school of thought of the Young Foundation, Nesta and Demos.
This publication is thus to suggest taking a step back to achieve some impulse and present a Territory Systemic Framework from Social Innovation. We mixed elements from
Action Research as a suggestion for the investigation methodology, the way to observe the Territory from the viewpoint or paradigm of Social Innovation. That is to say that we de-constructe the Territory into three scales (#Macro, #Meso and #Micro) to be able to observe, understand, and implement social transformations. What we know now is that the future of Territories is currently determined by two variables: their network-notion and their value of commons. The Territories that are able to mingle with the collective intelligence that is strategically aligned with the understanding of the Territory-Network and Common Welfare will be in a better position to undertake some real processes of Social Innovation within themselves. Which policies, projects, and agents/people should be promoted within the Territories?
And what role do creative atmospheres or ecosystems play?
Let us then answer three questions:
What? Why? How? That is to say, Territory, Social Innovation, and Action Research.
PHILOSOPHICAL INVESTIGATION OF TECHNOLOGY AND ITS EFFECT ON HUMAN AND ARCHITE...civej
There are many factors contributing in emergence of an architectural works including form, content,
performance and technology. Form means the shape and geometry, content refers to theoretical
foundations of a work, performance signifies efficiency and utilization of space and technology includes
machines, tools and manufacturing method. Technology involves both materialistic elements and human
activities. Since human behavior is affected by the surrounding atmosphere while forming a part of their
identity, therefore, technology affects human and their identity as a part of environment. In the current
article, the definition of technology, its views and its effects on the environment and architectural spaces
were examined. In addition, the similarities and differences between modern and traditional technology
and each effect on architectural space and human were analyzed. Finally, a strategy was proposed for
appropriate application of modern technology in Iranian architecture
Philosophical Investigation of Technology and its Effect on Human and Archite...civejjour
There are many factors contributing in emergence of an architectural works including form, content,
performance and technology. Form means the shape and geometry, content refers to theoretical
foundations of a work, performance signifies efficiency and utilization of space and technology includes
machines, tools and manufacturing method. Technology involves both materialistic elements and human
activities. Since human behavior is affected by the surrounding atmosphere while forming a part of their
identity, therefore, technology affects human and their identity as a part of environment. In the current
article, the definition of technology, its views and its effects on the environment and architectural spaces
were examined. In addition, the similarities and differences between modern and traditional technology
and each effect on architectural space and human were analyzed. Finally, a strategy was proposed for
appropriate application of modern technology in Iranian architecture.
Running head ARCHITECTURE AS SPACE1TITLE OF YOUR PAPER.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: ARCHITECTURE AS SPACE 1
TITLE OF YOUR PAPER Architecture As SpaceRabab bu Khamsin
27 Aug 2019
Ph.D Luca GuidoThe University of Oklahoma
ARCHITECTURE AS SPACE
Introduction
Architecture has been for a long time subject to criticism and vague analysis that ignores the content and focuses on superficial appearance. This is the main reason why architecture is compared to paintings and sculptures. The position that the general public takes concerning architecture is largely affected by historical views that are in books and articles. Critics tend to concentrate on the pictorial values just like they would in paintings and sculptures and this diverts their interests from the greatness of architecture 1. There are permanent guiding principles inscribed in traditional architecture that can be used in appreciating modern architecture. It is only by providing the public with the real value of architecture that they will learn to appreciate it without being vague 1. The major task remains for the second generation of modern architects to overcome the challenge of functionalist movements and then establish a cultural order that appreciates the real impact of architecture on human life. The following are some approaches that can be used to reclaim its position in comparison to art like music, paintings, and sculptures among others.
Body
Architecture faces a unique challenge of physical immobility because pieces of architectural work cannot be transported to other areas like paintings and sculptures. The public who might be interested in them must travel and physically visit the sites. The other challenge is the lack of a comprehensive description of the architectural works. The architects use technical terms like rhythm, symmetry, solids and voids, harmony, and other technical registers that an average person does not understand 1. The authors of architectural journals should find legitimate terms to use in describing the works and strive to make the essence of architecture clear to everyone. The historians of architecture should provide coherent methods of studying a building from a spatial point of view 1. It is important to think of architecture as space and focus on the specific properties that make it distinguishable from other forms of art.
Architecture works in three dimensions vocabularies that accommodate man into the construction. Paintings are also unique in expressing three to four dimensions despite being drawn in two dimensions. Sculptures work in three dimensions but man is not incorporated inside 1. This makes architecture unique and important because an architect will present a representation of the exterior and a sketch of the interior of a building. The architectural volume is represented in plans, elevations, and cross-sections that can then be explained as floors, walls, and specific rooms of the building. The necessity to measure the distances between horizontal planes and describing them as space is th ...
