Increase in thermal design power and re-duce in manufacturing cost of the processor chip has pushes the need for high performance and durable test fixture design in future. Test fixture with efficient themal management has lowest resistance possible to maintain the accuracy of the device temperature when it makes contact with processor chip’s silicon during test. High thermal conductivity and mechanical relia-bility of text fixures are desired for high volume test environment. Nano film materials such as Aluminum Titanium Nitride (AlTiN), Titanium carbide (TiC), Ti-tanium on Titanium nitride (Ti on TiN), Titanium ni-tride on Titanium (TiN on Ti) and Aluminum(III) Ox-ide (Al2O3) are coated over copper substrates by Fil-tered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) deposition method and tested for their thermal conductivity behavior for high volume test (HVM) environment. Thermal con-ductivity of the prepared films is tested by using the ASTM 5470 Thermal Interface Material (TIM) Tester. Titanium on Titanium nitride (Ti on TiN) and Alumi-num (III) Oxide (Al2O3) observed with highest thermal conductivity of 117.68 W/mk and 128.34 W/mk respec-tively among the prepared nano thin films. Thickness of the film and stack configuration influenced the thermal conductivity of the prepared film.
Vanadium doped zinc telluride (ZnTe:V) thin films (containing 2.5 to 10wt% V) were deposited onto glass
substrates by e-beam evaporation technique in vacuum at a pressure of 8×10-4
Pa. Thermoelectric power of these
films have been measured from room temperature up to 413 K with reference to pure copper material. The
deposition rate of the films was maintained at 2.05 nms-1
. The composition and temperature dependence
thermopower and its related parameters have been studied in detail for a particular thickness of 150 nm. The
Fermi levels were determined using a non-degenerate semiconducting model. The carrier scattering index,
activation energy and temperature coefficient of activation energy have all been obtained at different ranges of
compositions and temperatures. The results of thermopower of ZnTe:V thin films obey an activated conduction
mechanism and also suggest that the simultaneous bipolar conduction of both (n- and p-types) carriers (mixed
carriers) take place. All these samples are optically transparent and mixed crystalline in structure
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON EFFECTIVENESS OF ACOUSTIC MATERIAL AS THERMAL ...ijmech
Sound pollution is big problem now-a-days and it causes many health issues. Soundproofing can be used to mitigate the effect of sound pollution, but it adds to the building cost. However, acoustic materials have low thermal conductivity and they may result in saving due to reduced use of electrical energy for heating/cooling of buildings. In the present work, the effectiveness of a commercially available acoustic material, made of Compressed Wood Fiber Cement Composites with a backing of Anti vibration Pad, as a thermal insulator is experimentally investigated. A CAD model of anti-vibration pad material was developed by scanning it with micro CT, converting grey scale data into binary scale by CTan software and extracting 3D- Model from binary data by using Scan IP software. The CAD model was imported into ANSYS workbench for determining thermal conductivity of the anti-vibration pad, which was experimentally validated. The thermal conductivity of composite material was then calculated by Fourier equation. A comprehensive CAD model of anti-vibration pad, composite material and brick-and-mortar wall was used to simulate the variations in room temperature with ambient temperature for one calendar year. The results show that acoustic insulation material also serves as a thermal insulator keeping the room nearly constant with varying ambient temperature
Optimising Treatment System for Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Particleboard wit...izran kamal
Particleboard is widely used for panelling, partitioning and ceiling in buildings. The treatment of this material to improve fire performance is not an exception. A study was carried out to determine the fire performance of kenaf particleboard treated with phosphorous-based fire retardants. Kenaf core particles were first treated separately with 8 and 10% solutions of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and a mixture of boric acid, guanylurea phosphate and phosphoric acid (BP®) using hot and cold bath processes. The soaking time needed to achieve the standard dry salt retention, i.e. 50 kg m-3 was determined. Particleboards from these treated kenaf particles were fabricated and their fire performance evaluated. Using 8% treating solution, it took about 36, 21 and 48 min of immersing in cold bath to achieve the standard retention requirement for MAP, DAP and BP® respectively but for 10% concentration, the times were slightly shorter, i.e. 15, 20 and 35 min respectively. Among the three phosphorous formulations, BP® showed the best performance in improving the insulation and integrity of kenaf particleboard when exposed to fire. This is followed by MAP and DAP. BP® treated board was the last to ignite compared with the other two boards.
