- The document analyzes existing and required facilities in rural Bangladesh based on surveys of local and non-local people in 5 districts.
- It finds that non-local people generally showed greater interest in migrating, while satisfaction and interest in staying varied more for locals depending on district and available facilities. Locals in Bogra expressed the most dissatisfaction and desire to migrate.
- Respondents were generally satisfied with water, transportation, but dissatisfied with electricity, communications, lack of colleges, and emergency healthcare. Bogra locals expressed the most dissatisfaction overall.
- Younger people, especially locals aged 15-35, expressed the greatest interest in migrating due to lack of education and jobs. Interest decreased with
Gender Gap of C.D. Block Kaliachak –II in Malda District, West Bengalinventionjournals
Gender Gap is a disproportionate difference or disparity between the sexes. On the others words, gender gap is the differences between women and men, especially as reflected in demographic feature, social, political, intellectual, cultural, economic attainment and attitudes. The paper beautifully presents the gender gap of demographic feature in the community development block of Kaliachak-II. The Gender gap in the distribution of male and female population is 5.62% and in the distribution of child population (0-6 years), it is very high, amounting 7.18%. The Gender gap in the literacy rate and worker rate is 3.65% and 25.77% respectively. The gender gap in the worker rate is very high in the study area.
Quality of Life (QoL) of Rural Dwellers in Nigeria: A Subjective Assessment ...Sryahwa Publications
Drawing on data collected from a survey of 156 randomly selected residents of Ikeji-Arakeji, this study evaluates rural quality of life (QoL) in Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Findings showed that majority (52.6%) of the residents were living below poverty line. Results further revealed that residents were less satisfied with key quality of life indicators especially on availability of portable water, electricity, quality of recreational facility, cleanliness of the area and access to waste disposal facilities among others.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
Internet Users in Local Language Study - 2007JuxtConsult
The India Online Vernacular Language Report studies the popularity of the activity ,local language content specific usage,Demographic Profile of Local Language Content Users,Socio-Economic Profile,Economic Profile,Net Usage Status,Net Usage Dynamics,Preferred Net Activities,Most Used Websites,Most Used Offline Media Brands,Response to Online Marketing Stimuli,Offline Brands Recalled etc
Gender Gap of C.D. Block Kaliachak –II in Malda District, West Bengalinventionjournals
Gender Gap is a disproportionate difference or disparity between the sexes. On the others words, gender gap is the differences between women and men, especially as reflected in demographic feature, social, political, intellectual, cultural, economic attainment and attitudes. The paper beautifully presents the gender gap of demographic feature in the community development block of Kaliachak-II. The Gender gap in the distribution of male and female population is 5.62% and in the distribution of child population (0-6 years), it is very high, amounting 7.18%. The Gender gap in the literacy rate and worker rate is 3.65% and 25.77% respectively. The gender gap in the worker rate is very high in the study area.
Quality of Life (QoL) of Rural Dwellers in Nigeria: A Subjective Assessment ...Sryahwa Publications
Drawing on data collected from a survey of 156 randomly selected residents of Ikeji-Arakeji, this study evaluates rural quality of life (QoL) in Osun State, Southwest Nigeria. Findings showed that majority (52.6%) of the residents were living below poverty line. Results further revealed that residents were less satisfied with key quality of life indicators especially on availability of portable water, electricity, quality of recreational facility, cleanliness of the area and access to waste disposal facilities among others.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
Internet Users in Local Language Study - 2007JuxtConsult
The India Online Vernacular Language Report studies the popularity of the activity ,local language content specific usage,Demographic Profile of Local Language Content Users,Socio-Economic Profile,Economic Profile,Net Usage Status,Net Usage Dynamics,Preferred Net Activities,Most Used Websites,Most Used Offline Media Brands,Response to Online Marketing Stimuli,Offline Brands Recalled etc
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Migration as an agent of Social Change in the Rural Areas: A case of Banke Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recent research on the impact of labor migration on the socioeconomic development of developing
countries has provided opportunity to try and resolve some of the long-standing polemics that have pervaded the
literature on migration and development. This article focuses on findings concerning the labor, remittance, and
social impacts of emigration on countries that have participated in labor emigration. While a great deal more
research needs to be done, recent findings confirm that in some situations the sort-term impacts of labor migration
on sending countries have been considerable. In the study area (Titiheriya, Samserganja and Rajhena VDCs of
Banke district, Western Nepal total 6272 young adults left “home” to work as migrants in the Gulf and Middle
Eastern countries or in India. Random sample method has been used and selected 240 households (migrants) for
the data collection. Better jobs with handsome earnings motivates them to migrate to Arabian and Indian cities
to secure livelihoods. But at the same time migrants are not free of risks. The findings of this study have shown
largely a positive outlook of migration in terms of livelihood security. This reflects the wider themes with respect
to socio-economic determinants of access and opportunity. Regardless of whether migration is as accumulative
process or coping strongly, most migrants receive little support and live in very difficult conditions at their
destinations. Thus, a rights-based approach to guarantee the overall security of migrants is needed.
A Geographical Study of Working Women from Kinwat Regioninventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
Migration Profile of Odisha with focus on BhubaneswarKamlesh Kumar
Migration is one the most important demographic component to determine the size, growth and structure of population of a particular region, besides fertility and mortality. For a large country like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in understanding the dynamics of the society and societal change better. Bhubaneswar is one of the magnets for migrants in east India attributing to its exponential growth rates. This is an attempt to map the migration pattern in the city and the state.