Abstract All defensible urban space design has a common purpose, which is to restructure the physical layouts of communities to allow residents to control the areas around their buildings by natural surveillance. Those physical layouts include buildings, streets, grounds outside their buildings, the walkways, lighting poles, drainages and all the infrastructure facilities, which may help people to improve their local neighborhoods. This paper concentrates on the defensible urban space design in the neighborhoods particularly in Bahrain either in the privately owned neighborhoods or in neighborhoods with government ownerships. The research first examines the theoretical aspects and theories and design principles related to neighborhood design with emphasis on elements such as walkways, buildings layouts, road networks, building’s entrances and other important elements. Those elements can be designed to help create safe and secure neighborhoods. This first part of the research reviews the theoretical background on defensible urban space design forming a basis to analyze and evaluate the built environmental elements in the case studies. In the second part of the research, these ideas are applied by means of a descriptive and questionnaire survey. In the descriptive analysis, the research looks at safety and security prevailing in residential built environments of Bahrain. It focuses on different built-environmental aspects which can be considered to lead to safety problems. In addition, the questionnaire survey looks at the ways in which the Bahrain community assesses the security situation. By these means, it identifies the factors that negatively affect the sense of security in residential settlements of Bahrain. Finally, the research produces a set of conclusions and recommendations to help improve the urban planning process followed by the governmental agencies, towards creating a safe Bahraini community. Keywords: Defensiable space, Security, Safety, Territoriality, Vandalism
Context, Causality, and Information Flow: Implications for Privacy Engineerin...Sebastian Benthall
The creators of technical infrastructure are under social and legal pressure to comply with expectations that can be difficult to translate into computational and business logics. The dissertation presented in this talk bridges this gap through three projects that focus on privacy engineering, information security, and data economics, respectively. These projects culminate in a new formal method for evaluating the strategic and tactical value of data. This method relies on a core theoretical contribution building on the work of Shannon, Dretske, Pearl, Koller, and Nissenbaum: a definition of information flow as a channel situated in a context of causal relations.
There have been many vital conversations about XR ethics over the past number of years, but still a lot of open questions for how to make sense and navigate the overall ethical landscape. I'll be providing three sense making lenses for XR Ethics including Ethical Contexts, Human Rights, and a Techno-Social, Political, & Economic Lens. We'll get some updates on XR Privacy, Harassment in XR, and the Neuro-Rights Initiative, and then do a broad survey of other hot topics across different contexts.
Techno-government networks: Actor-Network Theory in electronic government res...FGV Brazil
The Actor-Network Theory (ANT) is a theoretical approach for the study of controversies associated with scientific discoveries and technological innovations through the networks of actors involved in such actions. This approach has generated studies in Information Systems (IS) since 1990, however few studies have examined the use of this approach in the e-government area. Thus, this paper aims to broaden the theoretical approaches on e-government, by presenting ANT as a theoretical framework for e-government studies via published empirical work. For this reason, the historical background of ANT is described, duly listing its theoretical and methodological premises. In addition to this, one presented ANT-based e-government works, in order to illustrate how ANT can be applied in empirical studies in this knowledge area.
Date: 2016
Authors:
Fornazin, Marcelo
Joia, Luiz Antonio
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES LENS ON MOBILE DEVICES 1 HISTORY ASusanaFurman449
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES LENS ON MOBILE DEVICES 1
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES LENS ON MOBILE DEVICES 4
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES LENS ON MOBILE DEVICES
Antonio McClan
IDS-403-H4675 Technology and Society 21EW4
3/27/2021
History
The history lens is the outlook of how people view things using history. Using the history lens, we try to look at what caused something and its effects. Something that we look at through the history lens is what was the motive behind that sure thing happening. To find out all these aspects through the history lens, we dig in or research the theories that relate to this particular thing. Doing research involves finding evidence on the facts that we will get (Simpson & Clapton, 2020). For instance, when we look at mobile devices through the history lens, we try to find the history behind mobile devices' technology. Through the history lens, we look at what caused the introduction of mobile devices technology. Mobile devices technology was introduced to make communication easier. Analyzing the past forms of communication, there were written letters, smoke or fire, and postal offices. This was of communication were slow and did not guarantee the delivery of the accurate message or information. Therefore, with the changes that came with the current generation, we have technology that developed the mobile devices that are now being used to communicate.
The effects of mobile devices are primarily positive, even though some negativities come with it. When we look at the impact of mobile devices, we see that people have communicated efficiently. They have been able to deliver their important messages on time with guaranteed accuracy. Mobile devices have not only made communication easy but also brought people together. The form in which these mobile devices are made, for example, with cameras' introduction, people can see each other using pictures and even video calls.
The adverse effects of mobile devices are that they are only accessible to people who can afford them. The prices of these mobile devices are unfavorable to people of the lower class. Another effect is that mobile devices have made people lazy to move from one place to another. For example, a person may have a message for a person who is just near them, but they decide to use mobile devices to communicate to them instead of delivering the message one on one. The motive behind the development of mobile devices was mainly communication. Since history concerning past communication methods show that there was no efficient communication, technology decided to set up portable devices and be used to make communication efficient.
Issues concerning mobile devices are privacy and security. History pieces of evidence show that people in the past valued confidentiality and safety as a part of their lives (Barth, et.al. 2019). The technology of ...
Studies about mobility and mobile interaction help researchers and practitioners in the social sciences to make sense of emergent working and living practices in an increasingly mobilised world. This paper aims to present a reflective analysis of the recommended methodological approaches for mobile studies based on three case studies. Following mobile workers across the different dimensions of time and space is a major challenge researchers have to face. The paper discusses these challenges, and highlights areas of interest for researchers interested in the study of mobility and mobile interaction.
This article summarizes the reflections of a scientist active in optical communication about the need of ethical considerations in technological research. An optimistic definition of ethics, being the art to make good use of technology, is proposed that emphasizes the necessarily involvement of not only technologists but also experts in humanity. The paper then reviews briefly the research activities of a Dutch national consortium where the author had been involved. This mainly academic research dealt with advanced approaches for ultrafast communication. In the next section an assessment is given of the potential impact of the technological results on society. In order to emphasize the positive aspects and counteract the negative ones, three steps are proposed: (i) create conditions for a dialogue between experts in ethics and technology; (ii) work out scenarios for the introduction of new techniques in society; (iii) anticipate opportunities and threats. Finally the conclusions are presented.