Vanadium doped zinc telluride (ZnTe:V) thin films (containing 2.5 to 10wt% V) were deposited onto glass
substrates by e-beam evaporation technique in vacuum at a pressure of 8×10-4
Pa. Thermoelectric power of these
films have been measured from room temperature up to 413 K with reference to pure copper material. The
deposition rate of the films was maintained at 2.05 nms-1
. The composition and temperature dependence
thermopower and its related parameters have been studied in detail for a particular thickness of 150 nm. The
Fermi levels were determined using a non-degenerate semiconducting model. The carrier scattering index,
activation energy and temperature coefficient of activation energy have all been obtained at different ranges of
compositions and temperatures. The results of thermopower of ZnTe:V thin films obey an activated conduction
mechanism and also suggest that the simultaneous bipolar conduction of both (n- and p-types) carriers (mixed
carriers) take place. All these samples are optically transparent and mixed crystalline in structure
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON EFFECTIVENESS OF ACOUSTIC MATERIAL AS THERMAL ...ijmech
Sound pollution is big problem now-a-days and it causes many health issues. Soundproofing can be used to mitigate the effect of sound pollution, but it adds to the building cost. However, acoustic materials have low thermal conductivity and they may result in saving due to reduced use of electrical energy for heating/cooling of buildings. In the present work, the effectiveness of a commercially available acoustic material, made of Compressed Wood Fiber Cement Composites with a backing of Anti vibration Pad, as a thermal insulator is experimentally investigated. A CAD model of anti-vibration pad material was developed by scanning it with micro CT, converting grey scale data into binary scale by CTan software and extracting 3D- Model from binary data by using Scan IP software. The CAD model was imported into ANSYS workbench for determining thermal conductivity of the anti-vibration pad, which was experimentally validated. The thermal conductivity of composite material was then calculated by Fourier equation. A comprehensive CAD model of anti-vibration pad, composite material and brick-and-mortar wall was used to simulate the variations in room temperature with ambient temperature for one calendar year. The results show that acoustic insulation material also serves as a thermal insulator keeping the room nearly constant with varying ambient temperature
Optimising Treatment System for Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) Particleboard wit...izran kamal
Particleboard is widely used for panelling, partitioning and ceiling in buildings. The treatment of this material to improve fire performance is not an exception. A study was carried out to determine the fire performance of kenaf particleboard treated with phosphorous-based fire retardants. Kenaf core particles were first treated separately with 8 and 10% solutions of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), diammonium phosphate (DAP) and a mixture of boric acid, guanylurea phosphate and phosphoric acid (BP®) using hot and cold bath processes. The soaking time needed to achieve the standard dry salt retention, i.e. 50 kg m-3 was determined. Particleboards from these treated kenaf particles were fabricated and their fire performance evaluated. Using 8% treating solution, it took about 36, 21 and 48 min of immersing in cold bath to achieve the standard retention requirement for MAP, DAP and BP® respectively but for 10% concentration, the times were slightly shorter, i.e. 15, 20 and 35 min respectively. Among the three phosphorous formulations, BP® showed the best performance in improving the insulation and integrity of kenaf particleboard when exposed to fire. This is followed by MAP and DAP. BP® treated board was the last to ignite compared with the other two boards.
Comparison of Morphological, Electrical and Optical Properties of as-deposite...IJERA Editor
Indium selenide (InSe) thin films have been deposited on to glass substrate by e-beam evaporation technique. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used to study the surface morphology of the films. It is observed that the as-deposited InSe films have no sign of grains and the surfaces are almost smooth and uniform. While a number of grain boundaries are observed in the annealed films. Three different slopes in the conductivity vs temperature curves exhibits in as-deposited InSe films. If it is associated with three types of conduction mechanisms, then it might be interesting. The conductivity of annealed InSe films increases continuously with increasing temperature showing normal semiconducting behaviour. The direct optical band is found to decrease from 1.79 eV to 1.57 eV after annealing.
Experimental Investigation of Flow Pattern on Rectangular Fin Arrays under Na...IJMER
Abstract: In Natural convection heat transfer with the help of fin arrays, parameter are fin length to height ratio, spacing
and orientation of geometry. In the longitudinally short fin array, where single chimney flow pattern is present hence heat
transfer coefficient is high. In long rectangular fin arrays, air is stagnant at central zone hence it is not so much contributed
in heat dissipation. In present study experimental setup is developed to studying the effect of natural convection over
rectangular fin array. Fin spacing, height and heater input are the parameter study during experimentation. Lampblack
coating is used to black fin surface. Flow patterns of various spacing’s are investigated using smoke flow visualization
techniques.
Keyword: Fin Arrays, Flow Visualization, Flow Pattern, Heat Transfer Coefficient, Natural convection.
Breakdown characteristics of polyethylene/silicon nitride nanocompositesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) has been utilized as a nanofiller in polymeric insulation due to its good characteristics in both electrical insulation and thermal conduction properties. In this work, a comparative study was performed between unfilled polyethylene and polyethylene containing different amounts of Si3N4 nanofiller. The study showed that the low density polyethylene (LDPE) added with 15 wt% of Si3N4nanofiller could have higher breakdown strength compared to equivalent LDPE with 10 wt% of Si3N4nanofiller. Morphological characterizations of the nanocomposite samples were performed using field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and the results showed that the breakdown performance of the investigated materials were affected by the agglomeration of Si3N4 nanoparticles.
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
Modeling of Dirac voltage for highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor...journalBEEI
In this paper, the modeling approach of Dirac voltage extraction of highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) measured at atmospheric pressure is presented. The difference of measurement results between atmospheric and vacuum pressures was analyzed. This work was started with actual wafer-scale fabrication of GFET with the purposes of getting functional device and good contact of metal/graphene interface. The output and transfer characteristic curves were measured accordingly to support on GFET functionality and suitability of presented wafer fabrication flow. The Dirac voltage was derived based on the measured output characteristic curve using ambipolar virtual source model parameter extraction methodology. The circuit-level simulation using frequency doubler circuit shows the importance of accurate Dirac voltage value to the device practicality towards design integration.