A Discourse on Gender Disparity: A Study on Taluks of Belagavi Districtijtsrd
The modern period witnessed the increased gender disparity reflected in sex-ratio, literacy and education, employment and wage-rates and several other socio-cultural and behavioral indicators of empowerment.(Nangia, 2005) Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenges of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance -Kofi Annan (Personal, Archive, Mahanta, & Nayak, 2013). The present paper examines the extent of gender disparity in Belagavi District based on literacy and sex ratio using secondary data. We found that literacy rate in study area was 76.93 % in 2001 which is increased to 82.90 % in 2011 and sex ratio in the study area was 960 in 2001 which is increased to 973 in 2011. There are wide disparities from Rural to Urban sex ratio as well as Rural to Urban literacy rate. The urban sex ratio is higher than rural sex ratio in study area. The Rural sex ratio is 970 and urban sex ratio is 979 females per thousand males in the 2011. We found that in Belagavi district, there is reduction in gender disparities from 2001 to 2011 but the reduction rate is very slow. Manjunatha N K | Dr. S M Hurakadli"A Discourse on Gender Disparity: A Study on Taluks of Belagavi District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2437.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/2437/a-discourse-on-gender-disparity-a-study-on-taluks-of-belagavi-district/manjunatha-n-k
Practice and Challenges of Villagization, In the Case of Selected Woreda of A...Premier Publishers
Villagization has been defined "the grouping of the population into centralized planned settlements" (Steingraber, 1987). The overall objective of this study is to explore the practice and challenges of villagization; in the selected woredas of the Assosa zone Beninshangul Gumuz regional state. To achieve goals of the survey study mixed research method was employed. Generally, the Sample size of 168 sample households was determined by using Krejcie & Morgan (1970) formula. The research employed descriptive research design on the challenges and implementation of the program, and it applied mainly qualitative methods. As this study showed, the villagization has improved communication and interaction among the villagers due to their togetherness. When villagization was implemented the lives of the villagers improved because they started to have better access to social services. The study showed that villagization was implemented voluntarily and based on the consent of the local people. However, it is possible to conclude that villagization has significantly improved the lives of the villagers by bringing positive changes that did not exist before people.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Migration as an agent of Social Change in the Rural Areas: A case of Banke Di...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recent research on the impact of labor migration on the socioeconomic development of developing
countries has provided opportunity to try and resolve some of the long-standing polemics that have pervaded the
literature on migration and development. This article focuses on findings concerning the labor, remittance, and
social impacts of emigration on countries that have participated in labor emigration. While a great deal more
research needs to be done, recent findings confirm that in some situations the sort-term impacts of labor migration
on sending countries have been considerable. In the study area (Titiheriya, Samserganja and Rajhena VDCs of
Banke district, Western Nepal total 6272 young adults left “home” to work as migrants in the Gulf and Middle
Eastern countries or in India. Random sample method has been used and selected 240 households (migrants) for
the data collection. Better jobs with handsome earnings motivates them to migrate to Arabian and Indian cities
to secure livelihoods. But at the same time migrants are not free of risks. The findings of this study have shown
largely a positive outlook of migration in terms of livelihood security. This reflects the wider themes with respect
to socio-economic determinants of access and opportunity. Regardless of whether migration is as accumulative
process or coping strongly, most migrants receive little support and live in very difficult conditions at their
destinations. Thus, a rights-based approach to guarantee the overall security of migrants is needed.
A Geographical Study of Working Women from Kinwat Regioninventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Strategies for Development of Peri Urban Areas in a Developing Country A Case...ijtsrd
The world is experiencing a new phenomena – peri urbanism. As the population is increasing and cities are infrastructurally upgraded, there has been a gradual shift of the urban population from the more developed regions to the less developed ones, aimed at availing free open spaces to live, grow and setting up new communities. This movement of urban population in large numbers has led to formation of peri urban spaces. With no such boundary to define the peri urban spaces, these areas are the outskirts of the urban centres which are to be explored. A detailed understanding about the dynamics of urbanisation is necessary for coping with the negative effects poised by urban sprawling on the peri urban areas. Being designated as one of the first smart city of India, Bhubaneswar city is experiencing formation of urban sprawls around the major urban nodes. In order to further examine the need for policy formulation, a detailed study has been done to understand the demographic, economic and social profile of the inhabitants residing within the fringe areas of Bhubaneswar. The emperical approach of the paper is based on the study of the infrastructure and development issues of the area using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The final findings of the study includes the issues, problems and recommendations to be applicable for a planned and controlled development in the peri urban areas of Bhubaneswar. Leena Sahoo | Swapna Sarita Swain "Strategies for Development of Peri-Urban Areas in a Developing Country (A Case Study of Bhubaneswar)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42350.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/architecture-and-planning/42350/strategies-for-development-of-periurban-areas-in-a-developing-country-a-case-study-of-bhubaneswar/leena-sahoo
Migration Profile of Odisha with focus on BhubaneswarKamlesh Kumar
Migration is one the most important demographic component to determine the size, growth and structure of population of a particular region, besides fertility and mortality. For a large country like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in understanding the dynamics of the society and societal change better. Bhubaneswar is one of the magnets for migrants in east India attributing to its exponential growth rates. This is an attempt to map the migration pattern in the city and the state.
A Discourse on Gender Disparity: A Study on Taluks of Belagavi Districtijtsrd
The modern period witnessed the increased gender disparity reflected in sex-ratio, literacy and education, employment and wage-rates and several other socio-cultural and behavioral indicators of empowerment.(Nangia, 2005) Gender equality is more than a goal in itself. It is a precondition for meeting the challenges of reducing poverty, promoting sustainable development and building good governance -Kofi Annan (Personal, Archive, Mahanta, & Nayak, 2013). The present paper examines the extent of gender disparity in Belagavi District based on literacy and sex ratio using secondary data. We found that literacy rate in study area was 76.93 % in 2001 which is increased to 82.90 % in 2011 and sex ratio in the study area was 960 in 2001 which is increased to 973 in 2011. There are wide disparities from Rural to Urban sex ratio as well as Rural to Urban literacy rate. The urban sex ratio is higher than rural sex ratio in study area. The Rural sex ratio is 970 and urban sex ratio is 979 females per thousand males in the 2011. We found that in Belagavi district, there is reduction in gender disparities from 2001 to 2011 but the reduction rate is very slow. Manjunatha N K | Dr. S M Hurakadli"A Discourse on Gender Disparity: A Study on Taluks of Belagavi District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2437.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/2437/a-discourse-on-gender-disparity-a-study-on-taluks-of-belagavi-district/manjunatha-n-k
Practice and Challenges of Villagization, In the Case of Selected Woreda of A...Premier Publishers
Villagization has been defined "the grouping of the population into centralized planned settlements" (Steingraber, 1987). The overall objective of this study is to explore the practice and challenges of villagization; in the selected woredas of the Assosa zone Beninshangul Gumuz regional state. To achieve goals of the survey study mixed research method was employed. Generally, the Sample size of 168 sample households was determined by using Krejcie & Morgan (1970) formula. The research employed descriptive research design on the challenges and implementation of the program, and it applied mainly qualitative methods. As this study showed, the villagization has improved communication and interaction among the villagers due to their togetherness. When villagization was implemented the lives of the villagers improved because they started to have better access to social services. The study showed that villagization was implemented voluntarily and based on the consent of the local people. However, it is possible to conclude that villagization has significantly improved the lives of the villagers by bringing positive changes that did not exist before people.