Final Paper Draft Outline – Week 7 For the second to last.docxcharlottej5
Final Paper Draft Outline – Week 7
For the second to last homework, you need to submit an outline of your final paper. What does
that mean? You need to read the article “Writing for College: What is an Academic Paper” and
conceptualize what the paper assignment for this course is about:
https://depts.washington.edu/owrc/Handouts/What%20is%20an%20Academic%20Paper.pdf
Next, you need to read the “Final Paper Minimum Requirements” to get a sense of how you shall
start creating the paper. Think of a topic that you are interest the most – it can be a critical paper,
project, applicative hacks – and then apply the instructions from the first two sources indicated.
The draft outline needs to answer:
• what is your topic,
• what are your main sections in the paper,
• what are the preliminary sources you will use,
• how you plan to write in each of these sections/use the sources.
The APA, IEEE, or MLA is required for this assignment. Why? You can just use the same
document to proceed with actually writing the paper, project report, or the white paper of the
hack. You can find the formatting guidelines in the “Paper Guidelines” module in D2L.
Once you have finalized your homework, please take a look at the document named “How to
Read an Academic Paper” that is also attached together in the same D2L module as the other
two. Make sure you read it – it is an excellent and critical tool that you will need in reading the
academic sources you plan to build upon in your paper.
Risking Security: Policies and Paradoxes
of Cyberspace Security
Ronald J. Deibert
University of Toronto
and
Rafal Rohozinski
University of Toronto
Conceptualizations of cyberspace security can be divided into two related
dimensions, articulated as ‘‘risks’’: risks to the physical realm of computer
and communication technologies (risks to cyberspace); and risks that arise
from cyberspace and are facilitated or generated by its technologies, but
do not directly target the infrastructures per se (risks through cyberspace).
There is robust international consensus, growing communities of practice,
and an emerging normative regime around risks to cyberspace. This is less
the case when it comes to risks through cyberspace. While states do collabo-
rate around some policy areas, cooperation declines as the object of risk
becomes politically contestable and where national interests vary widely.
These include the nature of political opposition and the right to dissent
or protest, minority rights and independence movements, religious belief,
cultural values, or historical claims. The contrast between the domains has
led to contradictory tendencies and paradoxical outcomes.
Globalization is generating new security challenges. Modern societies confront a
myriad of risks that threaten economic prosperity, undermine the safety and
security of citizens, and cause significant disruption to society and politics. These
risks range from empowered and mili.
Hunting New Public Spaces in New Urban Area: A Case Study in Semarang City, I...drboon
The public space is unequivocally important for new urban planning strategies. The public space fulfills an important role in increasing the 'social cohesion' in society. The explanation of the exact significance of the public space remains an implicit one. This paper is a report of an intensive quest to establish the preconditions for the design of new public spaces at new urban area in Semarang city, Indonesia. The basic of analysis of the cultural geography of the network city finds something new about a new perspective of cultural exchange as a typical urban quality. The result of this paper based on investigation of the new collective spaces of the urban field offers and insight into the factors that facilitate the development of new public domain. The conclusion of this study shows that one of the reasons for the lack of a vision as regards the quality of the public space lies in the fact that important 'players' such as administrators, designers and developers to a large degree think along the same lines.
NG2S: A Study of Pro-Environmental Tipping Point via ABMsKan Yuenyong
A study of tipping point: much less is known about the most efficient ways to reach such transitions or how self-reinforcing systemic transformations might be instigated through policy. We employ an agent-based model to study the emergence of social tipping points through various feedback loops that have been previously identified to constitute an ecological approach to human behavior. Our model suggests that even a linear introduction of pro-environmental affordances (action opportunities) to a social system can have non-linear positive effects on the emergence of collective pro-environmental behavior patterns.
The purpose of this paper is to critically review the papers published in the area of
infrastructure design, environmental design, construction of houses, and crime and
built environment. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the
contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention
strategy (design modification or hard control using better and developed
infrastructure). Design methodology– structured literature review approach is
adopted to analyze the previously published papers. Findings – The review concludes
that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that CPTED is
effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community. The findings also
conclude that only very little amount of work has been done in the area of crime
against women/women’s fear of crime and built environment. Research
limitations/implications – Although the paper may not review all the evaluations of
CPTED, it nonetheless provides a detailed compilation and overview of the most
significant research in the area using a structured literature review. Practical
implications – CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being
implemented on a global scale.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
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Abstract All defensible urban space design has a common purpose, which is to restructure the physical layouts of communities to allow residents to control the areas around their buildings by natural surveillance. Those physical layouts include buildings, streets, grounds outside their buildings, the walkways, lighting poles, drainages and all the infrastructure facilities, which may help people to improve their local neighborhoods. This paper concentrates on the defensible urban space design in the neighborhoods particularly in Bahrain either in the privately owned neighborhoods or in neighborhoods with government ownerships. The research first examines the theoretical aspects and theories and design principles related to neighborhood design with emphasis on elements such as walkways, buildings layouts, road networks, building’s entrances and other important elements. Those elements can be designed to help create safe and secure neighborhoods. This first part of the research reviews the theoretical background on defensible urban space design forming a basis to analyze and evaluate the built environmental elements in the case studies. In the second part of the research, these ideas are applied by means of a descriptive and questionnaire survey. In the descriptive analysis, the research looks at safety and security prevailing in residential built environments of Bahrain. It focuses on different built-environmental aspects which can be considered to lead to safety problems. In addition, the questionnaire survey looks at the ways in which the Bahrain community assesses the security situation. By these means, it identifies the factors that negatively affect the sense of security in residential settlements of Bahrain. Finally, the research produces a set of conclusions and recommendations to help improve the urban planning process followed by the governmental agencies, towards creating a safe Bahraini community. Keywords: Defensiable space, Security, Safety, Territoriality, Vandalism
Context, Causality, and Information Flow: Implications for Privacy Engineerin...Sebastian Benthall
The creators of technical infrastructure are under social and legal pressure to comply with expectations that can be difficult to translate into computational and business logics. The dissertation presented in this talk bridges this gap through three projects that focus on privacy engineering, information security, and data economics, respectively. These projects culminate in a new formal method for evaluating the strategic and tactical value of data. This method relies on a core theoretical contribution building on the work of Shannon, Dretske, Pearl, Koller, and Nissenbaum: a definition of information flow as a channel situated in a context of causal relations.