Thermal performance & fire resistance of autoclaved aerated concrete exposed ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Thermal performance & fire resistance of autoclaved aerated concrete expo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is also being produced for many years, there are still some points that need to be clarified. One of these points needs to know is humidity intrusion effects on AAC members in areas with high relative humidity levels of Mediterranean climates which are important in durability and insulation properties of AAC. Therefore, some tests on mechanical and physical properties of ACC concrete carried out. These include thermal insulation and fire resistance tests under different level of humidity ACC blocks. According to the test results; increasing in humidity condition inside the chamber during heating procedure under steady state condition, caused increasing in average temperature change on outside surface of AAC wall. AAC losses its mass and mechanical properties subjected to the high elevated temperature above 500°C. Keywords: Thermal performance, AAC, fire resistance test, humidity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene Nanocomposit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Recently, many studies have been conducted on the dielectric properties of Low-Density
Polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites and produced different results. However, the composition of LDPE
polymer and boron nitride (BN) as nanofiller has neither been well understood nor producing a convenient
result. Similarly, the dielectric spectroscopy measured at “sub–hertz” frequency has been of little interest
among researchers since it is often influenced by “conduction-like” effect. This research identified the
dielectric properties of LDPE nanocomposites filled with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanofillers by
using dielectric spectroscopy technique. The dielectric loss and relative permittivity for three different filler
concentrations were investigated under “sub-hertz” frequency ranges at room temperature. The cylindrical
electrode with guard ring configuration was used to conduct the experiment, in accordance to the ASTM
D150 standard. The results revealed that 5 wt% filled polymer has lower loss tangent and permittivity
compared to the unfilled polymer, due to the strong interaction between nano-particle and the polymer.
This strong interaction is believed to limit the movement of the polymer chain. The decrease in loss
tangent also indicates lower quasi-DC at low frequency. However, further increase in the filler loading has
recorded an increment in the value of permittivity and loss tangent. This higher effective permittivity is
mainly due to the influence of the filler permittivity
This is part of a introduction level series of presentation I did for the Health Foundation of Salvation Army in Indonesia.
This is on vision statements
You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc0zvNymNcM
Comparison of Morphological, Electrical and Optical Properties of as-deposite...IJERA Editor
Indium selenide (InSe) thin films have been deposited on to glass substrate by e-beam evaporation technique. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has been used to study the surface morphology of the films. It is observed that the as-deposited InSe films have no sign of grains and the surfaces are almost smooth and uniform. While a number of grain boundaries are observed in the annealed films. Three different slopes in the conductivity vs temperature curves exhibits in as-deposited InSe films. If it is associated with three types of conduction mechanisms, then it might be interesting. The conductivity of annealed InSe films increases continuously with increasing temperature showing normal semiconducting behaviour. The direct optical band is found to decrease from 1.79 eV to 1.57 eV after annealing.
Experimental Investigation of Flow Pattern on Rectangular Fin Arrays under Na...IJMER
Abstract: In Natural convection heat transfer with the help of fin arrays, parameter are fin length to height ratio, spacing
and orientation of geometry. In the longitudinally short fin array, where single chimney flow pattern is present hence heat
transfer coefficient is high. In long rectangular fin arrays, air is stagnant at central zone hence it is not so much contributed
in heat dissipation. In present study experimental setup is developed to studying the effect of natural convection over
rectangular fin array. Fin spacing, height and heater input are the parameter study during experimentation. Lampblack
coating is used to black fin surface. Flow patterns of various spacing’s are investigated using smoke flow visualization
techniques.
Keyword: Fin Arrays, Flow Visualization, Flow Pattern, Heat Transfer Coefficient, Natural convection.
Breakdown characteristics of polyethylene/silicon nitride nanocompositesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Silicon nitride (Si3N4) has been utilized as a nanofiller in polymeric insulation due to its good characteristics in both electrical insulation and thermal conduction properties. In this work, a comparative study was performed between unfilled polyethylene and polyethylene containing different amounts of Si3N4 nanofiller. The study showed that the low density polyethylene (LDPE) added with 15 wt% of Si3N4nanofiller could have higher breakdown strength compared to equivalent LDPE with 10 wt% of Si3N4nanofiller. Morphological characterizations of the nanocomposite samples were performed using field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and the results showed that the breakdown performance of the investigated materials were affected by the agglomeration of Si3N4 nanoparticles.
Studies on in-Doped Zno Transparent Conducting thin FilmsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this manuscript we have investigated the influences of indium dopants on zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films regarding physico-chemical properties for application in modern conducting devices. As a starting material, Indium (III) chloride, and Zn(CH3COO)2⋅2H2O were used. The complex TSDC spectrum was obtained by submitting the sample to a constant electrical field Ep = 10M V/m during 2 min at a varing polarization temperature of Tmax = 1500C. A minimal sheet resistance with electrical resistivity as low in the range of 10-3 Ω·cm was found for this thin film.
Modeling of Dirac voltage for highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor...journalBEEI
In this paper, the modeling approach of Dirac voltage extraction of highly p-doped graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) measured at atmospheric pressure is presented. The difference of measurement results between atmospheric and vacuum pressures was analyzed. This work was started with actual wafer-scale fabrication of GFET with the purposes of getting functional device and good contact of metal/graphene interface. The output and transfer characteristic curves were measured accordingly to support on GFET functionality and suitability of presented wafer fabrication flow. The Dirac voltage was derived based on the measured output characteristic curve using ambipolar virtual source model parameter extraction methodology. The circuit-level simulation using frequency doubler circuit shows the importance of accurate Dirac voltage value to the device practicality towards design integration.
