A Short Note On Ct Dose Calculation ( Ct )

A Short Note On Ct Dose Calculation ( Ct )
iSAP – CT Dose Calculation
Introduction:
The role of computed tomography (CT) in imaging has risen substantially in the previous decade
(Hess et al. 2014). With its increasing demand, one of the most predominant concerns for radiation
workers is the dose administered to the patient (Hess et al. 2014). Therefore, the calculation of dose
is a parameter that must be monitored closely.
Task 1:
Exposure
Exposure is the amount of electrical charge produced by ionising radiation per unit mass of air. It is
measured in Coulomb per kilogram C kg–1, where its former unit was Roentgen (Schoepf 2005).
Absorbed dose
The absorbed dose is the energy (joules) deposited by ionising radiation per unit mass of material in
kilograms, as a result of exposure to ionising radiation. The absorbed dose is therefore measured in
J/kg or gray (Gy) where 1Gy = 1J/kg. The absorbed dose is calculated by multiplying exposure with
W, where W is the conversion factor from exposure to absorbed dose depending on the absorbing
medium (Siegel 2008).
Equivalent dose
The absorbed dose is a poor indicator of the likely biological effect, as the biological effect of the
same absorbed dose will depend on the type of radiation. This is because the linear energy transfer
of radiations that produce dense ionisation tracks cause more biological damage per unit dose than
low linear energy transfer radiations, and thus must have higher radiation weighting factors.
Therefore, the equivalent dose (HT) is measured
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Prexion Research Paper
The PreXion is the new and improved 3D Cone Beam CT Machine(CBCT). For over 15 years they
have been improving the 3D DICOM image reconstruction processing and software visualization.
Some of the highlights of this machine is an accurate 360–degree rotation, 260–1024 projected
views, clear detailed imaging and a 2D Panoramic mode. The specification for this machine are
awesome, it is meant for standing but also can adjust for patients who are in wheelchairs. It also
comes with computers, a single console and a viewer computer. The diagnostic images that are
produced from this CBCT Machine are noticeably the clearest images available today. The CBCT
Machine is one of the greatest machines for all specialties. It has many different viewing windows ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well, this is possible by simply using the control panel and selecting what specialty applies. How
exactly does this machine work with all specialties? Orthodontics is the treatment of irregularities in
the teeth and jaw. To treat this, we would use braces to correct the irregularities. Most common at an
orthodontist office they would just take a Panoramic and use that to tell what treatment needs to be
done but with the machine it shows the exact relationship of all the surrounding anatomy, it also
shows the limitations of tooth movement that can be done but most importantly it can show you
everything you need to see with minimal radiation. Implantology is a dental technique that allows
for replacement of either single teeth or entire arches by fixing ceramic teeth on top of these
specifically designed "implants". The PreXion can help with this specific specialty by quickly
mapping nerves, assessing the bone quantity and quality and determining the proper implant
angulation and position. In the Oral Surgery Department, this machine would be useful in a way that
you can clearly see wisdom teeth and supernumerary teeth, properly diagnose cysts, tumors, and
lesions and Identify sinus walls, never positioning as well as other vital structures and locations
located throughout the head and neck regions. Periodontics is the branch of dentistry concerned with
the structures surrounding and supporting the teeth. In this specialty, it is extremely important to
identify disease and pathology and this machine can clearly show infection by being able to focus on
a pinpointed area. It also can evaluate bone loss and defects. The specialty of root canals is called
Endodontics. With the CBCT machine the operator has the ability to see the canals that are not
visible in 2D and they can identify lesions and abscesses by using a variety of desktop view. A good
one to detect and abscess would be the coronal view or the sagittal

Lethal Injection Research Paper
The Lethal Injection 2014 was the worst year in the 37th year history of the lethal injection. That
year four executions were reported as problematic. For example on the evening of July 23, 2014,
Joseph Rudolph Wood III was killed at the Florence State Penitentiary in Arizona. Wood was first
convicted in 1989. He awaited the day of his execution for over 15 years. The day finally came. The
execution of Wood began at exactly 1:52 MST. His death was supposed to be fast, painless, and
most importantly, instantaneous. This did not actually happen that day. What was supposed to be a
ten minute procedure, lasted over two whole excruciating, agonizing, two hour, of his life. The
"deadly" drug cocktail that was injected into his body that

The Batch Cultures
Based on the results of the batch cultures, in the previous chapter, the authors decided to investigate
15 g, 25 g, and 35 g of 500 mg/g of 95% LIPC for the in vivo study. Day 0 samples confirmed that
opportunistic bacteria were present. SBEC bacterial concentrations increased linearly (P = 0.008) as
LIPC dose increased but concentrations were similar for 0 and 15 (Table 5.1). As the dose of LIPC
increased the concentration of C. perfringens decreased linearly (P = 0.03). The remaining three
opportunistic bacteria strains, C. difficile, E. coli general, and E. coli K–12, were not significant (P ≥
0.20) across treatments. Numerically, 25 had the lowest concentration of E. coli general, and 0 had
the lowest concentration of C. difficile. Although increasing the dose of LIPC decreased C.
perfringens the observation that increasing the dose also increases SBEC would suggest that there
may be no additional benefit of dosing LIPC above the recommended rate. However, this would also
suggest that the nutraceutical reaches the cecum without being compromised in the stomach during
the digestion process.
Parameters of inflammation, including ESR (P = 0.87) and range of motion (P ≥ 0.24) were not
significant among treatments (Table 5.2). Additionally, all blood work was within normal ranges
(data not shown), suggesting that increasing the dose of LIPC has no negative effect. Interestingly, a
numerical basis suggested that, 35 had the least amount of inflammation detected on the ESR

Persuasive Essay On Animal Testing
Animal experimentation causes tremendous harm and suffering to otherwise innocent animals. The
cruelty level on testing ranges from food and water deprivation, to cosmetic purposes, to burning
and chemical exposures, to injections of diseases they would have otherwise never contracted on
their own, to purposeful death of an animal or groups of animals to see how it would take place or
how much an animal can withstand before termination (Humane Society International). The Silver
Spring Monkeys is known as the case that launched PETA. A member of PETA went undercover in a
lab that tested on 17 monkeys living in tiny wire cages that were caked with years of feces that had
accumulated (PETA). These monkeys were subjected to surgeries where their spinal nerves were
severed, rendering one or more of their limbs useless (PETA). "Through the use of shock, food and
water deprivation, and other methods, the monkeys were forced to try to regain the use of their
limb(s) or go without food. The trauma of the monkeys' imprisonment was so traumatizing they
ripped away their own flesh and had lost most of their fingers from getting them caught in tiny wire
cage bars." (PETA). Experimenters also neglected to feed the 17 monkeys and would often force
them to dig beneath their feces to try to locate food. The monkeys would be moved from cage to
experimental tables and rooms only with a choking rod placed around their neck. This case was the
first Supreme Court victory for animals used in