There have been many vital conversations about XR ethics over the past number of years, but still a lot of open questions for how to make sense and navigate the overall ethical landscape. I'll be providing three sense making lenses for XR Ethics including Ethical Contexts, Human Rights, and a Techno-Social, Political, & Economic Lens. We'll get some updates on XR Privacy, Harassment in XR, and the Neuro-Rights Initiative, and then do a broad survey of other hot topics across different contexts.
Techno-government networks: Actor-Network Theory in electronic government res...FGV Brazil
The Actor-Network Theory (ANT) is a theoretical approach for the study of controversies associated with scientific discoveries and technological innovations through the networks of actors involved in such actions. This approach has generated studies in Information Systems (IS) since 1990, however few studies have examined the use of this approach in the e-government area. Thus, this paper aims to broaden the theoretical approaches on e-government, by presenting ANT as a theoretical framework for e-government studies via published empirical work. For this reason, the historical background of ANT is described, duly listing its theoretical and methodological premises. In addition to this, one presented ANT-based e-government works, in order to illustrate how ANT can be applied in empirical studies in this knowledge area.
Date: 2016
Authors:
Fornazin, Marcelo
Joia, Luiz Antonio
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES LENS ON MOBILE DEVICES 1 HISTORY ASusanaFurman449
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES LENS ON MOBILE DEVICES 1
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES LENS ON MOBILE DEVICES 4
HISTORY AND HUMANITIES LENS ON MOBILE DEVICES
Antonio McClan
IDS-403-H4675 Technology and Society 21EW4
3/27/2021
History
The history lens is the outlook of how people view things using history. Using the history lens, we try to look at what caused something and its effects. Something that we look at through the history lens is what was the motive behind that sure thing happening. To find out all these aspects through the history lens, we dig in or research the theories that relate to this particular thing. Doing research involves finding evidence on the facts that we will get (Simpson & Clapton, 2020). For instance, when we look at mobile devices through the history lens, we try to find the history behind mobile devices' technology. Through the history lens, we look at what caused the introduction of mobile devices technology. Mobile devices technology was introduced to make communication easier. Analyzing the past forms of communication, there were written letters, smoke or fire, and postal offices. This was of communication were slow and did not guarantee the delivery of the accurate message or information. Therefore, with the changes that came with the current generation, we have technology that developed the mobile devices that are now being used to communicate.
The effects of mobile devices are primarily positive, even though some negativities come with it. When we look at the impact of mobile devices, we see that people have communicated efficiently. They have been able to deliver their important messages on time with guaranteed accuracy. Mobile devices have not only made communication easy but also brought people together. The form in which these mobile devices are made, for example, with cameras' introduction, people can see each other using pictures and even video calls.
The adverse effects of mobile devices are that they are only accessible to people who can afford them. The prices of these mobile devices are unfavorable to people of the lower class. Another effect is that mobile devices have made people lazy to move from one place to another. For example, a person may have a message for a person who is just near them, but they decide to use mobile devices to communicate to them instead of delivering the message one on one. The motive behind the development of mobile devices was mainly communication. Since history concerning past communication methods show that there was no efficient communication, technology decided to set up portable devices and be used to make communication efficient.
Issues concerning mobile devices are privacy and security. History pieces of evidence show that people in the past valued confidentiality and safety as a part of their lives (Barth, et.al. 2019). The technology of ...
Studies about mobility and mobile interaction help researchers and practitioners in the social sciences to make sense of emergent working and living practices in an increasingly mobilised world. This paper aims to present a reflective analysis of the recommended methodological approaches for mobile studies based on three case studies. Following mobile workers across the different dimensions of time and space is a major challenge researchers have to face. The paper discusses these challenges, and highlights areas of interest for researchers interested in the study of mobility and mobile interaction.
This article summarizes the reflections of a scientist active in optical communication about the need of ethical considerations in technological research. An optimistic definition of ethics, being the art to make good use of technology, is proposed that emphasizes the necessarily involvement of not only technologists but also experts in humanity. The paper then reviews briefly the research activities of a Dutch national consortium where the author had been involved. This mainly academic research dealt with advanced approaches for ultrafast communication. In the next section an assessment is given of the potential impact of the technological results on society. In order to emphasize the positive aspects and counteract the negative ones, three steps are proposed: (i) create conditions for a dialogue between experts in ethics and technology; (ii) work out scenarios for the introduction of new techniques in society; (iii) anticipate opportunities and threats. Finally the conclusions are presented.