Prioritize the enablers of urbanization in indiaGirish Singh
The process of urbanization in India creates a better and higher order of infrastructures of education, employment, modernization, industrialization and healthcare facilities. As per Chetan Vaidya (2011), Urbanization is inevitable and necessary to achieve the 10% GDP growth rate of India. As per that calculation India has to increase its urban area by 40% in the next 25 years. However, the current urban governance and management of the services is far from satisfactory. This study presents a coexisting scenario of migration that is ongoing in India. Post independent India witnessed several transformations in different sectors. Due to unequal progress and the apathetic approach of development agencies and the Government, a considerable proportion of the rural population has immigrated to the urban places in search of better opportunities resulting in many problems such as unidentifiable population groups and slum formation. Migration from rural to urban has changed the nature and proportion of population and its supportive systems. This paper describes how the migration is happening in the recent time and which the more influential enablers among them are. If there are any significant enablers among the list, the government policies for future can be made concentrating on those factors to get to the GDP goal in stipulated time.
Key-words: Urbanization, India, migration pattern, government policies, education, employment, modernization, industrialization, healthcare facilities.
3 ijreh mar-2018-3-evaluating the factors impactAI Publications
The study covers the rural villages people, who are coming from rural area to urban, there are no basic industries that will employ the development active labour force, thus prompt to the urban migration to the urban areas in search of job opportunities, business enhancement, quality education and quality medical facilities etc. The present study was an attempt to identify the factors influence on migrants in rural area. The respondents are taken from Hyderabad city, because of many of people migrants from rural, with sample size 110 respondents and tested by percentages, ANOVA, multiple regressions and Factor analysis by using SPSS 20.0 Version. The results of the study shown that major factors like pull and push drivers have impact on migrants respondents whereas decision taken by family members and individual shown positive impact on migrants.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Science, Education and Innovations in the context of modern problems..pdfPublisherNasir
SEI Conference
Proceeding Title Science, Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems (2790-0169)
Type
Conference Proceedings (International)
ISSN 2790-0169
E-ISSN 2790-0177
Short Title SEI
Abbreviated key-title Sci. educ. innov. context mod. probl.
ISBN 978-1451-11-764-6
Editor Nasir Mammadov, Mammad
Chairman of Editorial Board Dr. Uma Shankar Yadav (India)
Publisher International Meetings and Conferences Research Association
E-mail (Submission & Contact) editor@imcra-az.org
Topics Science and Social Sciences (no Art and Humanities)
Frequency Bi-monthly (6 in a year)
Migration Report of Jharkhand
Migration and urbanization are two important inter-related phenomena of economic development. If channelized properly, it has the potential of societal transformation. Otherwise, it can be not only counter-productive for the societal harmony but also disastrous for the long term economic development. The historical experiences have proved that process of migration is unstoppable in modern times. The migrant workers are key force behind rising contribution of urban conglomerations to India’s GDP. Migrants are indispensable but mostly invisible key actors in cities’ development. Rural migrants in urban spaces are socially mobile, culturally flexible and economically aspiring people. Migrants are an important component of social dynamism and material development of the society. They can also be tools of cultural amalgamation and innovation. Yet, they are most vulnerable to economic exploitation and social stereotyping.
The contribution of migrants to the GDP of the country goes unnoticed. It is estimated that the migrants contribute no less than 10% to the country’s GDP.1 Many other positive as well as potential impact through the migration process remains unrecognized. According to Census 2001, in India, internal migrants account for as large as 309 million, which was about 28% of the then total population. More recent numbers, as revealed by NSSO (2007-08), show that there are about 326 million internal migrants in India, i.e. nearly 30% of the total population. Almost 70% of all the migrants are women, the fact often forgotten and lost in the data on migration.
Design challenges for sustainable mobile community communication services for...abhigyan1107
This paper is based on findings of an ethnographic field research conducted at Sudarshan
Layout, an urban slum in Bangalore, India. The research investigated mobile
based community communication and it is grounded in theoretical framework of Community
Informatics. The paper discusses communicative ecology of Ambedkar Community
Computing Center (AC3) Members, a local community of Sudarshan Layout
and hence attempts to build a broad socio-discursive-technological context of local
community communication practices.
This paper opens a discussion on social context of design for sustainability. The paper
presents an approach for design research for sustainability for Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) initiatives targeting low-income user groups and
those belonging to marginalized section of society. Following the discussion the paper
presents design challenges for sustainable mobile community communication services
for residents of Indian urban slums.
Juxt Consult India Online 2007 Local Language Content Users ReportJuxtConsult
The India Online Vernacular Language Report studies the popularity of the activity ,local language content specific usage,Demographic Profile of Local Language Content Users,Socio-Economic Profile,Economic Profile,Net Usage Status,Net Usage Dynamics,Preferred Net Activities,Most Used Websites,Most Used Offline Media Brands,Response to Online Marketing Stimuli,Offline Brands Recalled etc
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Assessment of Community Participation in Rural Development Projects in Nanger...ijtsrd
The rural poor are non beneficiaries of the enormous development efforts of the past three decades. This study is aimed at assessing community participation in rural development projects in Nangere LGA, Yobe State. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The study adopted a multi stage sampling technique, of which 10 among 11 wards were purposively selected in which they are divided into 5 wards each in the first and second stage. The study made use of 383 samples which were proportionately distributed according to population size among the 10 wards selected. The study made use of descriptive statistical techniques which involved the use of mean, percentages, and frequency distribution for the summarization of the data. The findings revealed that electricity, health facilities, and road networks in Nangere ward are functional while that of wards like Watinani and Darin health center is barely functional, the study concluded that none of the geopolitical wards had a functional financial institution. Furthermore, the findings concluded that supply of manual labor and provision of security are the major forms of community participation, it’s also clear that Pakarau and Nangere wards 62 and 60 had the highest level of community participation while Dadiso and Watinani 23 recorded the least in all ramifications. It’s recommended therefore that beneficiaries of any rural development project should be mobilized and sensitized on the benefit of community participation in Nangere LGA and rural development projects generally and selflessness and service to humanity should be fostered by traditional authorities. Ibrahim Abubakar Audu | Hassan Audu Ahmed | Tijjani Bukar Lawan "Assessment of Community Participation in Rural Development Projects in Nangere Local Government Area of Yobe State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45095.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/45095/assessment-of-community-participation-in-rural-development-projects-in-nangere-local-government-area-of-yobe-state/ibrahim-abubakar-audu
Nature and Influence of Conflict in Kibera and Mathare Slums after 2007 Elect...paperpublications3
Abstract: Conflict remains common place in the modern world with little clear distinction between war and peace. Even localized conflicts may have implications for world peace, stability and trade. Therefore, many nations who are not directly engaged in conflict are involved in efforts to monitor, manage and resolve actual or potential conflicts. If conflict is protracted, it will affect and transform a society and, therefore, a return to the situation prior to the conflict may not be possible or desirable. In many instances, these conflicts start because of the old regimes and the ways of dealing with its citizens by not representing them and oppressing or forcing them to a minimal standard of living. Conflicts can be classified in different ways depending on the nature and root cause as seen in the sub sections bellow. This paper Assess the nature and influence of the conflict in Kibera and Mathare divisions during the 2007/8 Post Election Violence. Methodologically, the study utilized secondary sources with major emphasis on primary data collection.