Full Body Scanners Do Not Lead to Safer Travel Essay
Why should anyone including my 3–year–old daughter unnecessarily be exposed to cancer causing
X–ray beams in a full body scanner? Or have a total stranger run his or her hands up and down my
daughter's body for a full pat–down upon refusing the scan? Most enraging is that the scan can be
done without my knowledge. Full body scanners should not be used in United States airports. The
Transportation Security Administration (TSA), on November 20, 2010 implemented the use of 385
scanners, otherwise know as advanced imaging technology in 68 airports to include Denver
International Airport. The TSA is using these machines supposedly to ensure safer travel and be
steps ahead of security threats. According to the TSA, as a preventive measure, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The two types of scanners currently being used by the TSA are backscatter imaging technology and
millimeter wave imaging. The backscatter imaging is an X–ray beam bounced off the skin.
Millimeter wave imaging bounces of electromagnetic waves off the skin as well. Being that both
technologies do not penetrate the body, explosives hidden in body cavities or surgically implanted,
go completely undetected (Heasley 1). Since the technologies being used only bounce waves of the
body surface, this leaves then skin highly exposed to concentrated amounts of radiation. Health side
effect studies of full body scanners have been labeled classified and inaccessible to the general
public. Four professors from the University of California– San Francisco, whom are well respected
cancer, X–ray crystallographers and imaging experts stated in a letter to the Obama administration
that, "The low–energy rays do a "Compton scatter" off tissue layers just under the skin, possibly
exposing some vital areas and leaving the tissues at risk of mutation. When an X–ray Compton
scatters, it doesn't shift an electron to a higher energy level; instead, it hits the electron hard enough
to dislodge it from its atom." The authors note that this process is "likely breaking bonds," which
could cause mutations in cells and raise the risk of cancer (Johnston). Furthermore, the UCSF
researchers write in their letter, "older passengers are more susceptible to mutagenic effects of X–
rays, and "the risk of

Medical Case Scenarios
Today Dyana and Adriana wanted me to practice taking a client into the exam room, taking a history
doing everything for the dog. They wanted me to do this appointment from start to finish. They
wanted me to do this client because she was a woman that had previously worked at our clinic and
knew that there were students there to practice. The patients name was Rocky; he was a puppy
coming in for his third booster. I didn't want to be alone so I told Patty if she can watch over me to
see if I do everything correctly. I took the patients record sheet and went out to the front to call the
owner and the patient to come in. I call out "Rocky your appointment is ready" tell the client hello
and show her to the room. First thing I ask the client ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I did my first appointment with a client; they told me I did well but I'm not sure if I took a good
enough history. Patty told me that usually the doctor will do a much more in–depth history with the
client. She said the exam tends to become much longer if both the doctor and the technician asked
the same number of questions but that it also depends on the situation. This was just a puppy booster
and the dog had been previously seen a few weeks ago so usually not much has changed. I was very
nervous talking to the client but did enjoy the whole process from start to

Is Animal Testing Essential For Humanity?
Mekhla Singh
December 7 2015
Period 3
Ene/European Literature Is Animal Testing Essential for Humanity?
Around the world, animal testing has been a controversy for many years. In the cosmetic and
medical industry, doctors claim that animal testing is essential for life and solves many issues.
Although animal testing may have helped the cosmetics industry and has provided opportunities,
this form of experimenting has not been imperative to humanity. Even though animal testing has
been helpful, it is no longer necessary due to the development of science, which provides humans
with accurate and safer forms of testing that exclude cruelty.
Animal testing has been a cruel form to help humanity by fulfilling desires that are not needed for
one's survival. Imperative processes have been executed for minor reasons such as creating
eyeshadows, lipsticks, and many other cosmetic objects. However, these minor reasons are simply
conducted in order to fulfill a human's satisfaction, which is quite unnecessary. There are several
methods of testing on animals, however, two major types include Acute Toxicity tests and Eye and
Skin–Irritation tests. Acute Toxicity tests are being used to identify the intensive effects of any kind
of product, whether it's a little bottle of eyeliner, or a small palette of eyeshadow. According to
PETA,(People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) examiners perform this process by forced–
activity such as inhalation, burning the skin, paralyzing

Ld50 Correlative Model
LD50 or the lethal dose of 50%, is the amount of a chemical which kills 50% of the population of a
test species (used in toxicity evaluations) exposed to that. The EPA study used IC50 toxicity data of
selected chemicals towards HeLa cell lines to predict their in–vivo (LD50) toxicity values. IC50 is
an index of the toxicity of a substance defined as the concentration of that chemical which have
inhibitory effects on the growth of the 50% of the test population. HeLa cell used in this study is an
immortal cell line, which is the oldest yet most commonly used human cell line for scientific
research.21 In the next step, we explain how LD50 data predicted from the EPA's correlative model
can be further used to estimate the human health impacts

Animal Cruelty Essay
Animal Cruelty
The topic of animal cruelty is one of great importance to the wold today. Why we humans have the
right reserved to treat animals as lesser individuals is beyond me. Animals are fulfilling their part in
the ecosystems and communities of the earth, and to the best extent that they are able. For example,
a spider is being the best possible spider that it can be, spinning webs and working diligently at what
it knows best, not bothering any creatures of the earth besides the ones which it needs to capture for
food. We, as humans, decided that we are a much advanced life form and can basically treat
anything else in this world in ways which we cannot imagine being treated. As a result the threads
holding our earth together ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The infamous Draize eye test cannot be forgotten either. Chemicals are instilled into the eyes of
rabbits in stocks, often for up to seven days. And because their eyes are physiologically different
from ours, they cannot produce enough tears to wash the substance away and it remains there for
long periods of time. Unfortunately for them, rabbits are cheap and simple to maintain, and they also
have large eyes.
In the acute inhalation test the animals are subjected to intense amounts of a certain substance or
toxin in a small caged environment for four days to test the effects of chemical inhalants used in
aerosol spray cans and other gaseous materials. The animals which actually survive the test are then
killed to be examined. This is also done with tobacco products and alcohol.
Another instance included the removal of infant rhesus monkeys from their mothers at birth and
isolated or given cheap substitutes to study the need for a maternal figure early on in life. After 4
months some of the babies were able to integrate back into a normal monkey society, the ones
isolated for a year or more had definite social problems.
To attempt to find more out about our sexuality we of course turn to cats.
After some nerve surgery, the cats involved became disoriented and lost interest in sexual activity.
There was also the dastardly one in which

Mirtazapine Case Summary
Considering Mr. Joe's current medication regime mirtazapine and moclobemide appears to be the
suitable option. An initial dose of mirtazapine 15 – 30 mg at night can be started. Depending on how
well Joe responds, maximum dose of 60 mg per day can be utilized.
The second choice of drug is moclobemide, which could be prescribed with an initial dose of 300
mg (increasing after two weeks) with a maximum dosage of 600 mg in two divided doses. This can
be achieved by increasing the dose in increments of 150 mg until Joe's mood improves. (1, 2)
If commenced on mirtazapine the following five counseling points should be discussed
It may cause drowsiness and may increase the effects of alcohol therefore driving and handling
machinery should be avoided ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brand substitution is not allowed for these, as each brand comes with its own monitoring service.
Clozapine Patient Monitoring System [CPMS] for Clozaril and Clopine Connect for Clopine.(10)
Answer 3 (c)
The monitoring protocol recommends obtaining baseline troponin I or T, CRP, ECG and ECHO.
CRP and troponin should be monitored subsequently on a weekly basis for the first four weeks of
treatment.
The patient monitored for developing illness. During the first four weeks of the treatment , vital
signs and symptoms have to be assessed at least on every alternate day. It is suggested that troponin
and CRP be measured daily if there are abnormal symptoms like increased heart rate or raised