Final Paper Draft Outline – Week 7 For the second to last.docxcharlottej5
Final Paper Draft Outline – Week 7
For the second to last homework, you need to submit an outline of your final paper. What does
that mean? You need to read the article “Writing for College: What is an Academic Paper” and
conceptualize what the paper assignment for this course is about:
https://depts.washington.edu/owrc/Handouts/What%20is%20an%20Academic%20Paper.pdf
Next, you need to read the “Final Paper Minimum Requirements” to get a sense of how you shall
start creating the paper. Think of a topic that you are interest the most – it can be a critical paper,
project, applicative hacks – and then apply the instructions from the first two sources indicated.
The draft outline needs to answer:
• what is your topic,
• what are your main sections in the paper,
• what are the preliminary sources you will use,
• how you plan to write in each of these sections/use the sources.
The APA, IEEE, or MLA is required for this assignment. Why? You can just use the same
document to proceed with actually writing the paper, project report, or the white paper of the
hack. You can find the formatting guidelines in the “Paper Guidelines” module in D2L.
Once you have finalized your homework, please take a look at the document named “How to
Read an Academic Paper” that is also attached together in the same D2L module as the other
two. Make sure you read it – it is an excellent and critical tool that you will need in reading the
academic sources you plan to build upon in your paper.
Risking Security: Policies and Paradoxes
of Cyberspace Security
Ronald J. Deibert
University of Toronto
and
Rafal Rohozinski
University of Toronto
Conceptualizations of cyberspace security can be divided into two related
dimensions, articulated as ‘‘risks’’: risks to the physical realm of computer
and communication technologies (risks to cyberspace); and risks that arise
from cyberspace and are facilitated or generated by its technologies, but
do not directly target the infrastructures per se (risks through cyberspace).
There is robust international consensus, growing communities of practice,
and an emerging normative regime around risks to cyberspace. This is less
the case when it comes to risks through cyberspace. While states do collabo-
rate around some policy areas, cooperation declines as the object of risk
becomes politically contestable and where national interests vary widely.
These include the nature of political opposition and the right to dissent
or protest, minority rights and independence movements, religious belief,
cultural values, or historical claims. The contrast between the domains has
led to contradictory tendencies and paradoxical outcomes.
Globalization is generating new security challenges. Modern societies confront a
myriad of risks that threaten economic prosperity, undermine the safety and
security of citizens, and cause significant disruption to society and politics. These
risks range from empowered and mili.
Hunting New Public Spaces in New Urban Area: A Case Study in Semarang City, I...drboon
The public space is unequivocally important for new urban planning strategies. The public space fulfills an important role in increasing the 'social cohesion' in society. The explanation of the exact significance of the public space remains an implicit one. This paper is a report of an intensive quest to establish the preconditions for the design of new public spaces at new urban area in Semarang city, Indonesia. The basic of analysis of the cultural geography of the network city finds something new about a new perspective of cultural exchange as a typical urban quality. The result of this paper based on investigation of the new collective spaces of the urban field offers and insight into the factors that facilitate the development of new public domain. The conclusion of this study shows that one of the reasons for the lack of a vision as regards the quality of the public space lies in the fact that important 'players' such as administrators, designers and developers to a large degree think along the same lines.
NG2S: A Study of Pro-Environmental Tipping Point via ABMsKan Yuenyong
A study of tipping point: much less is known about the most efficient ways to reach such transitions or how self-reinforcing systemic transformations might be instigated through policy. We employ an agent-based model to study the emergence of social tipping points through various feedback loops that have been previously identified to constitute an ecological approach to human behavior. Our model suggests that even a linear introduction of pro-environmental affordances (action opportunities) to a social system can have non-linear positive effects on the emergence of collective pro-environmental behavior patterns.
The purpose of this paper is to critically review the papers published in the area of
infrastructure design, environmental design, construction of houses, and crime and
built environment. The paper aims to critically evaluate the available evidence on the
contribution of crime prevention through environmental design as a crime prevention
strategy (design modification or hard control using better and developed
infrastructure). Design methodology– structured literature review approach is
adopted to analyze the previously published papers. Findings – The review concludes
that there is a growing body of research that supports the assertion that CPTED is
effective in reducing both crime and fear of crime in the community. The findings also
conclude that only very little amount of work has been done in the area of crime
against women/women’s fear of crime and built environment. Research
limitations/implications – Although the paper may not review all the evaluations of
CPTED, it nonetheless provides a detailed compilation and overview of the most
significant research in the area using a structured literature review. Practical
implications – CPTED is an increasingly fashionable approach and is being
implemented on a global scale.
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. Parama Mitra, Dr Suchandra Bardhan
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1.2. Concept of Safety
In this study “safety “was the primary term. Here, by term “safety” is in an urban context,
thus the basic definitions as enlisted by Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security, is
the following:
“Research and experience in the field has shown that, when citizens ask for increased
safety, they are referring not only to criminal behaviour, but to a number of factors that make
the urban environment unsafe; these range from the real risk, to fear and uneasiness.”
The Directorate has compiled an extensive discussion on the nature of “fear” and thus the
consequent “feeling of safety”. As per the document, “Urban safety” can depend on the
following:
“1. The real risk of becoming the victim of intimidation, aggression or other acts of
violence (whether it is with intent to rob or gratuitous violence);
2. Anti-social behaviour due to the breaking of the traditional codes of civil conduct
(spitting, urinating in public, aggressive begging etc);
3. The lack of up-keeping of the area: maintenance of parks and public spaces,
cleanliness, presence of police on the streets, doormen, repair of street furniture;
4. The feeling of not being safe, as opposed to the real danger, which is often connected to
factors such as squalor, lack of easy routes, lack of vitality, poor street lighting etc.;
5. Fear and all factors along with it: fear considered as a subjective feeling, not
necessarily linked to risk, but related to wider factors often far away from the specific site
which one is afraid of.”
