This document presents a literature review on insolvency risk of commercial banks in India. It summarizes 12 research papers on topics related to measuring and analyzing insolvency risk of various types of Indian banks from 2000-2015. The review finds that non-performing assets, size, capitalization, and deregulation can impact banks' insolvency risk. It also examines how reforms and Basel II norms have helped reduce risk for banks. The document aims to measure insolvency risk for public, private, rural and foreign banks in India from 2006-2015.

1. A Study On The Insolvency Risk Of
Commercial Banks In India
PROJECT REPORT BY VARSHA KUMAR
PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085

2. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Review of Literature
Sl.
No
Title of Paper Author
Year of
Pub
Issue/
Vol
Page No Brief of the Paper Takeaway
1
A comparative study of book value
insolvency of Indian commercial banks:
An application of Z-Score Model
Anita Makkar
Guru Ranjan
October
24th
2013
10 19-29
Analysis of insolvency risk of 47 commercial banks in
India is studied in detail through this publication.
Non-performing assets are one of
the major concerns for Indian banks.
2
Riskiness of Commercial Banks and
Basel II Norms—Evidence from India
K. Sriharsha Reddy
June
1st
2014
10(2) 97-107
The approach is to find out the insolvency risk of
Indian banks using risk index and probability across
banks understand the impact of Basel II norms on
riskiness of banks in India.
The implementation of Basel II Norms,
insolvency risk has been drastically
reduced.
3
Credit and insolvency risks of Indian
commercial banks, do size and
capitalization matter.
Santi Gopal Maji
2011 5 1
Threats & challenges faced by commercial banks in
India due to deregulation and technological changes
and innovation.
Size is an crucial aspect, that affects
negatively the credit of banks, no definite
conclusion can be drawn regarding the
association capitalization and credit risk.
4
India:
Insolvency And Bankruptcy Act, 2016:
A Boon For Secured Creditors
Rahul Pandey
Singh & Associates
August
4th
2016
Article Article
The study shows that the bank become insolvent
when the net liabilities is comparatively greater than
the net assets of the company and when the bank
fails to balance it out and get into bankruptcy.
Imbalance in the management of Current
Assets and Liabilities

3. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Review of Literature
Sl.
No
Title of Paper Author
Year of
Pub
Issue/
Vol
Page
No
Brief of the Paper Takeaway
5
India's new bank
insolvency law to increase
yields.
Manju Dalal
May
26th
2014
Article Article
Analysts warned that giving depositors the upper hand over other creditors
will have serious implications for bondholders, potentially leading to higher
wholesale funding costs for Indian banks
Main purpose : The proposals from a working
group of the Reserve Bank of India call for
depositors to have preference over
senior creditors.
6
India: Not Every Bankrupt
Will Be A Total Failure!
Vikrant Rana and
Chanakya Sharma
SS Rana and Aso
Last
Updated: 3
January
2017
Article Article
The Code has an overriding effect on contradicting provisions of Companies
Act, 2013, Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985, and
Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of
Security Interest Act 2002, Presidency Towns Insolvency Act, 1909 and
Provincial Insolvency Act, 1920 Recovery of Debts Due to Banks
‘Survival of the fittest' Phenomena has been
applied here to evaluate the insolvency risk
faced by the commercial banks in India.
7
Banking Sector Reform
the Insolvency Risk of
Commercial Banks in
India.
Khanindra Ch. Das Jan 2012 1 19-34
The paper analyses the insolvency risk faced by the Indian commercial bank
between 1998 to 2007.
There forms have facilitated reduction in
cost of deposits and cost of funds across all
bank groups.
8
FAQS: INDIAN CORPORATE
INSOLVENCY
Jehangir N. May 2011 Article Article
FDI growing rapidly over the past few years ($24 billion in 2010). IT services,
infrastructure, manufacturing and many other industrial sectors are the key
focus areas of FDI.
This is the study about how FDI is impacting
the legal regulations and complexities which
is leading to bankruptcy of commercial
banks in India.

4. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Review of Literature
Sl.
No
Title of Paper Author
Year of
Pub
Issue/
Vol
Page
No
Brief of the Paper Takeaway
9
The Risk Management in
Indian Banks:
An Evaluation through Z
Risk Index.
Ms. Suksham
R.Aneja
Dr. Bhisham Kapoor
December
2015
5 1-12
This article shows the overall effort being made to
assess the financial health of the commercial banks in
India by analysing their riskiness and the probability of
being insolvent.
2005-06 to 2013-14 has been analysed and a comparative
analysis among public, private and foreign banks to
examine the probability of their book value bankruptcy
has been made.
10
Insolvency risk of
selected Indian public
and private sector
banks.
Dr. Mukesh keshari
July
2015
5(7) 42-55
The recent financial crisis has refocused attention on
the general importance, impact and measurement of
banks insolvency and liquidity risk.
This study examined and assessed steps and
methodologies used by banks to identify assess and
develop a framework for the analysis and mitigation of
risk.
11
Measure insolvency risk
of Indian public, private
and foreign banks
operating in India.
SANTI GOPAL MAJI
SOMA DEY
ARVIND KR. JHA
September
2011
5 120
Indian banks in the new millennium are introducing
new and better products and services in order to retain
their existing customers and acquire new ones. In this
rapid changing environment banks are compelled to
encounter various types of risks.
Measure the insolvency risk of selected Indian banks
during the period 2000-01 to 2009-10 and also identify the
key factors affecting insolvency risk.
12
Identify the bank
specific key factors
influencing the
insolvency risk of Indian
commercial banks
SANTI GOPAL MAJI
SOMA DEY
ARVIND KR. JHA
September
2011
5 120

5. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Objectives
⦿ To measure the liquidity, profitability and solvency of Public, Private, Rural and foreign banks.
⦿ To examine the financial viability of commercial banks in India.
⦿ Bring uniformity among banks in their conduct, performance, cost minimization and on the risk management
front in all the sectors of the nation.
⦿ Improvement in the return on assets(net income), facilitated by higher spread and lower burden.
⦿ Minimizing insolvency leads to the maximize cash flow in banks as a organization.

6. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Research Design
The entire study is based on the observations of 109 Indian commercial banks, of which 27 are from Nationalized Sector Banks (PSB), 23 from Private Sector
Banks (Pr.SB) 30 Foreign Banks (FB) and from 29 from Rural Sector Banks, operating in India as on March 31, 2015.
The relevant secondary data is collected from Asian Journal of research in banking and finance published by Asian research consortium., for a period of 10 years
from 2006-07 to 2015-15.
The sample size consists of PSBs, except one whose data were not available for the study period. Similarly, some Pr.SB and FB operating in India were excluded
due to the non-availability of relevant data for the period of study.
Hannan and Hanweck’s probability of bankruptcy is based on the likelihood of return on assets being negative and larger than the capital-asset ratio.
The Z-index is used to forecast bank’s bankruptcy, but can profitably be used to study large private companies with low return on assets.
We will here take a look at the Z-index and use the same equation to calculate the Z-index for Indian banks throughout the section

7. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Research Design
Z= (ROA + CTA)/σ ROA
Where,
ROA (Return on Assets) = Net Income/ Total Assets
Capital on Assets (CTA)= Equity Capital/ Total Assets
σ ROA is the standard deviation of pre-tax ROA.
Higher values of Z imply lower bankruptcy risk because higher values of Z correspond to higher levels of equity relative to a potential shock
to the earnings of a bank.
Thus, banks with risky loan portfolios can maintain a low risk of bankruptcy as long as they are adequately capitalized.

8. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Research Gap
• The study has covered all the relevant data until 2015, 2016 September was the last issue released about the ROA and CTA.
• The research has segregated the Banks into mainly 4 sectors i.e., Private, Public, Nationalized and Rural sector in particular.
•The Rural sector mainly comes into limelight in pertinence to the study which gives us a brief picture on how rural banks are
working on the whole.

9. Research Sample Method
Cochran (1977) developed a formula to calculate a representative sample for proportion as
n0 = z2pq
e2
Here, Z=1.96,P =0.50,q=0.50 and precision=0.10 (10%) of the whole data available on the
database
Sample size is approximated to 96 by using Cochran’s Formula. To increase the accuracy rate
109 samples are taken
PES UNIVERSITY, 100FT RING ROAD, BSK 3RD STG, BANGALORE- 560085

10. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Nature and Source of Data
The present study is based on the secondary data published by RBI and various departments of government of
India (GOI). Most of the relevant data has been taken from Asian Journal of research in banking and finance
published by Asian research consortium.
For analyzing the data E-views and Ms-Excel computer software has been used.

11. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Analysis of Data
Nationalised Banks 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Allahabad Bank 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.009 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.011
Andhra Bank 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012
Bank of India 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.011
Bank of Baroda 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.015 0.007 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011
Bank of Maharashtra 0.002 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.007
Canara Bank 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.011
Central Bank of India 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005
Corporation Bank 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.013
Dena Bank 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.010
Indian Bank 0.012 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016
Indian Overseas Bank 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.013 0.010
Oriental Bank of Commerce 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.010
Punjab & Sindh Bank 0.006 0.010 0.015 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.012
Punjab National Bank 0.011 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.013
Syndicate Bank 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.008
UCO Bank 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.006
Union Bank of India 0.008 0.009 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.012
United Bank of India 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.003 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.005
Vijaya Bank 0.005 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007
IDBI Ltd 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.006
State bank of India 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
State bank of Bikaner and Jaipur0.005 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.009
State Bank of Hyderabad 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.000 0.008
State bank of Indore 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.009
State bank of Mysor 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.010
State bank of Patiala 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
State bank of Travancor 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.011
Average 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
SD 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003
Z 35.936 55.161 46.973 45.379 46.136 49.836 51.440 50.847 42.482 52.046
P Value 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
ROA
Nationalised Banks ROA (Return of Assets) numbers
Calculation
Average : Average of all the 27 Nationalized banks by year.
Standard deviation : SD of all the 27 Nationalized banks by year.
Z value : Z= (ROA + CTA)/σ ROA
P Value : NORM.S.DIST(Z Value)

12. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Analysis of Data
Private Sector Banks ROA (Return of Assets) numbers
Calculation
Average : Average of all the 23 Private banks by year.
Standard deviation : SD of all the 23 Private banks by year.
Z value : Z= (ROA + CTA)/σ ROA
P Value : NORM.S.DIST(Z Value)
Private Sector Banks 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
BankofRajasthanLtd. 0.002 0.012 0.009 0.007 -0.006 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.008 0.004
CatholicSyrianBankLtd. 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004
CityUnionBankLtd. 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015
DhanalakshmiBankLtd. 0.003 0.005 0.008 0.012 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.008
FederalBankLtd. 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.014 0.013
IngVysyaBankLtd. 0.001 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.007
Jammu&KashmirBank ltd 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.011
KarnatakaBankLtd. 0.013 0.012 0.014 0.013 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.013 0.011
KarurVysyaBankLtd. 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.015 0.018 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.016
LakshmiVilasBankLtd. 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.007 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005
NainitalBankLtd. 0.011 0.013 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.014 0.016
RatnakarBankLtd. 0.001 0.003 0.013 0.020 0.011 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.009 0.014
SBICommercial&International bank ltd0.011 0.011 0.019 0.015 0.005 0.010 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.013
SouthIndianBankLtd. 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.010
TamilnadMercantileBankLtd. 0.017 0.016 0.016 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.016 0.015
Axis 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.017 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.012 0.014
Development Credit Bank -0.020 0.002 0.006 -0.013 -0.013 -0.013 -0.008 -0.006 -0.006 -0.008
HDFC 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.015 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.014
ICICI 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011
IndusInd 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.006 0.011 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.004 0.007
Kotak Mahindra Bank 0.014 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.017 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.011 0.013
YES Bank 0.021 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.017
DIBS 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.007 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.009
Average 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
SD 0.009 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.006
Z 15.947 32.448 39.156 26.487 22.134 25.731 29.584 31.076 27.887 29.806
P Value 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
ROA

13. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Analysis of Data
Foreign Banks ROA (Return of Assets) numbers
Calculation
Average : Average of all the 30 Foreign banks by year.
Standard deviation : SD of all the 30 Foreign banks by year.
Z value : Z= (ROA + CTA)/σ ROA
P Value : NORM.S.DIST(Z Value)
Foreign Banks 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Abu Dhabhi Commercial Bank 0.004 0.002 0.040 0.024 0.011 0.018 0.023 0.020 0.017 0.022
American Express 0.015 0.013 0.001 -0.079 -0.042 -0.061 -0.045 -0.036 -0.013 -0.039
Antwerp Diamond Bank 0.012 0.017 0.016 0.016 -0.003 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.015 0.010
Arab Bangladesh Bank 0.034 0.034 0.038 0.048 0.056 0.052 0.048 0.046 0.039 0.047
Indonesia Bank -0.013 0.065 0.088 0.009 1.089 0.549 0.434 0.372 0.037 0.368
Bank of America, NA 0.024 0.031 0.038 0.034 0.026 0.030 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.032
Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait -0.013 -0.019 0.041 0.031 0.004 0.018 0.023 0.016 0.010 0.020
Bank of Ceylon 0.003 0.013 0.022 0.102 0.027 0.065 0.054 0.047 0.035 0.050
Barclays Bank 0.096 0.045 0.001 0.002 -0.031 -0.015 -0.011 -0.002 0.036 -0.003
BNP Paribas 0.006 0.014 0.020 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.020 0.015 0.020
Bank -0.017 0.003 0.016 0.029 0.013 0.021 0.020 0.017 0.008 0.018
Citibank 0.031 0.028 0.022 0.021 0.010 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.026 0.019
Credit Agricole Corporate Bank 0.043 0.046 0.042 0.041 0.017 0.029 0.032 0.035 0.043 0.034
Deutsche Bank 0.010 0.012 0.016 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.014 0.016
JPMorgan 0.025 0.017 0.031 0.042 0.001 0.022 0.024 0.023 0.029 0.024
JSC 0.000 0.000 -0.003 -0.012 0.000 -0.006 -0.005 -0.004 -0.004 -0.005
Krung Thai Bank 0.054 0.017 0.019 0.014 0.005 0.009 0.012 0.013 0.026 0.014
Mashreq Bank 0.013 0.082 0.088 0.044 0.034 0.039 0.051 0.056 0.057 0.053
MIZUHO Corporate 0.009 0.013 0.020 0.024 0.009 0.017 0.017 0.017 0.016 0.017
Oman International Bank -0.001 -0.009 0.032 0.012 0.035 0.024 0.026 0.000 0.000 0.018
Shinhan Bank 0.015 0.016 0.019 0.019 0.023 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.017 0.020
Societe Generale 0.012 0.010 0.013 0.021 0.003 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.012
Sonali Bank 0.017 0.015 0.016 0.020 0.016 0.018 0.018 0.017 0.017 0.017
Standard Chartered Bank 0.025 0.031 0.031 0.029 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.030 0.029 0.030
State bank of Mauritius 0.020 0.015 0.011 0.009 -0.007 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.014 0.005
The bank of Nova Scotia 0.008 0.017 0.017 0.020 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.022 0.016 0.021
The Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi 0.000 0.021 0.024 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.017 0.017 0.015 0.016
The Development Bank of Singaproe0.007 0.016 0.009 0.027 0.024 0.026 0.021 0.020 0.015 0.020
HSBC 0.016 0.018 0.018 0.015 0.009 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.017 0.014
The Royal Bank of Scotlad 0.010 0.014 0.008 0.001 -0.004 -0.002 0.001 0.003 0.008 0.002
Average 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.021 0.048 0.034 0.032 0.029 0.020 0.030
SD 0.022 0.020 0.021 0.027 0.198 0.100 0.078 0.067 0.014 0.066
Z 25.482 25.403 29.191 23.734 3.021 6.249 7.910 8.940 40.002 9.211
P Value 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
ROA

14. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Analysis of Data
Rural Banks ROA (Return of Assets) numbers
Calculation
Average : Average of all the 29 Rural banks by year.
Standard deviation : SD of all the 29 Rural banks by year.
Z value : Z= (ROA + CTA)/σ ROA
P Value : NORM.S.DIST(Z Value)
Rural Banks 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank0.009 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010
Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
Chaitanya Godavari Grameena Bank0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
Saptagiri Grameena Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Assam Gramin Vikash Bank 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.000
Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.000 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.000 0.009 0.009
Bihar Gramin Bank 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin Bank0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
Dena Gujarat Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.000 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.000
Saurashtra Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.000 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009
Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Jharkhand Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.000 0.009 0.010
Vananchal Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
Jammu And Kashmir Grameen Bank0.007 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.000 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009
Ellaquai Dehati Bank 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Kaveri Grameena Bank 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.009
Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank0.007 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.000 0.009 0.010
Kerala Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
Narmada Jhabua Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.000 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010
Central Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.000 0.010 0.011
Madhyanchal Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011
Maharashtra Gramin Bank 0.008 0.009 0.012 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
Vidarbha Kokan Gramin Bank 0.009 0.010 0.013 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.009
Average 0.008 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.009
SD 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.003
Z 218.245 415.770 190.345 176.626 47.638 78.462 262.923 38.386 285.295 55.051
P Value 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
ROA

15. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Analysis of Data
Nationalised Banks CTA (Capital to Total Assets) numbers
Nationalised Banks 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Allahabad Bank 0.134 0.125 0.1204 0.131 0.1362 0.1336 0.1303 0.1294 0.1276 0.1298
Andhra Bank 0.14 0.113 0.116 0.132 0.1393 0.1357 0.1307 0.1278 0.1253 0.1295
Bank of India 0.137 0.118 0.129 0.141 0.1436 0.1423 0.139 0.1355 0.1313 0.1374
Bank of Baroda 0.108 0.118 0.1295 0.13 0.1294 0.1297 0.1297 0.1277 0.1214 0.1282
Bank of Maharashtra 0.113 0.121 0.1026 0.121 0.1278 0.1244 0.119 0 0.1144 0.1013
Canara Bank 0.112 0.135 0.1325 0.141 0.1343 0.1377 0.1364 0.1361 0.1301 0.1354
Central Bank of India 0.11 0.104 0.1042 0.131 0.1224 0.1267 0.1211 0.1182 0.1123 0.1194
Corporation Bank 0.139 0.128 0.1209 0.136 0.1537 0.1449 0.1389 0.1371 0.131 0.1375
Dena Bank 0.106 0.115 0.1109 0.121 0.1277 0.1244 0.121 0.12 0.1132 0.1197
Indian Bank 0.132 0.141 0.1286 0.14 0.1271 0.1336 0.1323 0.1338 0.1354 0.133
Indian Overseas Bank 0.13 0.133 0.1196 0.132 0.1478 0.1399 0.1348 0.1345 0.1287 0.1339
Oriental Bank of Commerce0.11 0.125 0.1212 0.13 0.1254 0.1277 0.1261 0.1259 0.1216 0.1254
Punjab & Sindh Bank 0.128 0.129 0.1157 0.144 0.131 0.1375 0.1321 0.1315 0.1292 0.1316
Punjab National Bank 0.12 0.123 0.1296 0.14 0.1416 0.1408 0.138 0.1355 0.1282 0.1362
Syndicate Bank 0.117 0.117 0.1122 0.127 0.127 0.127 0.1233 0.1223 0.1183 0.1224
UCO Bank 0.111 0.116 0.1009 0.119 0.1321 0.1256 0.1194 0.1188 0.1117 0.1182
Union Bank of India 0.114 0.128 0.1251 0.133 0.1251 0.1291 0.1281 0.1281 0.125 0.1276
United Bank of India 0.131 0.12 0.1188 0.133 0.128 0.1305 0.1276 0.1263 0.1257 0.1271
Vijaya Bank 0.119 0.112 0.1122 0.1308 0.127 0.1289 0.1247 0.1226 0.1185 0.1235
IDBI Ltd 0.148 0.137 0.1195 0.1131 0.1131 0.1131 0.1147 0.1184 0.1294 0.1173
State bank of India 0.119 0.123 0.1347 0.1339 0.1339 0.1339 0.1341 0.1323 0.1277 0.1329
State bank of Bikaner and Jaipur0.121 0.129 0.135 0.133 0.133 0.133 0.1335 0.1328 0.1295 0.1328
State Bank of Hyderabad0.121 0.125 0.1235 0.149 0.149 0.149 0.1426 0.1397 0.1296 0.1403
State bank of Indore 0.114 0.118 0.1131 0.1353 0.1353 0.1353 0.1298 0 0.1201 0.1098
State bank of Mysor 0.114 0.115 0.1173 0.1242 0.1242 0.1242 0.1225 0.1212 0.1176 0.1216
State bank of Patiala 0.137 0.124 0.125 0.1326 0.1326 0.1326 0.1307 0.1296 0.1297 0.1304
State bank of Travancor0.112 0.117 0.1268 0.1374 0.1374 0.1374 0.1348 0.1318 0.1233 0.1327
Average 0.122 0.1226 0.1202 0.1323 0.1328 0.1325 0.1294 0.1191 0.1243 0.1272
CTA

16. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Analysis of Data
Private Sector Banks CTA (Capital to Total Assets) numbers
Private Sector Banks 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
BankofRajasthanLtd. 0.106 0.113 0.1187 0.115 0.0752 0.0951 0.101 0.103 0.1132 0.103
CatholicSyrianBankLtd.0.113 0.096 0.123 0.1082 0.1001 0.1042 0.1089 0.1067 0.1101 0.1087
CityUnionBankLtd. 0.123 0.126 0.1248 0.1249 0.1346 0.1298 0.1285 0.1281 0.1247 0.1279
DhanalakshmiBankLtd.0.098 0.098 0.0921 0.154 0.1299 0.142 0.1295 0.1242 0.1105 0.126
FederalBankLtd. 0.138 0.134 0.2246 0.2014 0.1836 0.1925 0.2005 0.1894 0.1745 0.1952
IngVysyaBankLtd. 0.107 0.106 0.102 0.117 0.1454 0.1312 0.1239 0.1209 0.108 0.1212
Jammu&KashmirBank ltd0.135 0.132 0.128 0.145 0.1589 0.152 0.146 0.1436 0.135 0.1441
KarnatakaBankLtd. 0.118 0.11 0.122 0.135 0.1237 0.1294 0.1275 0.1246 0.1213 0.1262
KarurVysyaBankLtd. 0.148 0.145 0.1258 0.1412 0.1449 0.1431 0.1387 0.1398 0 0.1191
LakshmiVilasBankLtd.0.108 0.124 0.1273 0.103 0.1482 0.1256 0.126 0.1257 0.1156 0.1245
NainitalBankLtd. 0.139 0.129 0.123 0.131 0.1568 0.1439 0.1387 0.1371 0.1305 0.1373
RatnakarBankLtd. 0.108 0.343 0.492 0.423 0.3407 0.3819 0.4094 0.3983 0.3415 0.3981
SBICommercial&International bank ltd0.223 0.209 0.235 0.212 0.2731 0.2426 0.2407 0.2354 0.2198 0.2369
SouthIndianBankLtd. 0.13 0.111 0.138 0.148 0.1539 0.151 0.1477 0.1416 0.1318 0.1446
TamilnadMercantileBankLtd.0.183 0.168 0.1535 0.161 0.1554 0.1582 0.157 0.1589 0.1664 0.1586
Axis 0.111 0.116 0.1373 0.1369 0.158 0.1475 0.1449 0.1401 0.1253 0.1414
Development Credit Bank0.097 0.113 0.1338 0.133 0.1485 0.1408 0.139 0.1347 0.1192 0.1356
HDFC 0.114 0.131 0.136 0.151 0.1744 0.1627 0.156 0.1519 0.133 0.1521
ICICI 0.134 0.117 0.1492 0.1592 0.1941 0.1767 0.1698 0.161 0.1399 0.1643
IndusInd 0.105 0.125 0.119 0.1233 0.1533 0.1383 0.1335 0.1321 0.1181 0.1311
Kotak Mahindra Bank 0.113 0.135 0.1865 0.2001 0.1542 0.1772 0.1795 0.1721 0.1587 0.1755
YES Bank 0.164 0.136 0.136 0.166 0.206 0.186 0.1735 0.1673 0.1505 0.1693
DIBS 0.121 0.1262 0.1434 0.1554 0.1718 0.1636 0.1585 0.1532 0.1365 0.1546
Average 0.128 0.1367 0.1553 0.1585 0.1646 0.1615 0.1599 0.1561 0.1384 0.1563
CTA

17. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Analysis of Data
Foreign Banks
CTA (Capital to Total Assets) numbers
Foreign Banks 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Abu Dhabhi Commercial Bank0.37 0.277 0.557 0.543 0.5091 0.52605 0.5337875 0.490989583 0.43675 0.513811012
American Express 0.103 0.13 0.166 0.213 0.155 0.184 0.1795 0.17125 0.153 0.174535714
Antwerp Diamond Bank 0.397 0.465 0.4191 0.29 0.4708 0.3804 0.390075 0.4025625 0.392775 0.392244643
Arab Bangladesh Bank 0.862 1 1.094 1.366 1 1.183 1.16075 1.133958333 1.0805 1.145458333
Indonesia Bank 1.412 2.358 5.013 6.02 2.0453 4.03265 4.2777375 3.95778125 3.70075 4.149602679
Bank of America, NA 0.234 0.133 0.1214 0.138 0.115 0.1265 0.125225 0.126520833 0.1566 0.129892262
Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait 0.2 0.22 0.2456 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.29015 0.278458333 0.24265 0.281694048
Bank of Ceylon 0.564 0.632 0.5597 0.637 0.833 0.735 0.691175 0.6813125 0.598175 0.676480357
Barclays Bank 0.229 0.137 0.2111 0.171 0.1699 0.17045 0.1806125 0.17334375 0.187025 0.180490179
BNP Paribas 0.116 0.108 0.1179 0.126 0.1637 0.14485 0.1381125 0.13309375 0.116975 0.134375893
Bank 0.38 0.221 0.227 0.454 0 0.227 0.227 0.226 0.3205 0.240214286
Citibank 0.113 0.111 0.12 0.148 0 0.074 0.0855 0.08975 0.123 0.091464286
Credit Agricole Corporate Bank0.198 0.151 0.097 0.132 0.195 0.1635 0.146875 0.1475625 0.1445 0.146633929
Deutsche Bank 0.127 0.106 0.1358 0.154 0.1645 0.15925 0.1533875 0.145489583 0.1307 0.149018155
JPMorgan 0.118 0.161 0.1772 0.168 0.2363 0.20215 0.1959125 0.19009375 0.15605 0.189386607
JSC 3.715 2.2593 2.2 2.115 4 3.0575 2.843125 2.745820833 2.572325 2.79053869
Krung Thai Bank 1.335 1.217 1.1011 0.809 0.6102 0.7096 0.807475 0.875729167 1.115525 0.861232738
Mashreq Bank 1.369 0.971 1.6163 1.755 1.2736 1.5143 1.5398 1.445 1.427825 1.510260714
MIZUHO Corporate 0.658 0.344 0.278 0.372 0.4083 0.39015 0.3621125 0.35909375 0.413 0.368950893
Oman International Bank 0.096 0.11 0.2513 0.275 0.4108 0.3429 0.32 0.285 0.183075 0.295439286
Shinhan Bank 0.817 0.893 0.6262 0.517 0.582 0.5495 0.568675 0.622729167 0.7133 0.597057738
Societe Generale 0.374 0.318 0.28 0.325 0.2932 0.3091 0.301825 0.304520833 0.32425 0.30541369
Sonali Bank 0.938 0.714 0.413 0.371 0.664 0.5175 0.491375 0.528479167 0.609 0.513479167
Standard Chartered Bank 0.099 0.104 0.1059 0.1155 0.222 0.16875 0.1530375 0.144864583 0.1061 0.145164583
State bank of Mauritius 0.354 0.39 0.4113 0.346 0.314 0.33 0.350325 0.3569375 0.375325 0.354841071
The bank of Nova Scotia 0.137 0.233 0.2015 0.193 0.2054 0.1992 0.199775 0.2053125 0.191125 0.199330357
The Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi0.334 0.307 0.2687 0.295 0.6816 0.4883 0.4334 0.412333333 0.301175 0.41150119
The Development Bank of Singaproe0.313 0.292 0.2125 0.184 0.1364 0.1602 0.173275 0.1930625 0.250375 0.187116071
HSBC 0.106 0.111 0.1059 0.141 0.1803 0.16065 0.1469625 0.14096875 0.115975 0.141679464
The Royal Bank of Scotlad 0.104 0.113 0.129 0.127 0.125 0.126 0.12675 0.124458333 0.11825 0.125208333
Average 0.53907 0.48621 0.58208 0.62685 0.54898 0.58792 0.58646 0.56975 0.55855 0.58008
CTA

18. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Analysis of Data
Rural Banks
CTA (Capital to Total Assets) numbers
Rural Banks 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank 0.122 0.123 0.121 0.134 0.135 0.134 0.131 0.118 0.125 0.128
Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank 0.121 0.122 0.120 0.133 0.134 0.134 0.130 0.117 0.124 0.127
Chaitanya Godavari Grameena Bank 0.119 0.122 0.119 0.132 0.131 0.132 0.129 0.116 0.123 0.126
Saptagiri Grameena Bank 0.118 0.121 0.119 0.000 0.128 0.129 0.126 0.114 0.122 0.124
Assam Gramin Vikash Bank 0.119 0.121 0.119 0.130 0.128 0.129 0.126 0.120 0.122 0.125
Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank 0.120 0.121 0.118 0.131 0.127 0.129 0.126 0.125 0.122 0.126
Arunachal Pradesh Rural Bank 0.120 0.121 0.123 0.134 0.130 0.132 0.129 0.000 0.124 0.129
Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank 0.120 0.121 0.123 0.133 0.131 0.132 0.130 0.128 0.124 0.129
Madhya Bihar Gramin Bank 0.120 0.122 0.124 0.134 0.132 0.133 0.130 0.000 0.125 0.129
Bihar Gramin Bank 0.121 0.122 0.124 0.000 0.134 0.135 0.132 0.125 0.126 0.130
Chhattisgarh Rajya Gramin Bank 0.122 0.123 0.124 0.136 0.136 0.136 0.133 0.125 0.120 0.130
Dena Gujarat Gramin Bank 0.122 0.122 0.124 0.135 0.136 0.136 0.000 0.125 0.119 0.130
Baroda Gujarat Gramin Bank 0.124 0.123 0.126 0.000 0.138 0.136 0.134 0.126 0.120 0.131
Saurashtra Gramin Bank 0.122 0.133 0.139 0.145 0.146 0.145 0.144 0.136 0.128 0.140
Sarva Haryana Gramin Bank 0.127 0.137 0.145 0.148 0.149 0.148 0.147 0.000 0.133 0.144
Himachal Pradesh Gramin Bank 0.126 0.135 0.146 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.147 0.139 0.132 0.143
Jharkhand Gramin Bank 0.130 0.139 0.148 0.149 0.149 0.149 0.149 0.141 0.135 0.145
Vananchal Gramin Bank 0.128 0.136 0.147 0.149 0.149 0.000 0.149 0.141 0.140 0.146
Jammu And Kashmir Grameen Bank 0.127 0.136 0.153 0.154 0.152 0.153 0.153 0.144 0.143 0.150
Ellaquai Dehati Bank 0.126 0.136 0.153 0.154 0.154 0.154 0.154 0.145 0.142 0.000
Kaveri Grameena Bank 0.126 0.125 0.137 0.143 0.149 0.146 0.144 0.135 0.133 0.000
Karnataka Vikas Grameena Bank 0.121 0.120 0.131 0.139 0.143 0.141 0.138 0.129 0.128 0.136
Pragathi Krishna Gramin Bank 0.121 0.122 0.132 0.000 0.143 0.143 0.140 0.131 0.000 0.136
Kerala Gramin Bank 0.119 0.121 0.132 0.140 0.146 0.143 0.140 0.131 0.121 0.136
Narmada Jhabua Gramin Bank 0.121 0.122 0.133 0.141 0.148 0.144 0.141 0.138 0.122 0.138
Central Madhya Pradesh Gramin Bank 0.122 0.133 0.151 0.156 0.158 0.157 0.156 0.152 0.134 0.152
Madhyanchal Gramin Bank 0.139 0.145 0.178 0.180 0.182 0.181 0.000 0.174 0.153 0.175
Maharashtra Gramin Bank 0.139 0.145 0.179 0.183 0.181 0.182 0.181 0.175 0.154 0.177
Vidarbha Kokan Gramin Bank 0.155 0.163 0.192 0.190 0.195 0.192 0.192 0.187 0.168 0.188
Average 0.125 0.129 0.137 0.126 0.145 0.140 0.132 0.122 0.126 0.130
CTA

19. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Year Wise Z-Index and Probability of Bankruptcy Indian Banks
Year Avg-ROA Avg-CTA SD Z P Value
2006 0.0085 0.1221 0.0036 35.9363 0.0000
2007 0.0095 0.1226 0.0024 55.1608 0.0000
2008 0.0100 0.1202 0.0028 46.9728 0.0000
2009 0.0098 0.1323 0.0031 45.3787 0.0000
2010 0.0098 0.1328 0.0031 46.1356 0.0000
2011 0.0098 0.1325 0.0029 49.8364 0.0000
2012 0.0098 0.1294 0.0027 51.4398 0.0000
2013 0.0098 0.1191 0.0025 50.8469 0.0000
2014 0.0091 0.1243 0.0031 42.4823 0.0000
2015 0.0097 0.1272 0.0026 52.0463 0.0000
Nationalised Banks
Years Avg-ROA Avg-CTA SD Z P Value
2006 0.0080 0.1277 0.0085 15.9472 0.0000
2007 0.0095 0.1367 0.0045 32.4477 0.0000
2008 0.0114 0.1553 0.0043 39.1560 0.0000
2009 0.0108 0.1585 0.0064 26.4871 0.0000
2010 0.0095 0.1646 0.0079 22.1339 0.0000
2011 0.0101 0.1615 0.0067 25.7313 0.0000
2012 0.0105 0.1599 0.0058 29.5838 0.0000
2013 0.0103 0.1561 0.0054 31.0764 0.0000
2014 0.0099 0.1384 0.0053 27.8874 0.0000
2015 0.0104 0.1563 0.0056 29.8056 0.0000
Private Sector Banks
Year Avg-ROA Avg-CTA SD Z P Value
2006 0.0154 0.5391 0.0218 25.4819 0.0000
2007 0.0199 0.4862 0.0199 25.4026 0.0000
2008 0.0251 0.5821 0.0208 29.1906 0.0000
2009 0.0206 0.6269 0.0273 23.7341 0.0000
2010 0.0478 0.5490 0.1976 3.0207 0.0042
2011 0.0342 0.5879 0.0996 6.2487 0.0000
2012 0.0319 0.5865 0.0782 7.9097 0.0000
2013 0.0293 0.5697 0.0670 8.9402 0.0000
2014 0.0200 0.5586 0.0145 40.0021 0.0000
2015 0.0298 0.5801 0.0662 9.2113 0.0000
Foreign Banks
Year Avg-ROA Avg-CTA SD Z P Value
2006 0.0080 0.1247 0.0006 218.2445 0.0000
2007 0.0094 0.1286 0.0003 415.7697 0.0000
2008 0.0105 0.1371 0.0008 190.3448 0.0000
2009 0.0100 0.1259 0.0008 176.6259 0.0000
2010 0.0076 0.1451 0.0032 47.6384 0.0000
2011 0.0091 0.1397 0.0019 78.4624 0.0000
2012 0.0097 0.1321 0.0005 262.9232 0.0000
2013 0.0083 0.1220 0.0034 38.3862 0.0000
2014 0.0092 0.1263 0.0005 285.2946 0.0000
2015 0.0089 0.1300 0.0025 55.0513 0.0000
Rural Banks

20. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
Year Wise Z-Index and Probability of Bankruptcy Indian Banks
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Probability of Insolvency Trend in Indian Banks
Nationalised Banks P Private Banks P Foreign Banks P Rural Banks P
Nationalised Banks Z Private Banks Z Foreign Banks Z Rural Banks Z
Nationalised Banks
Z P Z P Z P Z P
2006 35.94 0.0000 15.95 0.0000 25.48 0.0000 218.24 0.0000
2007 55.16 0.0000 32.45 0.0000 25.40 0.0000 415.77 0.0000
2008 46.97 0.0000 39.16 0.0000 29.19 0.0000 190.34 0.0000
2009 45.38 0.0000 26.49 0.0000 23.73 0.0000 176.63 0.0000
2010 46.14 0.0000 22.13 0.0000 3.02 0.0042 47.64 0.0000
2011 49.84 0.0000 25.73 0.0000 6.25 0.0000 78.46 0.0000
2012 51.44 0.0000 29.58 0.0000 7.91 0.0000 262.92 0.0000
2013 50.85 0.0000 31.08 0.0000 8.94 0.0000 38.39 0.0000
2014 42.48 0.0000 27.89 0.0000 40.00 0.0000 285.29 0.0000
2015 52.05 0.0000 29.81 0.0000 9.21 0.0000 55.05 0.0000
Rural BanksPrivate Banks Foreign Banks

21. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
The Indian banking industry has seen many ups and downs in its history of evolution. In the present
study, an attempt is made to measure the insolvency risk of the selected Indian commercial banks
during the period 2005-06 to 2015-16.
Around 109 commercial banks from rural sector, nationalized sector, private sector and foreign sector operating in
India were included under the study.
Z-index is used to measure the insolvency risk. It is observed from the analysis of insolvency risk that
“Bankruptcy of the Rural Banks is higher when compared with Nationalized, Private and Foreign banks”.
Conclusion

22. PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085
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23. Thank you
PES University, 100Ft Ring Road, BSK 3rd STG, Bangalore- 560085