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Kratom
How Enhanced Kratom is Different from Super and Premium Kratom?
Kratom, whose scientific name is Mitragyna speciosa, is a medicinal plant that has been used for
thousands of years in Southeast Asia. The plant only gained prominence in the Western world in the
last few decades. According to an excerpt on Kratomlegend, a leaf of this plant can contain up to 40
naturally occurring alkaloids, the potent ingredient that interacts with the nervous system of the
human body to produce wide ranging health effects. The leaves of the plant are usually dark green
while the flowers are typically yellow in color. The plant grows very fast since it absorbs sunlight
and CO2 at a much higher rate compared to most plants. A mature Kratom tree can grow up to 15
feet or more. Its treatment potential is wide and far reaching and includes:
Calming the nerves
Mood lifting
Lowering blood pressure
Ease depression
Relieve pain and body ache
Stimulation of the immune system
Energize the body
Kratom enthusiasts also take it to enhance libido, sharpen the levels of concentration and for
achieving a state of optimism and euphoria. The herb can also be prescribed to people addicted to
hard opiates such as opium and heroin. If taken responsibly, Kratom is very safe and has little or no
serious side effects. The mild effects include nausea and difficulty sleeping. It is also important to
note that Kratom is not known to cause addiction or withdrawal symptoms. The Kratom sold in the
market bears many names, the most widely used product categories are Enhanced Kratom, Premium
Kratom and Super Kratom. Over the years, Kratom has also evolved, giving rise to the formation of
many strains, each with different effects. According to Kratomscience, a list of the common strains
of Kratom and their effects on the body reads as follows:
10 Common Strains of Kratom and their Effects Strains Effects
1. Ultra Enhanced Maeng Da Produces pain killing effects. It is also stimulating and energizing.
2. Red Vein Kali This strain of Kratom is highly sedating.
3. Maeng Da Maeng Da is energizing, stimulating and posses pain killing effects.
4. Green Vein Kali Green Vein Kali produces highly stimulating and pain relieving effects.
5. Ultra Enhanced

Medicines Co Marketing
The Medicines Company Case Write–Up: Terence Cho, Felipe Duarte, Aleks Loiko, Robert Shaw,
and James Wang
Section 4, Group 10
Medicines Company's drug, Angiomax, outperforms Heparin, but incurs significantly higher costs to
produce, making the drug difficult to attractively price. This difficulty in pricing stems from a poor
positioning strategy for Angiomax which does not maximize the perceived value (PV) that the drug
provides to its key customer segments. Therefore, Medicines Co., must develop a positioning
strategy that maximizes the perceived value of Angiomax. Medicines Co. must first determine the
critical characteristics its key customer segments (doctors, hospital administrators, and pharmacists)
value in an anticoagulant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
to price Angiomax between $139 and $391. We recommend a halfway price of $265. This
incentivizes doctors and, indirectly, hospital administrators to purchase the drug since this price is
lower than the PV created by this positioning strategy.
Implementing this solution requires additional considerations. First, Medicines Co. needs to
thoroughly train its representatives on the cost savings and risks of complication statistics that show
the significant effectiveness of Angiomax over Heparin for high–risk patients. This is critical for
their interactions with doctors. Second, Medicines Co needs to allocate additional marketing
budgeting to demonstrate that Angiomax is a more effective treatment for high–risk patients and not
simply an alternative to Heparin. Finally, since Angiomax is close to being approved for heart
attacks, the marketing team should perform another analysis of the marketing framework and budget
more marketing to highlight the effectiveness of Angiomax in treating heart attacks over Heparin.
Appendix A:
Appendix B
Table 1 – Calculation of True Economic Value (Average extra cost for complications or death:
$8,000) Complication | High Risk(diff. Angiomax – Heparin) | High Risksavings | Very High
Risk(diff. Angiomax – Heparin) | Very High RiskSavings | Death | 0.0% | $0.0 | –0.5% | –$40.0 |
heart attack | –0.9% | –$72.0 | –2.6% | –$208.0 | repeat

Multiple System Failures Responsible For The Sentinel...
1. Two System Failures Responsible for Contributing to the Sentinel Event: Insufficient Drug
Information and Inconsistent Independent Double–Check System
Multiple system failures contributed to the death of baby Miguel. One system failure responsible
was due to insufficient drug information. The insufficiency was due of the facility allowing a
pharmacist to prepare pediatric medications for a diagnosis that he or she lacked knowledge. Even
though the pharmacist did reach out for assistance, they still lacked the knowledge to recognize the
error at hand. Had the pharmacist been familiar with the treatment for congenital syphilis, they
possibly could have prevented this tragedy. Additionally, the facility did not employee a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, the facility should have a system in place that alerts the staff regarding high dosages.
One way to alert the pharmacist would be via a computerized system that monitors the dispensing of
all medications. The system should contain an up to date database for referencing medications. Also,
the computerized system should have parameters set for alerting pharmacy and nursing staff for all
high dosages. When taking cost into consideration, the facility might not have the feasibility to
implement an entire computerized dispensing system that provides dosage alerts and cross check off
of medications. To maintain patient safety with limited funds, the facility should have remote access
to a pediatric pharmacy where all pediatric medications can be cross–checked and verified. If the
facility was unable to have a pediatric pharmacist on staff, the remote access would provide a safety
net for pediatric medication dispensing. In addition to the pharmacy staff having access to a
computerized system, the physician should as well. Had the physician had computer access and been
required to enter medication orders, the tenfold error could have been noted and not reached baby
Miguel.
B. Disciplines From Where the Insufficient Drug Information and Inconsistent Independent Double–
Check System Emerged The corrective actions should emerge from the facility, the physician, the
pharmacist, and

Radiation Quantity And Units Essay
Radiation quantity and units Most scientists in the international community measure radiation using
the System International (SI), a uniform system of weights and measures that evolved from the
metric system. In the United States, however, the conventional system of measurement is still
widely used.
2.2.1) Units of Radioactivity:
The original unit for measuring the amount of radioactivity was the curie (Ci)–first defined to
correspond to one gram of radium–226 and more recently defined as: 1 curie = 3.7x1010 radioactive
decays per second. In the International System of Units (SI) the curie has been replaced by the
Becquerel (Bq), where One Ci is equal to 37 billion (37 X 109) Bq.
Ci or Bq may be used to refer to the amount of radioactive materials released into the environment.
2.2.2) Radiation exposure unit:
The exposure rate defined as the exposure per unit time. The special unit of exposure is the roentgen
(R) defined as the amount of gamma ray and X– ray radiation that produced a charge of 1
electrostatic unit (esu) of charge per 0.001293 g (1cm3) of dry air at standard temperature and
pressure (IAEA, 1989). The SI (stander international) units of exposure are coulomb/Kg of dry air.
1R = 2.58 × 10–4 C/Kg in air
2.2.3) Absorbed dose unit:
Sometimes also known as the physical dose, defined by the amount of energy deposited in a unit
mass in human tissue or other media. The original unit is the rad [100 erg/g]; it is now being widely