Thermal performance & fire resistance of autoclaved aerated concrete exposed ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Thermal performance & fire resistance of autoclaved aerated concrete expo...eSAT Journals
Abstract Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is also being produced for many years, there are still some points that need to be clarified. One of these points needs to know is humidity intrusion effects on AAC members in areas with high relative humidity levels of Mediterranean climates which are important in durability and insulation properties of AAC. Therefore, some tests on mechanical and physical properties of ACC concrete carried out. These include thermal insulation and fire resistance tests under different level of humidity ACC blocks. According to the test results; increasing in humidity condition inside the chamber during heating procedure under steady state condition, caused increasing in average temperature change on outside surface of AAC wall. AAC losses its mass and mechanical properties subjected to the high elevated temperature above 500°C. Keywords: Thermal performance, AAC, fire resistance test, humidity
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Measurement of Dielectric Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene Nanocomposit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Recently, many studies have been conducted on the dielectric properties of Low-Density
Polyethylene (LDPE) nanocomposites and produced different results. However, the composition of LDPE
polymer and boron nitride (BN) as nanofiller has neither been well understood nor producing a convenient
result. Similarly, the dielectric spectroscopy measured at “sub–hertz” frequency has been of little interest
among researchers since it is often influenced by “conduction-like” effect. This research identified the
dielectric properties of LDPE nanocomposites filled with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanofillers by
using dielectric spectroscopy technique. The dielectric loss and relative permittivity for three different filler
concentrations were investigated under “sub-hertz” frequency ranges at room temperature. The cylindrical
electrode with guard ring configuration was used to conduct the experiment, in accordance to the ASTM
D150 standard. The results revealed that 5 wt% filled polymer has lower loss tangent and permittivity
compared to the unfilled polymer, due to the strong interaction between nano-particle and the polymer.
This strong interaction is believed to limit the movement of the polymer chain. The decrease in loss
tangent also indicates lower quasi-DC at low frequency. However, further increase in the filler loading has
recorded an increment in the value of permittivity and loss tangent. This higher effective permittivity is
mainly due to the influence of the filler permittivity
This is part of a introduction level series of presentation I did for the Health Foundation of Salvation Army in Indonesia.
This is on vision statements
You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dc0zvNymNcM
Evaluation Performance ofan Annular Composite Fin by UsingMATLAB ProgrammingIJERA Editor
The aim of this project is analysis the efficiency ratio in an annular fin by the variation of heat transfer coefficient for any surface condition by using MATLAB software to calculate the base fin efficiency and the coated fin efficiency by the variation of heat transfer coefficient, radius ratio and base fin thickness of an annular fin and compare the coating fin efficiency to base fin efficiency. If the heat transfer coefficient is 50W/m2K the increase efficiency ratio is 10.46 – 28.02% for zinc coating fin from the literature but the MATLAB result is 9.3 - 25.54% , the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.72%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.57% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.45% (d=0.001m) and 32.14% (d=0.0002m) for zinc coating fin and the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.92%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.61% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.51% (d=0.001m) and 32.16% (d=0.0002m) for zinc alloy coating fin.
Performance of high power light emitting diode for various zinc oxide film th...eSAT Journals
Abstract Oxide ceramic materials have attractive features either as filler or substrate materials in electronic packaging. Consequently, ZnO thin film for various thicknesses was prepared over Al substrates by RF sputtering and used as heat sink for high power LED. The thermal transient curve of device under test (DUT) was recorded for five boundary conditions. Rise in junction temperature (TJ) was measured and observed low value (54.4°C) for 200 nm ZnO thin films at 350 mA. The difference in junction temperature rise (ΔTJ) was observed as 7.46 °C at 700 mA when compared to bare Al substrates. The total thermal resistance (Rth-tot) of the DUT was low for 200 nm ZnO thin film coated Al substrates. AFM images were used to evaluate the surface roughness factors and their influence on thermal resistance. As expected, the surface roughness, grain size and peak-valley distance were strongly influenced the heat flow. Index Terms: ZnO thin film, thermal interface material, LED, thermal resistance, surface roughness
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A Study on Stochastic Thermal Characterization of Electronic PackagesIJERA Editor
Insofar as the electronics can be found now in several applications of multiple domains, we have tried to
highlight in this study that, those systems must be based on unquestionable reliability and meet the needs of the
external environment. Starting from the unit "°c / w" concerning the thermal resistance from the gap between
junction temperature and a reference temperature, we have tried to compare the thermal performance of
electronic packages taking into consideration the thermal management. Our approach is based on the Monte
Carlo simulation and the stochastic characterization of the QFN. From the norm of normalization, we have
obtained standardized data sheets allowing accurate comparisons of the thermal performance of electronic
packages as produced by different manufacturers. Our numerical model through simulation, prototyping
concerning the design involves the JEDEC recommendations, which we consider a very interesting alternative.
Through the deterministic analysis, we conducted an analysis from the Matlab program parameters, which
control the Ansys software, the results were processed by statistical techniques to evaluate the times of the
thermal resistance of the QFN. That is why we must consider the electronic package (encapsulating the
integrated circuit), through the printed circuit board (PCB) to ensure the junction temperature maintenance and
avoid the dissipation of the heat. Also our process was based on the union of the finite element method to the
Monte Carlo simulation and stochastic characterization of the QFN.
Keywords: Electronic package; Finite element method; printed
Thermal Barrier Coating For Gas Turbine EnginesNelsonkandulna
This presentation describes the thermal barrier coating process, its anatomy, types, material selection, failure, and characterization. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were introduced to protect the external surface of gas turbine engine components from thermal resistance and thereby decrease the temperature of the metal surfaces. Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is one of the most popular and widely used TBC materials as it provides the best performance in high-temperature zones such as diesel engines and gas turbines. The columnar microstructure of YSZ coating provides excellent strain tolerance and adhesion to the coating. Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, pumps, gas compressors, and tanks.