Thus, the word “safety” coined in this research is a combination of the above mentioned
phenomenon, that the user of the space experiences due to the complex combination of
diverse elements and situations.
1.3 Concept of Public Place
The term “public space” is a very common term but with multiple dimensions of
understanding. Public space, can easily translate to – a place for public. This essentially
identifies a property of an open-area accessible and usable by common mass. A public place
includes both built and un-built areas. Going through historical definitions, as Elizabeth
Blackmar (2006) has described it thus:
“In urban planning, public space has historically been described as "open space",
meaning the streets, parks and recreation areas, plazas and other publicly owned and
managed outdoor spaces, as opposed to the private domain of housing and work. However,
the recent evolutions of the forms of urban settlement and the growing number and variety of
semi-public spaces managed by private-public or entirely private partnerships questions this
notion inherited from a legal perspective. Somehow today, public space needs to be
understood as different from the public domain of the state and its subdivisions, but rather as
a space accessible to the public. In terms of law, it is perhaps closer to the older concept of
the "commons", although we have to recognize that today, at least in the western world, every
bit of land is now regulated by the laws of property making it difficult to consider anything as
common without encountering an entitled owner and manager”
In this research however, the historical definition stands true, as public space here is the
“open space” that allows human interaction.
Looking through the pages of history a Greek Agora or Roman Forum are perhaps the
earliest examples of designed public spaces and the with the Classical revival during
Renaissance the Plaza and city squares emerged, that eventually evolved and our modern day
3. A Theoretical Perspective of Designing for Safe Urban Public Place: Learnings from the Social
and Urban Theorists
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public places, social places are born. However, the archaeological excavations have
discovered cities where “paths” or “roads” have been the earliest “public places” as they
enabled earliest human transfer, movement, transaction, communication and interaction.
In the current research, the term “public place” is used to understand, roads, specifically
those within the city limits and act as indispensable mode of physical communication for the
residents.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON “SAFER PUBLIC SPACE”
The research revolves around “Safer Public space”, thus a wide range of literature needed to
be examined, which had been classified into four broad categories.
a) Theories on Criminology , b) Theories on Human Cognition & Behaviour, c) Theories of
Public space design and d) Theories on Safer environment. These are explained subsequently
in the following sections of the paper.
Theories on Criminology
Since the comprehension of “urban safety” requires a great deal of conceptual understanding
of the concept of crime, criminal and motive, a stream of study was done to understand the
theories. The theories which come under geographic profiling are identified as they relate
with the requirement of this study.
3.1. Geographic profiling identifies crime in spatial context; it is an investigative approach
to assess locations connected to the probable areas for location of offenders.
3.2.“Routine Activity Theory” by Cohen and Felson (1979), the absence of surveillance and
identification of conflict points are discussed as the prime factors of concern according to this
theory. “The theory stipulates three necessary conditions for most crime; a likely offender, a
suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian, coming together in time and space. In
other words: for a crime to occur, a likely offender must find a suitable target with capable
guardians absent.”
3.3. “Environmental Criminology” by Patricia and Paul Brantingham (1980), focuses on
criminal patterns within particular built environments and analyzes the impacts of these
external variables on people's cognitive behaviour. This theory majorly discusses about crime
mapping and identifying crime hot-spots.
3.4. “Behavioural Geography and Crime Pattern theory” initially developed by
Brantingham and Brantingham (1981) and thereafter by Rengert and Wasilchick(1985),
explained concepts like Crime generators, attractors and enablers; relation of long-distance
travel to attractors of crime, use of mental maps in the study process.
3.5. “Situational Crime Prevention” by Clarke and Homel (1997) discusses 16 opportunity
reducing techniques increasing perceived effort, increasing perceived risk, reducing
anticipated rewards, removing excuses.
4. THEORIES ON HUMAN COGNITION AND BEHAVIOUR
The stream of theories on Human cognition and behavior were studied as the research is
targeted on people and their spatial behavior, needs and response pattern. This triggered a
detailed study of the behavioural patterns that people demonstrate in public areas. This
particular study was aimed to understand the perceptional attributes that comprise very
important parameters of study. The theories that mainly referred in the process are as follows.
4.1. The Gestalt Theory, the concept of “whole” or “from”. Although the concept got global
introduction from the Berlin school, the Austrian philosopher Ehfrenzel‟s greatest
contribution was on Gestalt qualities that discussed the perception “at a glance” or
4. Parama Mitra, Dr Suchandra Bardhan
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“immediate perception”. Later Kurt Koffka and Kohler further worked on this theory and
investigated the domain of human perception. Several principles or laws related in this field
was identified like “Law of proximity”, “Law of continuity”, “Law of common fate”, “Law of
closure” etc; that help people to understand their immediate surroundings.