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gil Dosimeters
Dosimetry systems developed in standards laboratories utilize calorimetry, ionization and chemical
methods for determining absorbed dose to water. One chemical method, the gel dosimeter, in which
substances carrying dosimetric information are suspended in a gel matrix, allows dose distributions
to be measured in three dimensions (3D), promising true 3D quality assurance measurements in
radiotherapy treatment planning. Gel dosimetry has many advantages compared to conventional
dosimetry techniques such as ion chambers, TLDs and films. This dosimeter not only records the
radiation dose distribution in 3D with good spatial resolution, but also has the ability to integrate
radiation doses from multiple directions. These advantages are particularly significant in dosimetry
situations where steep dose gradients exist, such as in intensity–modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
and stereotactic radiosurgery. This 3D dosimeter is radiologically soft–tissue equivalent with
properties that may be modified depending on the application. The readout techniques that have
been developed include magnetic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The genipin gel dosimeter composed of genipin which is extracted from the fruit of Gardenia
Jasminoides Ellis (widely used in herbal medicine) (Djerassi et al. 1961). The Genipin can react
with proteins or amino acids present in materials such as gelatin, and form molecular cross–links. A
recently developed application of genipin–gelatin cross–linking is the 3D dosimetry in radiotherapy
applications (Jordan 2008). Genipin–gelatin (genipin gel) is a light to dark blue radiochromic gel
which bleaches quantitatively after irradiation. Radiochromic genipin gel undergoes a fast bleaching
process which produces a dose image with sufficient stability and sensitivity to be used as a 3D
dosimeter for doses less than 100 Gy (Davies et al.,

The Internal Defense System Of Moolluscs
World Health Organization (WHO) stated that the median lethal concentration (LC50) for any
molluscicidal material must not surpass (100 ppm) (WHO, 1993). The present results showed that,
match 5%EC (Lufenuron 5% EC) was toxic to B. alexandrina snails at LC50 2.04 mg/l (Table 1).
The internal defense system of molluscs is comprised of cellular and humoral components (Le
Clec'h et al., 2016). Thus, the immune response is carried out by circulating hemocytes and soluble
hemolymph factors (Fried, 2016). In B. alexandrina, there are three main hemocytes categories:
hyalinocytes, small undifferentiated and granulocytes (Cavalcanti et al., 2012). In the present study,
light microscopic investigation revealed that there was significant ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is reflecting the damages caused by this insecticide on hepatic cells. These results are in
harmony with the previous study of (Mahmoud and El–Sayed, 2004), where they found an increase
in the activities of AST and ALT in the hemolymph of five fresh water snails species maintained at
LC10 and LC25 Niclosamide ( it is the only molluscicide recommended by WHO for snail control
programs). The recorded changes may be due to animal's trials to restore the amino acid balance in
different body organs (Farkaset et al., 2004). The current study indicated that total protein and
albumin concentrations in hemolymph of the snails exposed to sublethal concentrations of Match
5% EC were decreased compared to that of control group. This observation was previously recorded
by (Mahmoud, 2006), after exposure of B. alexandrina snails to sublethal concentrations of the
insecticides Regent and Mimic for 4 weeks and this decrease is due to the damages and degeneration
of ovotestis and digestive glands cellular structure of treated snails. Also, (Fahmy et al., 2014)
reported a significant decrease in total protein and albumin contents in hemolymph and soft tissues
of treated snails with zinc oxide

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Energy Drinks
#4 VINTAGE BLAST VINTAGE BLAST claims to be the "best natural pre–workout energy drink",
and we'd struggle to disagree. Advertised as the world's first two–stage pre–workout supplement,
VINTAGE BLAST is specifically formulated to provide support from the beginning to the end of
your workout. But does it live up to the hype? Let's find out. EFFECTIVENESS: We found
VINTAGE BLAST to be highly effective, and experienced noticeable energy boosts in just 20
minutes. As promised, the two–stage formula allowed us to maintain maximum intensity throughout
our workout, and perform at a higher level. It seems users agree, with one reporting that he
increased his deadlift PB from 395lbs to 410lbs after just one month of using VINTAGE BLAST.
We also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
RATING: ★★★★ DOSAGE: VINTAGE BLAST recommends assessing tolerance by mixing half a
scoop into 400ml of water. Once tolerance is ascertained, mix 1 scoop into 400ml of water 15–30
minutes before exercise. High–level athletes can take up to 2 scoops before events. PROS/CONS: ┼
100% vegetarian friendly, gluten free, and GMO free. ┼ Features a unique "two–stage" formula that
slowly releases ingredients to avoid dependency. ┼ Holistic design delivers 9 electrolytes and
micronutrients that most other products don't contain. ┼ Contains zero carbs, sugars, or calories. ─
Only available in one flavour. ─ Bottles contain only 20 servings, whereas most supplements
include 30 servings. ─ Slightly expensive compared to other supplements. ─ Unclear exactly how
the "two–stage" formula works. OVERALL: Due to its holistic, vegetarian friendly, gluten free
formula, which contains no carbs, calories, or sugars, we recommend VINTAGE BLAST to anyone
seeking an organic – but highly effective – pre–workout supplement. The two–stage formula also
makes this product ideal for anyone who wants to maintain consistent energy levels throughout their
workout. RATING: ★★★★ #5 MUSCLEPHARM ASSAULT BLACK The latest pre–workout
product from trusted providers MusclePharm, MusclePharm Assault Black may be relatively new to
the scene, but it's quickly gaining a strong

The Medicines Compacy
The Medicines Company What is the value of Angiomax to a hospital? Both Angiomax and Heparin
are widely used as an anticoagulant in acute coronary heart treatment. Since Angiomax is a potential
substitute for Heparin, Angiomax can be of great value to a hospital. Angiomax has three significant
advantages over Heparin. First, the effects of Angiomax are more accurate and dependable which
makes the product more predictable. Second, Angiomax doesn't require a 2–3 hour wait time for
results whereas Heparin does. Last but not least, Angiomax is safer for patients that are at risk for
bleeding. In all, it is effective in reducing complications or death in a hospital, which lead to a
decrease in costs. For example, if there are complications or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, the company will want to educate the market and buyers. Angiomax should be seen as the
newest and best product on the market! What do you think of the Medicines Company's business
model of "rescuing' abandoned drugs? Just as anything, the company does face the risk of failure.
The fact that they are 'abandoned' drugs should be a red flag as well. There is a reason and probably
multiple reasons why other companies abandoned these drugs. The list could include cost, profit,
safety, effectiveness, and much more. You have to wonder why this company thinks they can make a
difference in these abandoned drugs. Lets say Angiomax does become a success. Does this mean the
other drugs that they promote will be successful as well? Definitely not. Since the Medicines
Company doesn't have much history, they are more at risk with no accountability. Not to mention,
they don't have other drugs on the market that are or attaining FDA approval. I don't think that the
Medicines Company is ready to pursue this business model. Their focus should remain on
Angiomax. If Angiomax is a success, how much will this business model change? If Angiomax is a
success, I would expect the business model to change slightly. Their plan with rescuing abandoned
drugs could be pursues little by little. After the success of Angiomax they will have more exposure.
The company could take baby steps towards the company's 'next big hit' due to