A study on the evaluation of scientific creativity among science
A study on existing and required facilities or amenities for
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.5, No.4, 2014
51
A Study on Existing and Required Facilities or Amenities for
Decentralized Activity in Rural Bangladesh
Afrin Hossain, Anhar Zihan Athoi, Mirza Imran, Mijanur Rahman
B.Sc student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET)
afrin0915@gmail.com,
ABSTRACT
As rural areas lack proper facilities and services, people tend to migrate to urban areas in hope of better standard
of life. This causes various problems in urban areas. These problems can only be reduced if sufficient facilities
are provided in the rural areas. This study attempts to find out the facilities and services required by both the
local and non-local people living in the rural areas.
The findings from the study are based on data collected through questionnaire surveys. The surveys were
conducted separately for the local and non-local respondents. The findings reflect the level of satisfaction of
people with various facilities. Also it reflects the priority of services and facilities that are the most required by
the local and non-local respondents. A lot of variation was revealed regarding requirements of the local and non-
local people among the five districts (Moulvibazar, Bogra, Bagerhat, Pabna, Kishoregonj) under inspection. The
study attempts to analyze the underlying reasons behind these variations.
Based on the analyses, the study recommends some important facilities that should be provided to keep the
people away from moving to major cities. If facilities and services of priority are provided then people will find
the places more comfortable for living and the interest to migrate will reduce.
KEYWORDS: Migration, Existing and Required Facilities, Priority of Services, Rural Area Development.
INTRODUCTION:
People tend to stay living somewhere if life in that place has attractions for them (Masum, 2006). Otherwise,
people lose their interest of being there and move to another location. This is the general idea of migration- the
movement of people from one place to another. There are two types of migration- international migration and
internal migration.. Internal migration, specifically rural to urban migration is a huge problem in Bangladesh. As
rural areas lack proper facilities and services, people tend migrate to urban areas in hope of better standard of
life. This can only be reduced if sufficient facilities are provided in the rural areas. Again, the required facilities
vary from people to people. The facilities demanded by the local people (those who belong in that area from
birth or a very long time) vary from the people who are not local to that area.
This study focuses on the push factors that initiate migration among people in the study areas such as lack of
employment opportunity, lower income, lack of community facilities and utilities etc. Also it observes the
number and quality of existing facilities and the level of satisfaction of people with them.
The study areas were Juri, Kulaura, Dhunat, Gabtoli, Bera, Mollahat, Bhairab upazilas. Juri and Kulaura upazilas
are in the Moulvibazar district. Juri upazila is situated between 24°22´ and 24°41´ of northern latitude and
91°01´ and 92°13´ of eastern longitude (Mannan, 2007). Kulaura upazila is situated between 24°19´ and 24°39´
of northern latitude and 91°54´ and 92°07´ of eastern longitude. The area of Juri and Kulaura upazilas are 238.44
and 431.63 square kilometers respectively. The population of these two upazilas is 168,423 and 305,954
respectively. Juri upazila has 8 unions and 144 villages and Kulaura has 13 unions and 410 villages (Ahmed,
2007). The literacy rate of Juri upazila is 39.79% and kulaura upazila is 51.08%.
Dhunat and Gabtoli upazilas are in the Bogra district. Dhunat is situated between 24° 32´ and 24° 48´ of northern
latitude and 89° 28´ and 89°40´ of eastern longitude. Gabtoli upazila is situated between 24°46´ and 25°01´ of
northern latitude and 89°22´ and 89°33´ of eastern longitude. The area and population of Dhunat and Gabtoli
upazilas are 247.73 and 239.60 square kilometers and 290,190 and 265,926 respectively. Dhunat upazilla has 10
unions and 210 villages and literacy rate of this upazila is 31.1% (Islam, 2007). Gabtoli upazila has 11 unions
and 213 villages and literacy rate of this upazila is 39.7% (Hai, 2007).
Bera upazila of Pabna district is situated between 23°48´ and 24°06´ of northern latitude and 89°35´ and 89°44´
of eastern longitude. Mollahat of Bagerhat district is situated between 22°48´ and 22°59´ of northern latitude and
89°40´ and 89°57´ of eastern longitude. And Bhairab upazila of kishoreganj district is situated between 21°11´
and 24°02´ of northern latitude and 90°54´ and 91°02´ of eastern longitude. The area of Bera, Mollahat and
Bhairab upazilas are 248.60, 187.44, and 139.32 square kilometers respectively and population are 208,897,
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116,729 and 192,448 respectively. Bera upazila has 10 unions, 157 villages and literacy rate is 34.59% (Sattar,
2007). Mollahat upazila has 7 unions, 102 villages and literacy rate is 48.9% (Biswas, 2007). Bhairab upazila has
6 unions, 79 villages and literacy rate is 40.7% (Ahmed S. , 2007).
The goal of this study is to find out the facilities and services required by both the local and non-local people.
Also the study intends to find out the differences between the expectations of these two groups. The study is
pursued with following objectives:
1. To study the requirements and facilities/amenities for the non-local field or rural level govt., non-govt.
officials.