Ph d defense_rajmohan_muthaiah_University_of_oklahoma_07_28_2021Rajmohan Muthaiah
This slide describes the thermal transport in polymers, polymer nanocomposites and semiconductors using molecular dynamics simulations and first principles calculations
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Combining forecast from different models has shown to perform better than single forecast in most time series. To improve the quality of forecast we can go for combining forecast. We study the effect of decomposing a series into multiple components and performing forecasts on each component separately... The original series is decomposed into trend, seasonality and an irregular component for each series. The statistical methods such as ARIMA, Holt-Winter have been used to forecast these components. In this paper we focus on how the best models of one series can be applied to similar frequency pattern series for forecasting using association mining. The proposed method forecasted value has been compared with Holt Winter method and shown that the results are better than Holt Winter method
Independent Component Analysis for Filtering Airwaves in Seabed Logging Appli...IJASCSE
Marine controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) sensing method used for the detection of hydrocarbons based reservoirs in seabed logging application does not perform well due to the presence of the airwaves (or sea-surface). These airwaves interfere with the signal from the subsurface, as a result masks the receiver response at larger offsets. The task is to identify these air waves and the way they interact, and to filter them out. In this paper, a popular method for counteracting with the above stated problem scenario is Independent Component Analysis (ICA). Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical method for transforming an observed multidimensional or multivariate dataset into its constituent components (sources) that are statistically as independent from each other as possible. ICA-type de-convolution algorithm that is FASTICA is considered for mixed signals de-convolution and considered convenient depending upon the nature of the source and noise model. The results from the FASTICA algorithm are shown and evaluated. In this paper, we present the FASTICA algorithm for the seabed logging application.
Enhanced Performance of Search Engine with Multitype Feature Co-Selection of ...IJASCSE
Information world meet many confronts nowadays and one such, is data retrieval from a multidimensional and heterogeneous data set. Han & et al carried out a trail for the mentioned challenge. A novel feature co-selection for web document clustering is proposed by them, which is called Multitype Features Co-selection for Clustering (MFCC). MFCC uses intermediate clustering results in one type of feature space to help the selection in other types of feature spaces. It reduces effectively of the noise introduced by “pseudoclass” and further improves clustering performance. This efficiency also can be used in data retrieval, by implementing the MFCC algorithm in ranking algorithm of Search Engine technique. The proposed work is to apply the MFCC algorithm in search engine architecture. Such that the information retrieves from the dataset is retrieved effectively and shows the relevant retrieval.
Improving Utilization of Infrastructure CloudIJASCSE
A key advantage of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud is providing users on-demand access to resources. However, to provide on-demand access, cloud providers must either significantly overprovision their infrastructure (or pay a high price for operating resources with low utilization) or reject a large proportion of user requests (in which case the access is no longer on-demand). At the same time, not all users require truly on-demand access to resources. Many applications and workflows are designed for recoverable systems where interruptions in service are expected. For instance, many scientists utilize High Throughput Computing (HTC)-enabled resources, such as Condor, where jobs are dispatched to available resources and terminated when the resource is no longer available. We propose a cloud infrastructure that combines on-demand allocation of resources with opportunistic provisioning of cycles from idle cloud nodes to other processes by deploying backfill Virtual Machines (VMs).
Four Side Distance: A New Fourier Shape SignatureIJASCSE
Shape is one of the main features in content based image retrieval (CBIR). This paper proposes a new shape signature. In this technique, features of each shape are extracted based on four sides of the rectangle that covers the shape. The proposed technique is Fourier based and it is invariant to translation, scaling and rotation. The retrieval performance between some commonly used Fourier based signatures and the proposed four sides distance (FSD) signature has been tested using MPEG-7 database. Experimental results are shown that the FSD signature has better performance compared with those signatures.
Theoretical study of axially compressed Cold Formed Steel SectionsIJASCSE
Conceptual and finite element analysis oriented design of cold formed steel columns are presented in this paper. Total four 1 meter channel lipped section with thickness of 1, 1.2, 1.5 and 1.9 are tested. All columns were tested under a pure axial load, Conceptual design results are compared with finite element analysis for axially loaded compression members. The results provide useful information regarding allowable load estimation of cold formed steel column section. Based on the results, design recommendations were proposed. The proposed design approach is recommended for the design of complex shape of cold formed steel section, where design rules are not available in standards.
Improved Performance of Unsupervised Method by Renovated K-MeansIJASCSE
Clustering is a separation of data into groups of similar objects. Every group called cluster consists of objects that are similar to one another and dissimilar to objects of other groups. In this paper, the K-Means algorithm is implemented by three distance functions and to identify the optimal distance function for clustering methods. The proposed K-Means algorithm is compared with K-Means, Static Weighted K-Means (SWK-Means) and Dynamic Weighted K-Means (DWK-Means) algorithm by using Davis Bouldin index, Execution Time and Iteration count methods. Experimental results show that the proposed K-Means algorithm performed better on Iris and Wine dataset when compared with other three clustering methods.
A Study on the Effectiveness of Computer Games in Teaching and LearningIJASCSE
Games, especially computer games are becoming one of the tools of education. Nowadays, the usage of computer games as an educational tool has become a worldwide trend. An early assumption suggests that since the appeal of computer games can engage interest and motivation, thus it is a wise step to use computer games for the purpose of educating. This is because students often get bored with the learning process; therefore we need to find creative ways to teach them. Instead of the usual, dull lesson in class, educators are trying out new ways to attract the interest of students to focus the lessons and thus increase their understanding, with one of it using computer games. A lot of papers supported the idea of computer games being effective as an aid for students. Educators alike also agreed that it is one of the ways to gain students interest in their lessons. Before coming to the ultimate conclusion that computer games are a good choice, first of all we need to study carefully the effectiveness of using computer games as an educational medium. This paper aims to study the effectiveness of computer games in learning among students. Issues on the integration of computer games in formal education are and the current status of educational gaming in learning were reviewed in this paper. We focused on higher learning context which is for university students.