Animal Experiments For Cosmetics And Household Products
Almost every type of human or animal cell can be grown in the laboratory. Animal experiments for
cosmetics and household products continue even though non–animal tests are widely available.
Instead of measuring how long it takes a chemical to burn the cornea of a rabbit's eye, manufacturers
can now drop that chemical onto cornea–like 3D tissue structures produced from human cells.
Likewise, human skin cultures can be grown and purchased for skin irritation testing. Scientists have
managed to coax the cells to grow into 3D structures, such as miniature human organs, which can
provide a more realistic way to test new therapies.
Testing cosmetic products on animals is not effective and is dangerous to the animals. There are
more effective alternatives to the tests that are performed on animals. In Vitro International's
Corrositex (synthetic skin) can provide a chemical corrosivity determination in as little as three
minutes to four hours, unlike the experiments on animals which often takes two to four weeks.
Crude skin allergy tests in guinea pigs only predict human reactions 72% of the time. But a
combination of chemistry and cell–based alternative methods has been shown to accurately predict
human reactions 90% of the time. The standard test on pregnant rats to find out if chemical or drugs
may harm the developing baby can only detect 60% of dangerous substances. But a cell–based
alternative (EST) has 100% accuracy at detecting toxic chemicals.
DakDak, an

Tests on the Medical Effectivness of Phlomis...
Phlomis Younghusbandii Mukerjee is a perennial herb (family Labiatae) and grows wildly in
Qinghai–Tibet Plateau of China. It has been widely used to treat colds, coughs, sores ulceration,
rheumatoid arthritis, pneumonia, bronchitis and other diseases for thousands years. In this paper, 5
iridoid glycosides (sesamoside, shanzhiside methylester, 7, 8–dehydropenstemoside, penstemoside
and 8–O–acetylshanzhiside methylester) and 3 phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, alyssonoside,
and isoacteoside) in the four samples from different places were analyzed by HPLC. The acetic
acid–induced writhing test, the hot plate test, the carrageenan–induced paw edema test, the xylene–
induced ear swelling test, and the acetic acid–induced Evans blue leakage ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Younghusbandii[2–7].
Iridoid glycosides and phenylethanoid glycosides with antinociceptive and anti–inflammatory
activities have been isolated from several plants of genus Phlomis [8–9].In our recent study, the
related plants, Phlomis umbrosa Turcz and Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo, have showed
significant antinociceptive and anti–inflammatory activities in several animal models[10–11].At the
same time,six iridoid glycosides: sesamoside,shanzhiside methyl ester, 7,8–dehydropenstemoside,
penstemoside, 8–O–acetylshanzhiside methyl ester, phlomiol and three phenylethanoid glycosides:
acteoside, alyssonoside, and isoacteosidewere isolated and identified from P. Younghusbandii.
Among of these compounds, 7, 8–dehydropenstemoside, and three phenylethanoid glycosides were
isolated from this plant for the first time [12].In this paper,the acetic acid–induced writhing test, the
hot plate test, the xylene–induced ear swelling test, and the acetic acid–induced Evans blue leakage
test were used to investigate the antinociceptive and anti–inflammatory activities of the aqueous
extract of this plant.5–iridoid glycosides (sesamoside, shanzhiside methylester, 7, 8–dehydro–
penstemoside, penstemoside and 8–O–acetyl–shanzhiside methylester) (Fig. 2)and 3–
phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, alyssonoside, and isoacteoside) (Fig. 3)in three samples of P.
Younghusbandii from different places were

Analysis of Research on Caffeine's Effects on Mood...
1. A) What general topic is the author addressing? The author is addressing whether caffeine can
have an affect on mood dimensions of arousal versus a subject feeling pleasant. The author also
addresses whether these arousals will influence memory in either of two ways. First, arousal through
learning, and second through altered mood states through learning and recall (Herz,1999).
B) What have other researchers already discovered about this topic? Other researchers have found
that caffeine is one of the most psychoactive substances consumed (Gilbert, 1984). Several studies
have showed significant findings in which caffeine can affect effects in mood including increasing
rates of happiness, well being, calmness, and alertness (Zwyghuizen–Doorenbos, Roehrs, Lipschutz,
Timms, & Roth, 1990). It has also been shown though research that caffeine can elicit anger,
anxiety, and nervousness depending on the dose given to participants. Low doses are more likely to
increase feelings of happiness, and positive thoughts, while higher doses can elicit anxiety and
nervousness. Alcohol has also been researched with its affect on memory. Participants whom had
consumed alcohol were more likely to recall more words in a memory test rather than when they
were not intoxicated. Through this research it has been argued that drugs achieve their affects on
memory by the effects of a participants mood (Bower, 1981).
C) How does the current study follow from previous research? What is new about

The Fight For Physician Aid
The fight for Physician aid in Dying's nation wide legalization. Ever since Dr. Kevorkian or "Doctor
Death" drove his car around the united states assisting over 40 patients to take the own lives
physician aid in dying has been a topic which has sparked controversy (DiManno). Although his
actions did receive large amounts of negative feed back it did lead much of the population to the
question of whether or not it should be legal for an individual to have medical assistance to take
their life in certain situations such as terminal illness or chronic physical pain. Through the years
this idea has adopted the name physician aid in dying. Personally I believe that we should, because
when it comes to our body we should have 100% control over what we choose to do with it. Even if
that is choosing to take our own life in times of great physical pain and suffering. Although
physician aid in dying is already legal in five states, I believe that it should be legal in the remainder
of the states in the United States. While I know that the thought of a doctor prescribing a lethal
dosage of a medication to help a patient to take their life can be disturbing to some people it should
not be illegal. If that were the case eventually it could be illegal to get tattoos or have hair cuts that
may be disturbing to some people. The way I see it is that if PAD is really what someone wants it
should be an option to them no matter what state they live in. The thought of someone suffering
from a

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
At least 100 million animals die every year from animal testing (PETA). This is not only an
extortionate amount, it is an imprudent and unnecessary practice. Animal testing, according to
Cruelty Free International is, "the use of non–human animals for purposes of determining the safety
of substances such as foods or drugs". By understanding what animal testing is, the history behind it,
the negative implications, and the scientific invalidity, changes can be made and progress can be
made towards to efforts of eliminating animal testing.
Many different tests are used in the process of animal testing. Some tests include the LD50, MTD,
TCL, and LDLO. LD50 stands for lethal dose. A group of animals is given the maximum amount of
the product until 50% of the animals are killed. MTD stands for Maximum Tolerated Dose. In this
test, the largest amount of product an animal is able to tolerate for an extended amount of time is
determined. TCL stands for Toxic Concentration Low. This test determines the lowest amount of
liquid, gas, or vapor that a toxic effect can be produced. LDLO, standing for Lethal Dose Low, is a
test in which the product is administered to animals until the first animal is killed (Davoudian–
Telle). This is just a few of the tests that are performed.
Animal testing is not a new practice. The origin of animal testing dates all the way back to 384 BC.
Rachel Hajar discusses that Aristotle and Erasistratus, Greek scientists and philosophers, tested on
live animals.