2. To study the perceptions regarding aspiration for facilities that would keep locals in the study area.
3. To compare the perceptions of different stakeholders.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
The goal of the study is to learn what reasons work behind the rural to urban migration. Also the study seeks to
observe the basic difference between the expectations and requirements of the local and non-local people. To
achieve the goal, previous works on migration were studied. These studies helped the study group to make
guidelines on what tools to use and how to get effective results. The studies were used to know about various
concepts about migration, types and reasons behind it. Various statistical analysis tools (SAS) that are to be used
to get best results from the data analysis.
Concept of Migration
Migration is the movement of individuals or groups from one place to another who have the intension of
remaining in the new place for some substantial period of time. For a movement to be considered a migration, it
must a) be across a political or administrative boundary, b) involve a change of “usual residence” (Begum,
2004). There are two types of migration: International- the movement from one political boundary to another
political boundary; Internal migration- the movement from one place to another within the same country.
Review on Previous Works Related to the Study
To correctly conduct the survey and analyze the collected data, various works on migration were studied as part
of the literature review. To know what facilities are usually required in a rural area, a report on rural growth
center development was reviewed. The report on “VISION OF GROWTH CENTRE DEVELOPMENT FOR
DEVELOPED RURAL BANGLADESH BY 2015” by Sanjid Ahmed Masum was studied to understand the
rural development condition, their economic activities, their development opportunities through growth centre
development and finally provide them a better lifestyle along with better or desired economic growth or
opportunities.
One of the significant studies was conducted by Chowdhury (1978) which was a micro level analysis giving
attention to the causes of out migration from rural Bangladesh. His main finding was that out migration from
villages are governed by the rural push factors.
In Haris Todaro model push factors like land scarcity, unequal distribution of land and high proportion
agricultural laborers are main reasons for out migration in Bangladesh. It was also found that low income to
lower middle income people are highly mobile and middle income people are least mobile (Oakil, 2007).
Research Design and Data Collection Technique
To accomplish the research social survey and Focused Group Discussion-FGD has been used to collect relevant
data. In aspect of social survey, semi-structured questionnaire and in case of FGD, guide questionnaire have been
used. For social survey, face-to-face interview procedure has been followed.
Research Instrument and Analysis Techniques
For data analysis, various statistical tools were used in this project. Researches on migration and rural growth
center development were reviewed to understand how the statistical tools were used to analyze data and to find
the relation between different factors.
Frequency Distribution and Charts
Different bar charts and pie charts have been used in the report “FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERNAL
MIGRATION TO DHAKA CITY” by Begum (2004) to show variations between different factors such as-
· Available of transport mode used by the dwellers
· Types of water supply, latrine facility
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· Age and sex group of the respondent
METHODOLOGY:
Sample and Data Collection
The analysis was based on limited data where the sample size was 50 (30 for local respondents and 20 for non
local respondents) for each upazila / thana. So the findings and outcomes may not represent the overall situation
of all the rural areas of Bangladesh. In total, 350 data was collected through questionnaire survey from 7 upazilas
of different districts. In some cases, local people were unable to give correct information regarding existing
infrastructures and facilities. On the other hand, all the necessary information could not be collected while
interviewing non-local people as it was conducted during office time and time was limited. Cost, distance and
time imposed some constraints to the study group.
Preparation of Questionnaire and Field Survey
Before preparing the questionnaire, a co-ordination schema was used to describe the arrangement of variables
based on the objectives. The utility and community facilities, satisfaction and dissatisfaction and expectation on
existing facilities, interest to migrate to other places, frequency of natural disasters and priority check- list on
requirements of the respondents were the major variables of the study. Depending on these variables 2 types of
questionnaire for local and non local people were prepared. Among 50 questionnaires, 30 questions were for
local people and among the remaining 20 questionnaires, 5 were govt. officers, 5 were non govt. officers, 3 were
medical officers and the remaining were staffs. Then the questionnaire survey was conducted to familiarize the
study group and different stakeholders with the existing condition of the area for prioritizing their needs.
Data Analysis
Various statistical methods using SPSS and EXCEL have been followed for analyzing the data for both local and
non-local where necessary. Then comparisons between local and non local respondents were shown by graphical
and tabular form. From the survey as well as personal observation and data analysis, problems of the study area
have been identified and major needs of the people have been prioritized. From this, recommendations were
prepared based on their requirements and dissatisfactions.
MAJOR FINDINGS:
Variation of Willingness to Migrate in the Five Districts
It is observed that the interest of migration varied in all the five districts among the local and non-local people.
The non-local people showed greater interest of migration irrespective of the district. On the other hand, other
than the people of Bogra, most of the local people showed less interest to migrate. This higher level of
dissatisfaction in Bogra was due to the lack of various facilities compared to other districts. Contrary to the
situation in Bogra, people of Moulvibazar showed the least interest to migrate. It is because they are satisfied
with most of the facilities.
Districts
Local Non-local
Willing to Migrate
(%)
Willing to Stay
(%)
Willing to Migrate
(%)
Willing to Stay
(%)
Moulvibazar 32.2 67.8 72.5 27.5
Bogra 63.8 36.7 86.11 13.89
Bagerhat 50 50 56.25 43.75
Pabna 43.3 56.7 85 15
Kishoregonj 50 50 63.16 36.84
Level of Satisfaction with Various Facilities
Water Quality and Electricity: Both local and non-local people of most of the districts show overall satisfaction
with water quality. When it comes to availability of electricity, the local people of Bogra show the highest
percentage of dissatisfaction (82.76% dissatisfied). But the non-local people show less dissatisfaction (22.5%
dissatisfied) with the same facility as the non-locals have access to electricity at least in their offices. However
both local and non-local people of all the districts show a higher level of dissatisfaction with frequency of load
shedding.
Communication Facilities: It is observed that the local people are more dissatisfied than the non-local people
with communication facilities (telephone line, satellite cable connection and internet access). It is because unlike
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the local people the non-local people have access to these facilities at least in their home or office. The people of
Bogra exposed the most dissatisfaction with all the communication facilities (telephone-78.85%, internet-
53.85%, satellite cable-68.42%). The people (local and non-local) of Moulvibazar and Pabna are more sarisfied
with all these facilities than the other three districts.
Transportation Facilities: Most people are satisfied with transportation facilities. Significant amount of local
people of Bagerhat (90.91%) are unsatisfied with too many accidents. Local people of Kishoregonj show greater
dissatisfaction (73.7%) with structural condition of roads as most of them are kucca. Other than these two
instances, most people(both local and non-local) are satisfied with transportation facilities.