Clustering Based Lifetime Maximizing Aggregation Tree for Wireless Sensor Net...IJASCSE
Energy efficiency is the most important issue in all facets of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operations because of the limited and non-replenish able energy supply. The data aggregation mechanism is one of the possible solutions to prolong the lifetime of sensor nodes and on the other hand it also helps in eliminating the data redundancy and improving the accuracy of information gathering, is essential for WSNs. In this paper we propose a Clustering based lifetime maximizing aggregation tree (CLMAT) in which we create aggregation tree which aim to reduce energy consumption.
Design Equation for CFRP strengthened Cold Formed Steel Channel Column SectionsIJASCSE
Carbon fiber reinforce polymer (CFRP) strengthened steel structural members such as beams, columns and bridge decks have become progressively popular as a result of extensive studies in this field. This paper presents the recent developments in CFRP strengthened steel channel sections and proposed conceptual model for prediction of column strength under pure axial loads per Indian standards-IS801-1975 and Euro code 3(EC 3)standards . Eight cold-formed steel circular lipped channel section columns with externally bonded CFRP were tested under pure axial compression. IS801/EC3 proposed methods were compared with experimental results. The results show that the proposed method gives around 11 percent increase in strength due to CFRP.
Investigation of Integrated Rectangular SIW Filter and Rectangular Microstrip...IJASCSE
This paper presents an investigation based on the resonant circuit approach to characterize an integrated microwave filter and antenna from a lumped element prototype. This approach is used to design an integrated filter and antenna to reduce the overall size of the physical dimensions of the RF/microwave front-end subsystem. This study focuses on the integration of a rectangular Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filter with a rectangular microstrip patch antenna to produce a filtering and radiating element in a single device. The physical layouts of the SIW filter and rectangular microstrip patch antenna based on single- and dual-mode will be developed. To prove the concept, the integrated microwave filter and antenna at a center frequency of 2 GHz is demonstrated and validated through simulation and laboratory experiments. The experimental performance yielded promising results that were in good agreement with the simulated results. This study is beneficial for microwave systems, given that the reduction of the complexity of design and physical dimension as well as cost are important for applications such as base stations and multiplexers in wireless communication systems.
Analysis and Design of Lead Salt PbSe/PbSrSe Single Quantum Well In the Infra...IJASCSE
There is a considerable interest in studying the energy spectrum changes due to the non parabolic energy band structure in nano structures and nano material semiconductors. Most material systems have parabolic band structures at the band edge, however away from the band edge the bands are strongly non parabolic. Other material systems are strongly parabolic at the band edge such as IV-VI lead salt semiconductors. A theoretical model was developed to conduct this study on PbSe/Pb 0.934 Sr0.066 Se nanostructure system in the infrared region. Moreover, we studied the effects of four temperatures on the analysis and design of this system. It will be shown that the total losses for the system are higher than the modal gain values for lasing to occur and multiple quantum well structures are a better design choice.
Stable and Reliable Route Identification Scheme for Efficient DSR Route Cache...
A Study on Thermal behavior of Nano film as thermal interface layer
1. DEC. 31 IJASCSE, VOL 1, ISSUE 4, 2012
A Study on Thermal behavior of Nano film as
thermal interface layer
Lee, Yuan Thing Shanmugan Subramani, Mutharasu Devarajan,
Test R&D Department of Intel Product (m) Sdn Bhd, Dinash Kandasamy
Kulim Hi Tech Park, 09000 Kedah, Malaysia. Nano Optoelectronics Research Laboratory,
School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
11800, Penang, Malaysia
Abstract — Increase in thermal design power and re- silicon die junction’s temperature, at or below safe operat-
duce in manufacturing cost of the processor chip has ing temperatures during test condition. When two real flat
pushes the need for high performance and durable test metal surfaces make in contact, the thermal interface is
fixture design in future. Test fixture with efficient formed with many discrete micro contact spots.
themal management has lowest resistance possible to
maintain the accuracy of the device temperature when Confoming non-conforming non-conforming non-conforming
it makes contact with processor chip’s silicon during rough rough smooth rough with
test. High thermal conductivity and mechanical relia- interface material
bility of text fixures are desired for high volume test
environment. Nano film materials such as Aluminum
Titanium Nitride (AlTiN), Titanium carbide (TiC), Ti-
tanium on Titanium nitride (Ti on TiN), Titanium ni-
tride on Titanium (TiN on Ti) and Aluminum(III) Ox-
ide (Al2O3) are coated over copper substrates by Fil-
tered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) deposition method
and tested for their thermal conductivity behavior for
high volume test (HVM) environment. Thermal con- Fig. 1: Contacting surface geometries
ductivity of the prepared films is tested by using the
ASTM 5470 Thermal Interface Material (TIM) Tester. When two real flat metal surfaces make in contact, the
Titanium on Titanium nitride (Ti on TiN) and Alumi- thermal interface is formed with many discrete micro con-
num (III) Oxide (Al2O3) observed with highest thermal tact spots. The thermal interface resistance could be re-
conductivity of 117.68 W/mk and 128.34 W/mk respec- duced by filling the gap in-between the two real surfaces
tively among the prepared nano thin films. Thickness of by using high thermal conductivity material. It is necessary
the film and stack configuration influenced the thermal to test the processor chip at extreme condition (-40C and
conductivity of the prepared film. 110C) for planning the thermal management and power
dissipation at high volume manufacturing test environ-
Keywords - nanoflim; thermal conductivity; thermal ment. Fig.2 illustrates the Test tooling design with pedestal
management; thermal contact resistance contact on processor chip’s silicon. Belady [3] reported the
influence of increasing package power on the size and de-
sign of the semiconductor electronic components. She also
I. INTRODUCTION reported the issues of semiconductor cooling as well as
some of the current and emerging cooling solutions in her
The continuous increase of power dissipation in pro- study. In order to overcome the thermal management rising
cessor chip has pushed the limit of thermal mangement to risk, a new contact surface with high thermal conductivity
a more precise determination of heat flow behavior. The and durability is needed. High quality particle free coatings
International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors have been successfully employed for increasing the wear
(ITRS) reported the expected power density and junction- resistance of precision stamping dies and also in produc-
to-ambient thermal contact resistance for high- tion tool coating [4-6].