4.2. The Theory of Hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow is a representational diagram
showing how human beings strive to achieve starting from the lowest tire of needs. It is
imperative to say that before human strives of higher pursuits they have to defend their basic
need which form the lowest tier, ie; “food-clothing-shelter”. Thereby human- need gradually
rises up till the highest need, of “self-actualization” is achieved.. In this model, the 2nd
tier
from base is that of “safety”. Thus the theory ascertains the importance of the factor, “feeling
of safety” as a 2nd
basic pre-requisite for ascertaining general human living condition. The
lower levels are known as “deficiency needs”, which has to be fulfilled for survival before
graduating to the higher levels which are known as „growth or being needs”. The study is
focused on “safety” as a crucial human need and this theory supports that substantially
4.3. The Theory of Proxemics by E T Hall, an American anthropologist, is a study based on
“distances” considering culture of a place and “social cohesion” This theory discusses the
importance of inter-personal space and its connection to human comfort. His theory talks
about physical distance that human beings prefer based on the relationship, situation and
culture. This theory explains the concept of discomfort that can be generated due to
inappropriate spacing. In the book „Hidden Dimension”, this concept is detailed and forms a
strong parameter to judge human perception achieved through non-verbal communication.
4.4. Environment Behaviour Studies by Amos Rapoport. “His main aim was to define the
importance of culture in the built environment and architecture; this is especially highlighted
in his 1969 book 'House Form and Culture‟”. According to his work, behavior of people is
linked to “cognition” which is linked to elements of design. This theory emphasizes the
concepts of “hierarchy of spaces” , “privacy”, “role of women” which also helped in the
construction of perceptible or observable parameters.
4.5. Theory of Personal Space by Robert Sommer. Working on the lines of the Theory of
Proxemics, Sommer coined the term “personal space” which is the immediate space
surrounding people where people feel threatened or comfortable. This theory helps in
determining non-verbal space- preference universal in human beings. The observational
parameters could be determined form the study of this theory.
4.5. Privacy Regulation Theory by Irwin Altman, discusses the cultural aspects of privacy.
He studied the behavioural aspects of men based on verbal, non-verbal, environmental and
cultural parameters and established how these factors modify the “privacy mechanisms” thus
affecting the social relationship. These aspects were found to be related to the current research
as it linked with human “ psychological -comfort” that can be associated with human feeling
of safety.
5. THEORIES OF PUBLIC SPACE DESIGN
There are extensive researches and studies done by urban designer and planners on Public
space design. These theories were scanned to identify the parameters which are suitable for
the current research. Since the thesis is concerned about the safety of people in public space,
specifically Indian urban streets, it was imperative to study these texts and understand the
important design parameters. Those that were mostly identified to be linked to this research is
as follows.
5.1. Imageability of Cities by Kevin Lynch. In his book, Image of the Cities, Lynch
discussed the parameters which actually made cities “legible” or identifiable and memorable.
He coined term “Imageability” as the ability of a city to be remembered by people. The 5
5. A Theoretical Perspective of Designing for Safe Urban Public Place: Learnings from the Social
and Urban Theorists
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elements of “imageability”, path, district, edge, node and landmark , the image-able elements
also fit into the set of observable parameters in the current research. (Kevin Lynch – The
Image of City)
5.2. Pattern Language. This book by Christopher Alexander discusses in depth about the
pattern of our built world and its link to the user behavior. Some of the parameters he
discussed has been found to be useful in the current research.
5.3. The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by William Whyte is a literature source that
describes in detail the processes followed in designing socially active urban spaces. This
provided with a large number of measurable parameters that could be used in the survey.
5.4. Quality of Physical Environment by Jan Gehl is focused on the study of improving the
quality of public urban areas. In this literature, it was established the “opportunity” increase
can create more “comfort, delight and protection”, which in turn will cause a highly
functional place. It was also established that rather than necessary activities, it is the
alternative choices or options that resulted in lively public places.
5.5. Good city Form by Kevin Lynch in his seminal work that discusses how the “goodness”
of the city can be identified. His work revolves around the city-size, its growth and
conservation and finally culminates into conceptual basis of good urban design. The
performance dimension of the city and meta- criteria are identified here which has been used
as an important parameter of study during the safety survey.
6. THEORIES ON SAFER ENVIRONMENT.
The following literature works form the core study in the current research domain. The major
works referred for the purpose are as follows.
6.1. The concept of “Eyes on Street”. The revolutionary work by Jane Jacob, the writer and
activist, “Death and Life in Great American cities” is considered as a path-breaking literature
in the field of “safer city”. This book enabled not only to formulate the basic understanding,
consolidate the concept of public life, urban area and safety condition, but also helped in
problem identification in a bigger domain. This literature helped to formulate the pattern of
study, create a sensitivity towards the issue and identify many other literatures and works that
continued in this direction.
6.2. Social aspects of Housing in Urban design by Elizabeth Wood in her book “Housing
Design: A social Theory” (1961) is a novel work which for the first time in urban literature
investigated into the gaps between the developers and users in a housing community and
seeked to bridge it. In her work, she advocated a rich diversity in user group, in race,
education and profession for a vibrant community. This work, identified several other
parameters like, the ratio of road width to building height for more interaction, scale and
visibility.
6.3. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design or CPTED, as its acronym is
popularly known to all Urban planners and urban designers, is a robust research work done by
many people through a long period of time. Originally coined by Geoffery Ray, a
criminologist about 1971. Later the same term was used by Oscar Newman in his research
work, published as a book “Defensible Spaces” in 1972. A new model for CPTED was
developed by T Crowe in 1990s where the approach was established as “multidisciplinary”
one, wherein it was advocated that “any model of crime prevention must include both brain
and physical environment”.
6.4. Defensible Space by Oscar Newman (1971) is a literary work based on the research
conducted by the architect himself to investigate the reasons for crime, vandalism and social
6. Parama Mitra, Dr Suchandra Bardhan
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isolation in housing complexes. In this research, the author validated a set of definitive
parameters that are linked with crime and thus rendering a place “unsafe”. This literature has
been of profound importance on selection of parameters for safer environment study. The
parameters thus adopted for the current research are, Hierarchy of open space, Natural
surveillance, territoriality, Image and Mileu.