Speech: Animal Testing Essay
Speech: Animal Testing
Introduction:
Rows of rabbits wait in cages, their heads tightly clamped in stocks to prevent movement. The lower
lids of the rabbits' eyes are pulled back. Technicians drip nail polish remover, mascara, shampoo,
and astringent into their eyes, where the chemicals stay for three to 21 days. The chemicals burn and
often blind the animals. Rabbits' sensitive corneas make excellent subjects for this procedure–called
the Draize test–because they cannot cry to wash away the toxic chemicals. They have no tear ducts.
First I will introduce the amounts of animals that are being used in these tests and those tests that
they are being used for. Second I will describe what these tests are used to figure out and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However estimates range from 2 to 20 million of those animals are not being killed to save lives,
they are being killed in order to provide vain women with cosmetics.
The tests that these animals are being used in range in cruelty. The two that are the cruelest and are
the mostly widely used are the Draize and the LD50 tests. The Draize test, developed in 1944,
involves dropping potentially irritating substances into the eyes of rabbits, whose inferior tear ducts
do not allow them to cry the substances away. The Food and Drug Administration supports this test.
Susan Rick, director of the "compassion program" at People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
(PETA), a Washington, D.C. based animal rights organization.
Points out the fact that "its their test" pointing out that the doctor that developed the test worked for
the FDA. Its not surprising then that according to FDA guidelines, new drugs must be determined
safe as well as effective. While the FDA has no authority to require animal tests per se, it does
require the most accurate tests available. And right now, the FDA believes that means animals.
That's right they have no authority, because there is NO law that requires companies to test their
personal care and household products on animals before selling them to consumers. The second, and
possibly even crueler than the Draize test is the LD50 test.
LD50 stands for

Non Voluntary Euthanasia
A seventy–year–old women with a damaged mitral valve in her heart undergoes a risky surgery after
her cardiac failure incident. The doctor does all he can do to assist her with the best of his abilities
but the surgery did not go as expected. Then an experimental cardiac assist device was implanted in
her chest. Again, the same issue replayed and the patient wakes up but unresponsive due to the
constant inadequate blood flow from her heart. At this point she feels excruciating pain, the doctor
and staff agreed she would not survive. The doctor remained in the hospital over the course of the
events for over twenty hours and receives consent from his patient's family to put her on morphine
to relieve her pain. He observes that she is still in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lynn also strongly represents her point of the doctor's prolonged association with the case altering
his judgement stating, "He has been working for too long and was probably too involved in the case,
perhaps even too sympathetic to the patient's plight." (Lynn 139). In result led to the injection of
potassium chloride to end her suffering and controlled her death. I also think his staff should have
gave their own opinion throughout the events taken place before the lethal injection, maybe even
talking out to the doctor before the injection. Applying opinions and reviews about the decision of
ending her life, may have led to a different outcome to limit the possibilities of imprisonment and
controversy for the doctor. Ultimately, the treatment was futile and that might have led to the
doctor's moral judgement to end her from suffering slowly to her

Treatment Of Symptoms Associated With Adhd
As mentioned previously in the review, the most commonly used interventions for the treatment of
symptoms associated with ADHD are behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapeutic medication
regimens. While both methods have been shown to produce positive outcomes ²individually, the
American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a combination of both methods when treating
symptoms. Pelham, Burrows–MacLean, Gnagy, Fabiano, Coles, Tresco, Chacko, Wymbs, Wienke,
Walker, & Hoffman (2005) examined the effect of transdermal methylphenidate treatment combined
with behavioral modification methods on ADHD–symptomatic children.
Participants included twenty–five males and 2 females between the ages of 6 and 12. All participants
were required to meet the DSM–V criteria for ADHD. The researchers exposed participants to
various levels of methylphenidate treatment (placebo, 12.5 cm², 25 cm², 37.5 cm²), as well as two
behavioral modification conditions (modification, no modification). Participants in the behavior
modification condition were measured through a comprehensive system of cost–reward
components. Participants were socially rewarded for high scores as well as rewards for meeting
weekly goals. These behavioral modification measures were adjusted to fit both classroom and
recreational settings. In the NBM (no behavior modification) condition, behavioral treatment was
suspended in order to mirror natural classroom and recreational settings. While behaviors and rule
violations were still

The Effects Of Nutraceutical, Turmeric And Its Active...
In total, four experiments were conducted to determine the therapeutic and safety effects of the
nutraceutical, turmeric and its active ingredient curcumin on canine and equine. Two studies were
conducted on client–owned, moderately arthritic canines, studying the therapeutic and safety effect
of curcumin's anti–inflammatory properties. In Exp. 1, two different dosages, 500 mg, SID of 95%
curcumin and 250 mg, BID of 95% liposomal–curcumin, were evaluated in ten moderately arthritic
dogs over five months. The dogs in the 95% curcumin group had an overall greater significance in
pain reduction by Day 60. Exp. 2, was a follow–up experiment to Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, two different
dosages, 500 mg, SID or 100 mg, SID of 95% curcumin, were evaluated ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
coli K–12 (P = 0.5114), E. coli general (P = 0.1083), C. difficile (P < 0.0001), and C. perfringens (P
= 0.2439). The follow–up in vitro 24 h batch culture examined four different dosages (15 g, 20 g, 25
g, and 30 g) of 500 mg/g of LIPC, at reducing the concentration of opportunistic bacteria. These
results were utilized to determine the dosing rate in vivo. Exp. 3, in vivo, evaluated the efficacy of
antimicrobial and anti–inflammatory properties of LIPC dosed at 15, 25, and 35 g compared to a
control. These results were utilized to determine the dosing rate in vivo. Exp. 4, in vivo, evaluated
the efficacy of antimicrobial and anti–inflammatory properties of LIPC dosed at 15, 25, and 35 g
compared to a control. In vivo, LIPC's antimicrobial properties, at 15 g, significantly decreased (P =
0.02) SBEC compared to other treatments. In addition, C. perfringens tended (P = 0.12) to decrease
as LIPC dose increased. Non–significant results in digestion, blood parameters, and range of motion
suggest there were no adverse side effects from oral dosing increasing doses of curcumin. Valerate
was significantly different among treatments (P = 0.02) with 0 having the greatest concentration
compared to all other treatments. Moreover, valerate decreased linearly (P < 0.005) as LIPC dose
increased. As LIPC dose

Dianna Research Paper
Dianna, What will stand out in your life and in your mind as you look back at the past 15 years of
working for UNM hospital? Well Hello Everyone, As most of you know, today is Dianna's last day
at the hospital. She will be riding off into the sunset throwing her energy into who–knows–what.
Hopefully, In the short term she will focus on enjoying her family, also providing family with
support as they grow as we all wish we could do more so of. As we all know Dianna is very good
nurse and very well known around the hospital, gets along with anyone and everyone and always
quick to help any nurse or patient as quickly as she can. There is never a dull moment with her
around. It has been a happy time, and a time where she gave of her expertise,