Community Facilities:
The non-local people of Bogra are the only ones disturbed by political violence and the local people of Bagerhat
are the only ones disturbed by the problem of land grabbers. Other than these two instances, most people (local
and non-local) of all the districts are generally satisfied with social security factors (ethnic violence, political
violence, land grabbers and frequency of crime).
Among various community facilities (school, college, hospital service-regular and irregular, shopping center,
community center) most of the people both local and non-local, show greater level of dissatisfaction with college
education and emergency hospital service. Also it is observed that the people of Bogra are the most unsatisfied
with most number of facilities. Though people in most districts have available schools, they do not have access
to college education. For higher education most of them have to move to big cities which are why the
dissatisfaction rate with colleges is high.
Relation between Age of Respondents and Interest to Migrate
In total, 47.8% local people and 74.4% non local people are more interested to migrate. With increasing age,
interest to migrate decreases more for local people than the non local. It is also observed that, young people (age
group 15 – 35) are more likely to migrate than others. The reasons behind their interest to migrate are lack of
educational and employment opportunities. An exception is found with age group >55 for non-local people since
they are more willing to migrate with increasing age. The following reasons are found: only govt. officers belong
this group. Since they live without their family in the study area with income range BDT 15000- 40000 they are
more willing to migrate. Besides, they desire more sophisticated medical, recreational and educational facilities
that the study areas are failed to provide. After providing required facilities only 25% people want to stay in the
study area and the remaining 75% want to migrate.
Interest to migrate
Age
Local Non local
Yes (%) No (%) Yes (%) No (%)
15-25 75 25 100 0
25-35 63.6 36.4. 81.7 18.3
35-45 50 50 78.6 21.4
45-55 23.8 76.2 45.5 54.5
>55 33.3 66.7 66.7 33.3
Relation between Income Range of Respondents and Interest to Migrate
Total income range (0 to >30000) of local people has been divided into 8 parts. Among different income groups,
people with income <3000 to 3000-5000 are more likely to migrate. In total, 48.4% people show their interest to
migrate. It is also found that, those who are not earning person (i.e. income is zero) for example: housewife show
no interest to migrate. It’s because interest to migrate does not depend on their personal willingness. As the
income range is further increasing, rate of migration is decreasing. So there exists an inverse relationship
between income and migration interest of respondents and it is clear that if people get their expected income they
may not want to migrate.
Community Facilities
Local Non-Local
Satisfied Unsatisfied Satisfied Unsatisfied
School 62.98 37.02 49.1 50.*
College 19.50 80.50 36.2 63.8
Regular Hospital Service 62.02 37.98 66.4 33.6
Emergency Hospital Service 17.79 82.21 32.8 67.2
Shopping Center 59.00 41.00 61.2 38.8
Community Center 61.35 38.65 51.35 48.65
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Total income range (<5000 to >40000) of non local people has been divided into 7 parts. It is observed that, with
increasing income, interest to migrate of non local people decreases though this declining rate is lower than the
local people. So it can be said that if people get their expected income, their interest to migrate could be reduced.
But an exception is found that people with income greater than 40000 are more willing to migrate. Few reasons
behind this fact are identified: the professions of this income group are govt. officer (14%), NGO/ private officer
(14%) and medical officer (72%) and majority of them lies in the age group of 25-35 and 45-55. Most of them
live with their family and about 72% people show their interest to migrate. The reasons behind their interest to
migrate are: quality of school and college, medical facility, improved lifestyle, income and employment
opportunity, recreational facility. After providing their expected facilities they are interested to stay in the study
area.
Relation between Different Age Group and Income Range of Local Respondents
From the chart below, we find that 44.4% people whose income is less than 3000 are within the age group of 15-
25. Again, migration interest is high for the people with age of 25-35 and people with income 3000-5000.
Further we also relate the data from the above two topic that people whose age are between 15-25 and income
<3000 are more likely to migrate. Again, 35.7% people whose income is 5000- 10000 are within the age group
of >55.
Relation between Different Professions and Interest to Migrate of the Respondents
Among different professionals of local people, health officer (100%), day laborer (100%), student (85.7%), staff
(83.3%) are more willing to migrate to other places. Besides, others professions (rickshaw puller, auto driver,
carpenter, lawyer, seasonal laborers) also show a greater interest to migrate. In total, 48.3% people want to
migrate.
Among different professions of non local, except the teacher and businessmen almost people of all professions
are more willing to migrate. But migration of govt. official and private official depends on their transfer order.
In total, 74.4% people want to migrate.
Relation between Migration with Family and Interest to Migrate of Non- local
Those who are not living with their family are more interested to migrate (82.8%). The respondents who are
living with their family are also likely to migrate (67.2%). Because of community facilities specially educational
facility they don’t want to keep their family with them in the study area. If the factors for which they are
unwilling to keep their family with them could be recovered, they may want to stay in their respective places.
Relation between Level of Satisfaction of Community Facilities and Willingness to Migrate
To determine the relation between level of satisfaction of existing community facilities with interest to migrate,
analysis has been done based on six factors– schools, colleges, regular medical service, emergency medical
service, shopping centers, and community centers. There are also other factors such as police station, bazars,
cinema hall, theatre etc which are avoided because people either satisfied with these services or there is no
service at all in the areas. Analysis has showed that shopping centers have the most impact on interest to migrate
Figure 1: Relation between different age group and income range of respondents
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for both non-local (75.60%) and local (59.80%) respondents who are dissatisfied. But non-local respondents
dissatisfied with existing community facilities want to migrate more than the local respondents. For local people
willingness to migrate has negative relation with satisfaction level of existing community facilities and depends
on community facilities. Again graphical analysis has showed that people satisfied with the existing facilities
want to migrate more than the unsatisfied people for better services. So this relation is positive for non-local
people and does not depend on the facilities rather depends on other services. So enhancement of these facilities
may help only the local people to stay at their places.