performance chips at 14 nm generation as > 100 W/cm2 The rms roughness is decreased dramatically when the
and < 0.2°C/W, respectively [1]. The text fixture in which macro particle content is reduced [7]. Metallic coatings
the thermal resistance between the fixture pedestal and provide modest to significant thermal enhancement, de-
processor chip’s silicon should be low in order to reduce pending upon the metal used and the method of applica-
the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance for quality elec- tion. They are also provide modest to excellent thermal
tronic products. As per the ITRS 2007 road map, the total isolation depending upon the choice of material. Metallic
power of a cost performance single chip is expected to coatings are free of the contamination problems associated
achieve 173 Watts/cm2 in 2022 [1]. In addition to thermal with thermal greases and the handling problems associated
performance, the cost factor such as manufacturing and with soft foils. Jindal et al. [8] had investigated the proper-
test process for the processor chip should satisfy the re- ties and performance of TiAlN, TiCN and TiN PVD-coated
quirement of the need as per the Moore’s Law prediction tungsten carbide tool. They had found that TiAlN coating
[2]. The overall resistance in heat transfer network must be had better adhesion properties than TiCN, where TiCN
reduced to maintain heat sensitive components, such as possessed higher residual stress that caused slips of the
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2. DEC. 31 IJASCSE, VOL1, ISSUE 4, 2012
coating. In our study, all nitride coatings were prepared by thermal conductivity of the sample can be calculated by
filtered arc vacuum deposition method. The properties of using (4)
FAD TiN films are determined principally by the deposi-
tion parameters of substrate bias, temperature and reactive
gas pressure [9]. In this paper, the thermal conductivity of (4)
nitride nano coatings prepared on copper pedestal test fix-
ture is calculated and the observed results are reported
here. keff is the total thermal conductivity of the sample, k1
and k2 are thermal conductivities of nanoflim layer and
copper base respectively, lt is the total thickness of the
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND sample, while l1 and l2 are the thicknesses of nanoflim lay-
er and copper base. This equation considers the total
From the heat conduction Fourier’s law [10], time thermal conductivity of a two layer and assumes contact
rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to area of the top and bottom surfaces of to be the equal in
the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area. magnitude and without asperities. Under the control exper-
The differential form of Fourier's Law of thermal conduc- iment environment, l2, k2 is constant across all the samples,
tion shows that the local heat flux, is equal to the prod- the effective thermal conductivity keff observed from the
uct of thermal conductivity, k, and the negative local tem- experimental data will be represent the influence on the
perature gradient, - . The heat flux is the amount of nanoflim thermal conductivity k1 given a known coating
energy that flows through a particular surface per unit area thickness to the overall thermal conductivity improvement.
per unit time, (1) as follow: The nano flim thermal performance can be estimated in a
relative comparison basic.
Fig. 3: Nanoflim coated on copper base Pedestal
III. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
Fig 2: Schematic illustration of test contact surface
A. Nano film coating
(1)
In this study, various nano film coating is used and the
Where (including the SI units) is the local heat flux, list is given in Table 1. Nano film samples are prepared
W·m−2, k is the material's conductivity, W·m−1·K−1, is over copper substrates with thickness of 3.5 mm by using
the temperature gradient, K·m−1. For many simple applica- Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) deposition [11].
tions, Fourier's law in one-dimensional form can be de- FCVA technology has the capability of producing large
scribed by (2) area of ultra pure metal coating with an excellent uniformi-
ty and has consistent low resistivity close to that of a bulk
… material. Unwanted macro particles and neutrals are then
(2) be filtered out by a cross-magnetic and electric field. Only
ions within a well-defined energy range are allowed to
reach the substrate.
Rearranging the equation 2, and substitute the heat
flux as Q, temperature gradient as TH and TC are
temperature on the hot and cold side respectively, the ef- B. Thermal conductivity of nano films
fective thermal conductivity keff of the system in one di-
The thermal conductivity of the nanoflim coating un-
mension which is along the axial axis of the sample can be
der various pressures at fixed heat load is tested by using
represent by (3).
standard control lab environment with ASTM standard
5470 TIM tester. Before the samples are sandwiched be-
tween a heater and cooler plate, both the heater and cooler
(3)
surfaces are well cleaned and the temperature is main-
tained at 15 ˚C by flowing water at the flow rate of 6 litres
per minute. Surface cleaning should be done in order to
Where lt and A are total thickness of sample and contact remove and remnants from previous measurements. Cool-
area of sample. From the actual sample, the contact pedes- ing plate has to be wiped to remove water condensates.