Benefits Of A New Allergy Medicine
After conducting a research experiment to find the benefits of a new allergy medicine, it has been
discovered that Wilf Whitmore had made a simple error in his calculations of the dosage used. The
dosage Whitmore was using was ten times bigger than what he had thought. This error was
discovered by Whitmore's professor, Dr. Sparrow, who is the only who has discovered the error.
There are many different things, both good and bad, that Dr. Sparrow could do to handle the
situation, but if she choses not to do anything she is making a very unethical decision.
Some of the things that we know to be true are that Dr. Sparrow had a few doubts about Whitmore's
understanding of science and his scientific abilities. It is shown that Dr. Sparrow had reasonable
doubt due to the fact that Whitmore had indeed messed up the experiment. We also know that many
other people had doubts about the potency of the drug. This is due to the fact that it was so efficient
at the low doses Whitmore had originally claimed he was using. Another fact given to us is that
Whitmore had left because he was nervous about his career in academic research and decided to
leave the scientific field to pursue an education at law school. Lastly the most important fact that we
know if that WHitmore definitely messed up his calculations and was using a dose that was ten
times bigger than what he had thought. This is incredibly important because it throws the entire
experiment off and falsifies the results.
Although

Exposure Of Radiation Exposure On Medical Practitioners
Exposure to ionizing radiation is of concern to many medical practitioners. The risks of radiation
exposure are well documented within the scientific literature and include cataract formation, skin
cancer, thyroid disease and leukaemia.1 Medical staff who work in the operating theatre are a
sizable population potentially at risk for these complications.2 With advances in medical technology
in past decades and an ongoing trend towards minimally invasive techniques, there has been a
significant increase in the use of fluoroscopy.3–5 During fluoroscopic procedures staff are exposed
to both direct and scattered radiation. Procedures that require long fluoroscopic screening times,
such as interventional radiology, cardiology and orthopaedic surgery, place the proceduralist at high
risk of radiation exposure. Orthopaedic surgeons must often remain close to the x–ray beam during
procedures and cannot use distance to reduce radiation exposure.
In recent years, there is a rising alertness concerning the harmful effects of exposure of long–term
low–dose irradiation. In 2005 a report by Mastrangelo et al identified orthopaedic surgeons as
having an increased cancer risk.6 In 2010 Chou et al reported that the prevalence of cancer within
female orthopaedic surgeons was 1.9 fold greater than that of women in the general US
population.7,8 Specific orthopaedic procedures such as closed intramedullary nailing of the femur
are responsible for a high level of scattered radiation

How Technology Improves Our Lives
Over the decade technology has advanced significantly and the improvement of modern day
creations had contributed to depolluting the world. With technology there 's no need to waste paper
into printing out maps, modern day phones have GPS navigation, that allows us to get from one
place to another with hardly any hassles. Also, these devices keep us connected to friends and family
throughout the whole universe without having to waste any more trees that produce material for us
to write on.Another aspect technology has improved over the decade is reducing pollution.Whereas
modern day manufacturing invest into hydrogen–powered vehicles, to lessen the consumption of
gasoline, and also improve the air quality that everyday people inhale.But most would disagree with
these advantages and question our intellectual. Is technology improving our lives and our decreasing
our lifespan? Some would say, we should lessen its use because it contributes to laziness, hurts our
environment because of its heavy machine. It also consumes a lot of energy, and it shortens our
lives. In other words, Technology is a fantastic utility that helps our societies with the improvement
of the global economy, With regular curiosity people, would bring a lot of innovation and medical
support to cure people disease and develop an efficient and productive procedure or human actions.
Also, various implementations of technology impact many individual to increase the usage of
technology. Due to, the problems

Sprague-Dawley Rats
Sasser et al. reported the results of a two–generation reproductive toxicity study in the form of a
Final Report (Sasser et al., 1989b) and as an open literature publication (Sasser et al., 1996b). In this
study, groups of Sprague–Dawley rats (27 females and 20 males/group/generation) were gavaged
with 0, 0.03, 0.1 or 0.4 mg/kg/day. Sasser et al. (1996b) report, that sulfur mustard "was
administered (by gavage) to three groups of male and female rats prior to mating, during mating,
and after mating, until birth of the offspring, at which time the male rats were sacrificed." Sulfur
mustard was "administered to the animals by intragastric intubations, 5 d/week through the mating
period, which began at 13 weeks. During gestation, pregnant female rats were dosed 7 d/week."
Sasser et ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1989b) indicates that the originally–selected high dose level of 0.3 mg/kg–d was initiated and
because "no observable effects were apparent after 10 weeks of exposure", this dose was increased
to 0.4 mg/kg throughout the remainder of the study. The mating period covered as long as two
weeks. Because it is specified that both male and female rats were dosed before and during mating
as well as through gestation, because the manuscript indicates that male and female rats were dosed
5 days per week prior to gestation, and that pregnant dams were dosed 7 days per week during
gestation, it is assumed that male rats were dosed 5 days per week during gestation, as during the
mating and pre–mating period. The range of durations in based on the unspecified duration of the
mating period, indicated as one or two weeks. The duration of exposure for F0 male rats is 17 or 18
weeks (13 weeks premating, one or two weeks mating, three weeks' gestation), administered 5 days

Sample Resume : Equipment Failure
2. Equipment failure The list of components in the process: Buffer Tank Evaporator Condenser
Highly Active Storage Tank Scrubber Slug Lift Steam ejector Through out the process there is a risk
of explosion because of the 'Highly Active Liquor', (HAL) is self–heating. If not keep under
controlled by providing cooling water, the temperature can start to increase causing it to boil and go
critical, therefore the evaporator, condenser and HAST should be monitored with temperature
sensors. Even though the buffer tank is not cooling the liquor its heating it up to maintain a
temperature, therefore a temperature sensor is need which is connected to a temperature controller
that can alter the feed input to the buffer tank. If the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also any in leakage of air could degrade the quality of the response of the scrubber, where it
wouldn't be efficient in cleaning the NOX, which can results in radioactive NOX being released into
the environment, therefore the streams leaving to the environment should be monitored (INL, 2014).
1. Safety Issues This section will be discussing the plants safety through design not just for normal
operations but also for a wide range of potential hazards. 1.1. Radiological Safety and Criticality
Ionising radiation can occur natural, such as radioactivity decay of radon gas and its decay products
as electromagnetic rays (gamma and X–rays) or particles (alpha and beta particles). This ionising
radiation can also be produced artificially and exposure to the radioactive material can be extremely
harmful to people by external exposure of gamma rays or internally by inhaling radioactive
substance (HSE, 2014). In the UK, Public Health England has calculated that on average people are
exposed to about 2.7mSv of radiation per year; this radiation comes from number of sources ranging
from 'Bag of Brazil nuts' (0.005mSv) to a 'CT scan of the chest' (6.6 mSv) (Sellafield, 2014). The
maximum annual radiological dose that people are allowed to receive is 20mSv. To achieve below
this, a day–to–day monitoring service of the plants condition should be carried out reporting results.
A dosimeter (Thermo Luminescent Dosimeter)