Relation between Level of Satisfaction of Utility Facilities and Willingness to Migrate
To analyze the relation five factors have been taken based on their effectiveness on migration. These factors are
availability of gas, availability of electricity, tolerable level of iron, tolerable level of arsenic and load shedding
frequency. Analysis has showed that Tolerable level of iron (80%) has the most impact on interest to migrate for
non-local where tolerable level of arsenic (65.7%) has the most effectiveness on local respondents who are
dissatisfied. Again non-local respondents dissatisfied with existing utility facilities want to migrate more than the
local respondents. Condition of existing utility facilities has strong negative relation with interest to migrate for
both local and non-local respondents. So improvement of these facilities is much needed and can facilitate the
respondents to remain in their places.
Local Non-Local
Figure 2: Interest to migrate in relation with people (%) NOT SATISFIED with the community
facilities
Source: Field survey, 2014
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Top Stated Priorities Based on Average Score
Figure-4 and Figure-5 shows the average score distribution of factors in the priority list. Respondents were asked
to rank the important priorities from a list of factors and give scores in descending order to the priorities those
were significant to him. Such as first important priority would get a score of 10, second most important priority
would get 9 and so on. First the total score for a definite factor was calculated. Then the total score was divided
by the no. of respondents. For example for non-local people the factor "Increased income opportunities" got a
total score of 1028. This total score 1028 is divided by 140, which is the number of non-local respondents. Thus
"Increased income opportunities" got an average score of 7.3 for non-local people.
Local
Figure 3: Interest to migrate in relation with people (%) NOT SATISFIED with the utility facilities
Source: Field survey, 2014
Figure 4: Top stated priorities based on average score for non-local people
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From Figure-4 and Figure-5 it is observed that the most prioritized factors, which are common for both local and
non-local people are
(1) Increased income opportunities (2) Number of educational facilities (3) Quality of education (4)
Improved life style (5) Improved medical facilities.
In Figure-4 and Figure-5, we observed the priorities in general for overall respondents of five districts. But if we
evaluate district wise top sated priorities then we can see that the scenario is a little different in Bogra and
Bagerhat district.
In Bogra "Supply of Electricity" got the highest average score (6.3) and "Improved Medical Facilities" got
second highest average score (6.23) for local people. "Supply of gas" is also highly prioritized (average score-
5.8) for non-local people of Bogra.
In Bagerhat "Ownership of Land" (average score-6.47) and "Supply of Agricultural Instrument" (average score-
5.1) are highly prioritized for local people. "Improvement in Social Security" (average score-6.10) is one of the
top priorities for the non-local people of Bagerhat as they were often intimidated by the land grabbers.
DISCUSSION:
Local
1. Interest to migrate is high within the age group of 15-25 (about 75%) and 25-35 (about 63.6%). The
major reasons behind this interest are education and employment opportunity. After these age groups,
interest to migrate gradually decreases with increasing of age of the respondents.
2. The people whose income is < 3000 and 3000-5000 want to migrate more than others and their
percentages are 73.3 and 68.9 respectively. These people are unsatisfied with their income level and
want to migrate.
3. Except these two groups, interest to migrate rapidly decreases with increasing income within the range
of 5000- above 30,000. So there exists an inverse relationship between increasing income and interest to
migrate within these ranges. It is clear that, if people get their expected income they may not want to
migrate.
4. Another reason may be included in this regard that because of they are local people; they are more
willing to live in their own birth place.
5. People whose age are within 15-25 and income <3000 are more likely to migrate.
Source: Field survey, 2014
Figure 5: Top stated priorities based on average score for local people
Non-Local
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6. Among different professionals, health officer (100%), day laborer (100%), student (85.7%), staff
(83.3%) are more willing to migrate to other places. The reasons behind this are employment
opportunity and educational facility.
7. Though natural disasters are frequent, most of the people are unwilling to migrate for this reason.
Incorporating all the factors of natural disasters (heavy rain, drought, earth quake, river erosion, cyclone
etc), around 56.7% people don’t want to migrate. So we can say, there may exist other influential
factors for which people want to migrate.
8. Shopping centers have the most impact on dissatisfied local people (59.80%) who want to migrate
where condition of regular hospital service has the most impact on satisfied people (44.20%).
9. Tolerable level of iron has the most impact on dissatisfied local people (65.70%) who want to migrate
where tolerable level of iron has the most impact on satisfied people (48.20%).
10. Local respondents dissatisfied with both the existing community and utility facilities want to migrate
more than the satisfied people for better services.
11. Among the five districts, people of Bogra show the most interest of migration. Conversely people of
Moulvibazar and Pabna show the least interest of migration The underlying reasons are many. It is
observed that people of Bogra are dissatisfied with most facilities, such as availability of electricity, too
much load-shedding, political violence, communication facilities, road structure type, education
facilities, hospital service and recreational facilities. On the other hand, people of Moulvibazar and
Pabna are highly satisfied with most facilities.
12. Dissatisfaction with emergency medical service is very high among all the respondents (82.21%).
When in emergency, most people face a problem with availability of expert doctors. Also the available
doctors often recommend them to go to district hospitals or clinics. This is quite difficult and sometimes
impossible in emergencies.
13. Though people in most districts have available schools, they do not have access to college
education. This is why most respondents (80.30 %) show dissatisfaction rate with college education.
For higher education most of the people have to move to big a city which is why the dissatisfaction rate
with colleges is so high.
14. Almost all the districts a higher percentage of dissatisfaction with frequency of load-shedding. It is
because in spite of having electricity connection, most people face hours of load shedding every day.
Especially in summer, most people face load shedding up to 5-6 times a day lasting hours.
15. Except Pabna and Moulvibazar, all the people are dissatisfied with communication facilities. Reason is
people of these two districts have access to these facilities whereas the other districts don’t.
16. People of Bagerhat are highly dissatisfied with problems of land grabbers. All the respondents (100%)
stated to have faced problems with trespassers on their lands trying to throw the land-owner from their
own property. However the data analysis found no relation with interest of migration with this problem.
Non- local
1. Among different age groups, people within age group 15-25 show a greater interest to migrate (100% in
the age group 15-25). The major reasons behind this are education and employment opportunity.
2. With increasing age, interest to migrate decreases though the rate is very little.
3. Except teachers and businessmen, most of the professionals more or less want to migrate. Among them
health officers (100% among health officers) and staffs (88.7% among staffs) show a greater interest of
moving to another location. It is because they are not satisfied with their income.
4. It is found that people who live alone want to migrate more (82.8%) than the people who live with their
family (67.8%).
5. With the increase in income, interest to migrate of respondents decreases (within the range of 5000-
40,000).