tal is coated with nanoflim as illustrate in Fig. 3, the total
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3. DEC. 31 IJASCSE, VOL1, ISSUE 4, 2012
The required pressure from 100 to 1100 KPa for measure- tential difference have to be measured for better and accu-
mentis applied over the sample once heating plate made rate measurements. This calibration is similar to the ther-
contact with the sample. The heater starts to provide the mocouple calibration, but utilizes a digital multimeter in-
heat to the top surface of the samples. The heating process stead. A calibration rig is connected to the TIM tester and
continues until the steady state condition reached. In order the computer system. The multimeter is connected to the
to get the stable heat flux, current and voltage of the heater calibration rig and the value recorded by the computer is
is adjusted to keep constant. Once the steady state heat flux compared to the value recorded by the multimeter. Any
is achieved, the data from the thermocouples, LVDT is compensation required will be entered to the tester soft-
recorded and the thermal resistance and apparent thermal ware until its meet the variation of smaller than 0.1%.
conductivity of the thin film samples are calculated using
the equation 4. Overall thermal conductivity of samples is
measured at various pressures ranging from 100kPa to
1100kPa. Measurements are only made once sample is
allowed to cool for a while to avoid sample damage from
continuous heat cycling and heat shock. The increment in
applied pressure is maintained as 200 KPa. Prior to do the
experiment on thermal conductivity of thin films, calibra-
tion should be performed to ensure the performance of
metrology tools as per the ASTM5470 standard. Fig. 4
shows the schematic diagram of thermal conductivity
measurement for nitride coatings using ASTM5470 stan-
dard.
Fig. 4 Experimental Setup using TIM Tester
TABLE I LIST OF NANO FILM COATING AND THEIR THICKNESS
Nanoflim composition Thickness
AlTiN 0.5um
TiC 0.5um
Ti on TiN 0.5um/0.5um
TiN on Ti 0.5um/1.0um
TiN on Ti 0.5um/0.5um
Al2O3 0.5um
Al2O3 1.0um
C. Equipment calibration Fig. 5 Thickness gauge calibration procedure
Thickness gauge calibration is the first step before any
experiment is performed. This is to eliminate zero error in IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
the thermal conductivity measurement with respect to the
overall sample thickness. This is bone by dropping a single The surface morphology of the coated TiN and TiC
drop of water onto the center of the stage of the TIM tester nano thin film is recorded and presented in Fig. 6(a) & (b).
and lowering the hot plate. Thermocouples calibration is It showsthat the TiN thin film shows rough surface than
then carried out as second step. There are three thermo- TiC surface. The thermal conductivity of all nano thin film
couples in the TIM tester, there are located on the hotplate, samples are measured using ASTM standard 5470 TIM
side surface of the sample and the cold plate. The thermo- tester and calculated values are plotted in Fig.7.
couples used in the TIM tester are T type thermocouple Apparently, all sample showed higher thermal conduc-
which is a copper constantan thermocouple. tivity when subjected to 1100 Kpa pressure, however high-
The thermocouple simulator Eurotron Unical Tc is use est effective thermal conductivity could be observed for
to force a simulated temperature value to the tester and Al2O3 with 1µm thickness than all other nanoflim sample
compares to the recorded value. Each values and variations tested. Although the effective thermal conductivity is cal-
are recorded and compensation to the thermocouple will be culated with inclusive of contact resistance between the
made automatically by the software until its meet the var- contact surfaces, the effect of thermal resistance can be
iation of smaller than 0.1%. Last calibration procedure is decouple with all samples are subject to the exact same test
to ensure the Current I, and Potential difference V, of the condition. Fig. 8 reveals the influence of thickness on the
system is calibrated for an accurate heater power read out. thermal conductivity of Al2O3 nano thin film and shows
Heat generated by the system can be obtained by high value for higher thickness measured at high pressure
product of Current with Potential difference, P = VI for (1000 KPa).
electrical heaters. Therefore the values for current and po- It is attributed to the facts that an increase in micro
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4. DEC. 31 IJASCSE, VOL1, ISSUE 4, 2012
contact at the contact surface under higher interfacial pres-
sure [12]. Normally, the deformation occurs at the contact
surface when apply load on that surface and hence the con-
tact surface area increases [13, 14]. This deformation may
either plastic or elastic, depending on the material proper-
ties and the contact pressure. In addition, Fig. 9 also clear-
ly indicates that the thickness of Ti also influences the
thermal conductivity of TiN coating. It shows that higher
Ti thickness helps to improve the thermal conductivity of
TiN drastically (3 times) but noticeable increment on
thermal conductivity could also be observed for changing
the film stack configuration from TiN/Ti to Ti/TiN (see
Fig.7) for all applied load except 200 KPa. This may be
due to the thermal mismatch of Ti on Cu substrates.
Fig. 9 Influence of thickness on thermal conductivity of Al2O3 for various
pressures.
From the Fig.7, it is also noticed that the nano films
such as TiC and AlTiN shows low thermal conductivity as
with applied load varies in between 100 to 500 KPa. It
seems to the influence of applied load on increasing ther-
mal conductivity as low when compared to other nano film
coatings.
V. CONCLUSION
Fig. 6 SEM image of (a) TiN and (b) TiC recorded at 1000x magnifi-
cation Various nano films were on copper substrates and their
thermal conductivity was measured using ASTM standard
5470. Al2O3 based nano films showd good thermal conduc-
tivity at high applied load than other samples. Increased
thermal conductivity was observed for higher film thick-
ness. Film stack configuration was also affected the ob-
served thermal conductivity. Effective thermal conductivi-
ty data shows promising result in applying wear resistance
coating on tooling contact pedestal as a thermal interfacial
material.
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