6.5. Prospect-refuge theory by Jay Appleton (1975) is a literary work that discusses
criminology with reference to physical parameters. This seminal work on prospect-refuge
theory is The Experience of Landscape by Jay Appleton, John Wiley & Sons, 1975. This
theory suggests that “people prefer edges rather than middle spaces, spaces with ceilings or
covers overhead; spaces with few access points (protected at the back or side); spaces that
provide unobstructed views from multiple vantage points; and spaces that provide a sense of
safety and concealment. The preference for these elements is heightened if the environment is
perceived to be hazardous or potentially hazardous.”
(http://people.sunyit.edu/~lepres/thesis/principles/193)
6.6. Vulnerability factors associated with neighbourhoods was discussed by Barbara
Brown and Irwin Altman in their work published in 1983 in the Journal of Environmental
Psychology as “Territoriality, defensible space and residential burglary: An environmental
analysis”. It is explains the concept of “Social climate” and “direct and symbolic barriers”
and various other factors that enables walkable community design.
6.7. Broken Window Theory, an academic theory proposed by James Q. Wilson and George
Kelling in 1982, stated the importance of maintenance and presence or absence of disorder in
occurrence of crime within a community. This theory used the term “broken window” as a
metaphor to describe, disturbance, incivility in an area that can be identified with ill-
maintenance and signs of damage or disorder. These factors were found to be suitable as
parameter in the current research.
6.8. Typology of perception of safety by Fisher and Nasar in 1992, explains the quality of
space and the perception of people based on enclosure and access points in the public area.
The following chart explains the concept. From the study, the parameters of entry, exit,
openness and enclosure are derived that are used in the current research.
7. CONCLUSION: SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
This extensive study helped in understanding the existing theories that are related to design
and perception that are used to identify the safety condition of a place. From this, a large
number of parameters can be identified for the purpose of designing a safety audit tool that
will investigate into the degree of safety of an urban area. Table 1.1 gives an overview of the
parameters.
Table 1 Parameters related to Urban safety in public spaces
Sl.No. Source Theory measurable observational perceptional
1
Theories on
criminology
active surveillance surveillance target hardening
conflict points access control
location/ outdoor built
environment
Entry/exit
screening
edge/ boundaries target removal
opportunity reducing
elements
identifying
property
passive surveillance
facilitating
compliance
2 Theories on distance preference- territoriality sense of ownership
7. A Theoretical Perspective of Designing for Safe Urban Public Place: Learnings from the Social
and Urban Theorists
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human cognition
and behaviour
intimate, personal,
social and public
distances
Law of proximity,
continuity, common
fate, closure, symmetry,
pragnanz
privacy, crowding,
isolation,
territoriality
3
Theories on Safer
Environment
width of sidewalks,
lighting distances,
visual access, edges
territoriality image, mileu, safer
adjascent spaces
visibility, enclosure,
aspect ratio diverse activity
clear demarcation
between public and
private spaces,
scale
material of street
furniture, landscape
purpose of use of
the space
openness, enclosure,
entry/exit
territorial markers,
adjacent activity spaces image
enclosure, access
points
access control, entry exit
screening, surveillance visibility
physical barriers symbolic barriers
signs of ill maintenance sign of disorder
doors, porches, shrubs,
gates, bollards (physical
design elements),
location of windows,
unobstructed views,
sidewalks, landscaping adequate lighting,
residents
participation
4
Theories on
Design of Public
places
amount of sitting:- 1
liner foot of sitting for
every 30sqft of plaza.
path, nodes, district,
landmark, edge
ambiguity,void,
simplicity, not
connectedness
scale, boundaries,
alternating repitition,
goodness in shape,
positive space, local
symmetry, contrast
uses of the place
1 tree/ 25 feet
sidewalk of 35" dia
activity types-
necessary, optional,
resultant
1,200watts/ 4000sqft
or a fraction thereof
Vitality
width 36", slope 1 in
12 sense
Fit
Access
Control
REFERENCES
[1] Alexander, C.A. (1977). A Pattern Language: Towns Buildings Constructions .Oxford
University Press, NY.
[2] Altman, Irwin. (1975). The Environment and Social Behavior: Privacy, Personal Space,
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[3] Appleton, Jay. (1996). The Experience of Landscape. Revised Edition.. University of
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[4] Blackmar, Elizabeth. 2006. "Appropriating "the commons": the tragedy of property right
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[8] Crowe,T. (1999) Crime Prevention through Environmental Design. Edition 2. National
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[10] Gehl, Jan. (2010).Cities for People. 1st Edition. Island Press,Washington.
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NY:Doubleday, Random House,Inc.
[12] HANDBOOK on Crime Prevention Guidelines for urban planning and design, European
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[13] Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random
House
[14] Lynch,Kevin. (1960). Image of The City. Reprint.Cambridge, MIT Press.
[15] Newman, O. (1972). Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. New
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[16] Rapoport, Amos (1969). House Form and Culture. PRENTICE-HALL, INC., Englewood
Cliffs, N.J. https://openlibrary.org
[17] Renegart, G.F., and Wasilchick, J. (1985). Suburban burglary: A time and place for
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[18] Whyte,W.H. (1981). The social life of small urban spaces. Edition 8. Project For Public
Spaces Inc.
[19] Wilson, J.Q.,and Kelling, G.L.(1982). „Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood
Safety‟. The Atlantic Monthly (March).