6. But still people with income greater than 40,000 want to migrate. A few reasons are found behind this
exception:
Most of the reasons are about quality of school and college, improved lifestyle, income and
employment opportunity, communication facility. The professions of this income group are medical
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officer (5), govt. officer (1), and NGO/ private officer (1). 57.1% of these officials are within the age of
25-35 and 28.6% are within the age of 45-55. Among them medical officers (60%) want to migrate
more. It is found that interest to migrate among govt. officer and NGO officers depend less on their
willingness, rather depend on their transfer order. 5 officials among 7 live with their family and 2
officials live alone in the study area. After providing the facilities they are interested to stay in the study
area.
7. People with age >55 show greater interest to migrate. Few reasons are identified for this exception, and
they are:
100% of them are govt. officers. 75% of them are within the income range of 15000-20000 and 25% of
them are within the income range of 30000-40000. 25% of them live with their family in the study area
and remaining 75% live alone. 66.7% people show their interest to migrate and remaining 33.3% don’t
want to migrate. The reasons behind their interest to migrate are: improved lifestyle opportunity, to live
with their family, improved medical facilities etc. After providing required facilities only 25% people
want to stay in the study area and the remaining 75% want to migrate.
8. Shopping center has the most impact on dissatisfied non-local people (75.6%) who want to migrate
where condition of existing school has the most impact on satisfied people (80.70%).
9. Tolerable level of iron has the most impact on dissatisfied non-local people (80%) who want to migrate
where load shedding frequency has the most impact on satisfied people (78.60%).
10. Irrespective of the district, a high percentage of the non-local people show an interest to move to
another location.
Comparison
1. With increase in income, local people are more willing to stay in the study area whereas non- local
people are not.
2. With increase in age, local people are more willing to stay in the study area whereas non- local people
are not.
3. Non-local respondents dissatisfied with existing community facilities want to migrate more than the
local respondents.
4. Shopping centers have the most impact on both non-local (75.60%) and local (59.80%) respondents.
5. Non-local respondents dissatisfied with existing utility facilities want to migrate more than the local
respondents.
6. Tolerable level of arsenic has the most impact on non-local where load shedding frequency has the most
effectiveness on local.
CONCLUSION:
Development of rural infrastructure is needed to achieve a strong rural economy which is very important for the
socio economic development of Bangladesh. It has positive impact towards employment generation and poverty
alleviation which were the major push factors of migration to the larger cities. People tend to live in a place,
where he may find it comfortable and where the place has its attraction for them. If facilities and services of
priority can be provided then people will find the places more comfortable for living and the interest to migrate
to a major city will reduce.
Decentralization of activities will create more employment opportunities which will lead to increase in income of
people. Improvement of facilities and services will follow its way with the increase in income. On the other hand
provision of infrastructure support to the rural areas will stimulate the possibility of investment which will create
employment opportunity for local people. Non local officials both govt. and non-govt. will also find it more
attractive to live. So a well planned and integrated approach is needed to focus on the development of rural
growth centers and upazila headquarters which will subsequently reduce the rural to urban migration.
RECOMMENDATIONS:
1. Adequate investment in infrastructure, particularly transport, electricity and community facilities for
linking urban and rural (upazilas) areas will improve rural productivity and provide better access to
markets, jobs and higher level services like hospital, higher educational institutions, govt. office etc.
11. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.5, No.4, 2014
61
2. Local bodies (upazilas) should be accompanied by more power to manage their own affairs, provisions
of public services enabling them to function effectively like promotion of small industry (area basis).
Thus it could offer permanent jobs for a part of population leaving the study area and a certain degree of
preparation for urban life for other migrants.
3. At present, planning activities in Bangladesh is too much centralized and so practical bottom- up (from
upazila to national plan) planning approach is required for achieving integrated rural development.
4. A coordinated set of employment policies is needed which will help to formulate full and productive
employment opportunities and reducing poverty.
5. “Multi-purpose Training Centre” in coordination with government and non-government organizations
should be established at upazila level which will provide skill training. With improvement in skills, the
unemployed labors/workers can be self -employed and diversified income opportunities will be created.
6. Presence of full time doctors, medical officers, nurses, staffs and supply of necessary equipment and
medicines at each of the upazila health complex should be ensured. Emergency medical services should
be available to the people from all levels. A standard quality assurance guidelines including monitoring
and evaluation mechanism to every health centre should be provided (Anonymous, 2011).Quality of
living for the medical officers have to be ensured as they tend to transfer in urban areas from rural
areas.
7. A framework should be developed to improve the quality of education/ central government should take
responsibilities for formulating policies, financing, setting quality standards of the primary and
secondary educational system, while lower levels of government should take responsibilities for
administering and monitoring the system (Anonymous, 2005-06).
References:
Masum, S. A. ( 2006). "Vision of Growth Centre Development for Developed Rural Bangladesh by
2015", Dhaka.
Oakil, A. T. (2007). An Analysis of Internal Migration in Bangladesh (unpublished MURP thesis).
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, BUET, Dhaka.
Begum, K. N. (2004). Factors Affecting The Internal Migration To Dhaka City (unpublished MURP
thesis). Department of Urban and Regional Planning, BUET, Dhaka.
Ahmed, S. U. (2007). Retrieved February 2014, from Banglapedia: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/K_
0389.htm
Biswas, T. K. (2007). Retrieved February 2014, from Banglapedia: http://www.banglapedia. org/HT
/M_0376.htm
Hai, A. (2007). Retrieved February 2014, from Banglapedia: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/G_0001
.htm
Islam, S. (2007). Retrieved February 2014, from Banglapedia: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/D_
0248.htm
Ahmed, S. (2007). Retrieved February 2014, from Banglapedia: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/B_05
13.htm
Mannan, A. (2007). Retrieved February 2014, from Banglapedia: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/J_
0152.htm
Sattar, A. (2007). Retrieved February 2014, from Banglapedia: http://www.banglapedia.org/HT/B_
0490.htm
Anonymous (2011). "Health Policy 2011, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of
the People's Republic of Bangladesh" (in Bengali). Retrieved 20 April 2014, from:
http://www.mohfw.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74%3Ahealth-
policy-of-bangladesh&catid=54%3Abasic-link-page&Itemid=92&lang=en.
Anonymous (2005-06). Ministry of Education, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.
Retrieved April 19, 2014, from:http://www.moedu.gov.bd/old/edu_system__edu_policy.
htm
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