Statistical Review : 5 Randomized Control Studies
Findings
In review of 5 randomized control studies, one cohort study, and one case analysis study, an
adequate amount of data regarding octreotide and loperamide use in CID and radio–chemotherapy
induced diarrhea was determined to be obtained for the purposes of this systematic review. Level of
evidence ranged from Level II in the RCT trials to level V case analysis studies. The majority of
recent studies including Zachariah, Gwede, James, Ajani, Chin, Donath, Kachnic, (2009);
Rosenhoff, Gabriel, Conklin, Hohneker, Berg, Warsi, Maloney, Benedetto, Miles, Zhu, Anthony
(2006);Petrelli, Rodriquez–Bigas, Rustum, Gerrera, Creaven,(1993) and Zidan, Haim, Beny, Sterin,
Gez, Kuten (2001) tested octreotide in their study of patients who had ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both experiments involved a randomized two arm study, however Cascinu et al. started patients with
an increased dose of loperamide initially, in addition to the twice a day (BID) dosing of 2mg.
Additionally Cascinu et al. escalated the dose of octreotide to 1000 mcg SQ instead of IV. Rosenhoff
et al. (2006) pointed to the possible advantage of using octreotide in escalating doses with possible
positive effects, however few studies exist with such high doses of octreotide. No significant side
effects of octreotide toxicity were reported in any of the studies reviewed.
Zachariah et al. (2009) in addition to Rosenhoff et al. (2006) and Hoff et al. (2014) who had similar
sample sizes, ranging between 139 to 215 participants all found octreotide was not more effective
than loperamide within the same days of administration when both drugs were used to treat patients
undergoing chemotherapy or radio–chemotherapy. Specifically, Rosenhoff et al. compared two
different dosages of octreotide SQ in patients who had failed loperamide therapy in the past,
demonstrated a 15% decrease in CID which failed to reach statistical significance (P=0.14). All
three studies had very specific inclusion and exclusion criteria in order to remove any potential skew
of results due to disease side effects such as diabetes mellitus, irritable bowel syndrome, or any
reported chronic laxative use. All

Correlation Between Target / Filter Combinations
Introduction
Currently, in the United Kingdom breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and
early diagnosis is the key to reducing mortality rates (Skaane et al, 2007).
The National Health Service breast screening programme introduced digital mammography as the
preferred option due to its increased sensitivity and specificity for denser breasts. Additionally, it has
the ability to manipulate the images produced (NHSBSP, 2012). The aim of this study is to
investigate the relationship between target/filter combinations, kilovoltage (kV), radiation dose and
image quality using a mammographic phantom which is currently used for the quality assurance
programme in the breast imaging department.
Digital x–ray technologies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the kV is reduced, scattered radiation is less penetrating. Therefore radiation dose to other
radiosensitive organs can be reduced. However the skin radiation dose can increase as the kV is
reduced (Allisy– Roberts and Williams, 2008). So by taking images at a higher kV should give a low
contrast image which may not show the low density structures within the breast phantom.
If the kV is increased it is expected there are more photons reaching the detector resulting in an over
exposed image which may possibly obscure small areas of micro calcifications and low density
masses. However, digital mammography can compensate to some extent for over exposure. On the
other hand over exposure should be avoided to comply with the ALARP (as low as reasonably
practicable) principles (DoH, 2012).
Filter material
Filter materials in mammography are made of molybdenum or rhodium. The purpose of filters is to
let through the useful photons and to absorb unwanted low and high energy photons so that they
stop reaching the image detector thus contributing to the formulation of the radiographic image
(Bushberg et al, 2002).
With the use of filters there is an increase in the quality of x–ray beam but a reduction in the
intensity (Ball and Price, 1995). Therefore filtration is necessary but photons from the low end of
spectrum if they are not

Dose Rate Of Thallium Injection During Stress Test And...
1. Name of student
GHANIAAL HATTALI. Used one
2. Title of project
Investigation to establish the dose rate profile for some nuclear cardiology procedures.
3. Supervisor(s)
Andrew Fielding
Senior Lecturer
Faculty of Science and Technology
Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
City Centre, QLD 4000
Australia – Brisbane
Ph: +61 7 3138 5325
Email: a.fielding@qut.edu.au
4. detailed description of proposed project
(a) Aims
There are three aims of this project first of all to measure dose rate of thallium injection during
stress test and Thallium (Tl) and Technetium (Tc99m) dose rate at various locations during patient
scan using the Smart Ion detector. Secondly to measure dose rate of Tc99m received during drawing
up and checking of the doses using personal electronic diode based dose meter. Finally to measure
the dose rate received by the staff when they give Tc99m injection to the patients using personal
diode based dose meter.
(b) Justification.
Radiation protection is the science of protecting the public and the surrounding atmosphere from the
harmful effects of ionizing radiation (both particle radiation and high energy electromagnetic
radiation).Particle radiation is produced by of very fast–moving subatomic particles, where all
particles are moving in the same way, similar to a light beam.
There are three factors that control and minimise the amount, or dose, of radiation received from a
source; time, distance and shielding. The combination of these factors

Clinical Outcomes And Outcomes Of Alzheimer 's Disease...
The empirical paper, on which this critique is based on (Pagan et al., 2016), aimed to assess the
safety, pharmacokinetics, clinical outcomes and biomarkers of Nilotinib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor)
in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) and dementia with
Lewy bodies (DLB). PD Subject selection was based on diagnosis of PD in accordance with the UK
Brain Bank Diagnostic Criteria. 12 subjects were assigned to either 150mg (n = 5) or 300mg (n = 7)
groups at random and were orally administered Nilotinib daily for 24 weeks with a 12 week follow
up. Measurement of exploratory biomarkers were completed at regular intervals, as were motor and
non–motor symptoms using the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The Mini
Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease–Cognition
(SCOPA–Cog) were also administered for the measurement of dementia. The authors conclude
suggesting improvements in symptoms of PD and dementia occurred. The following critique
however, will focus solely on PD. Critique Although the study provides valuable information by
adding to what is known about the pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of Nilotinib in PD, there
are some flaws in this research. First, the basis for this study is the assumption that Nilotinib, being
a c–ABL inhibitor (Manley et al., 2010), can prevent the build–up of neurotoxic substrates in the
brains of PD patients, thus improving symptoms (Karuppagounder

The Use Of Radiation And Its Effects On Living Organisms
Research Assignment
Contemporary Physics
Michael A. Torch
Dr. David R. Simpson
Health Physicist
Radiation has been present since the birth of the universe. Upon its discovery in the early 19th
century, humans have used radiation for its beneficial purposes that date back decades. However,
when used precariously or in large quantities, radiation can be dangerous. It can cause detrimental
effects to living organisms. Medical facilities, nuclear power plants, research laboratories and
academic industries all need professionals who understand radiation hazards, as well as their
prevention and control [1]. The health physicist prevents its workers, the public, and the
environment from potential hazards of radiation. They also ensure its safe use. This control demands
knowledge and understanding in various disciplines that range from physics, biology, engineering,
chemistry, genetics, ecology, environmental sciences, medicine and physiology, to biophysics [1].
This well–rounded and extensively required expertise makes the job of the health physicist both
challenging and rewarding.
Health physicists work in a variety of disciplines that include research, industry, education,
environmental protection, and government regulation enforcement. While the health physicist
usually concentrates in one of these areas, a professional health physicist typically performs duties
across several fields [1].
Radiation is detected from use across a variety of instrumentation. One in

A Short Note On Ct Dose Calculation ( Ct )

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Pamela Smith

More from Pamela Smith (10)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

A Short Note On Ct Dose Calculation ( Ct )