See how you can save money and generate your own electricity. Krypton Energy is one of Pakistan's leading solar power developers and a pioneer in innovative solutions and outstanding customer service
The document analyzes the environmental impacts of end-of-life photovoltaic panels and recycling of PV materials. It examines a case study of a PV recycling plant in Greece and assesses three scenarios for PV waste collection in Greece up until 2040 based on annual growth rates of installed PV capacity. Under the best scenario of 85% collection, over 90,000 tonnes of PV waste could be properly recycled annually by 2040, recovering valuable materials like glass, aluminum and rare metals while minimizing environmental impacts. A business strategy is proposed for a potential Greek or EU-wide PV recycling infrastructure to handle the increasing volumes of waste.
Sun tracking schemes for photovoltaic panelsavocado1111
Presented at 3rd International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology, ICDRET 2014, on January 9-11, 2014 at Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://icdret.uiu.ac.bd/
Award: Prof. H. Rashid Best Paper Presentation Award (2nd Position)
Presented by: Samiul Alam
Solar street lights consist of a solar panel that charges a rechargeable battery during the day. The battery then powers an LED or fluorescent light at night. They were installed in the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in India to provide lighting without wires or grid connection. The lights operate independently or can be networked together. They have advantages of lower operation costs than grid-connected lights and require less maintenance, but have higher initial costs and risks of theft.
The document discusses solar energy and solar panels. It begins by defining solar energy as energy originating from thermonuclear fusion reactions in the sun. It then discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal solar or photovoltaic methods. The remainder of the document focuses on photovoltaics, explaining how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It describes the components and manufacturing of different types of solar panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film technologies. It concludes by outlining the specifications that characterize solar panels.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
The document analyzes the environmental impacts of end-of-life photovoltaic panels and recycling of PV materials. It examines a case study of a PV recycling plant in Greece and assesses three scenarios for PV waste collection in Greece up until 2040 based on annual growth rates of installed PV capacity. Under the best scenario of 85% collection, over 90,000 tonnes of PV waste could be properly recycled annually by 2040, recovering valuable materials like glass, aluminum and rare metals while minimizing environmental impacts. A business strategy is proposed for a potential Greek or EU-wide PV recycling infrastructure to handle the increasing volumes of waste.
Sun tracking schemes for photovoltaic panelsavocado1111
Presented at 3rd International Conference on the Developments in Renewable Energy Technology, ICDRET 2014, on January 9-11, 2014 at Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://icdret.uiu.ac.bd/
Award: Prof. H. Rashid Best Paper Presentation Award (2nd Position)
Presented by: Samiul Alam
Solar street lights consist of a solar panel that charges a rechargeable battery during the day. The battery then powers an LED or fluorescent light at night. They were installed in the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in India to provide lighting without wires or grid connection. The lights operate independently or can be networked together. They have advantages of lower operation costs than grid-connected lights and require less maintenance, but have higher initial costs and risks of theft.
The document discusses solar energy and solar panels. It begins by defining solar energy as energy originating from thermonuclear fusion reactions in the sun. It then discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal solar or photovoltaic methods. The remainder of the document focuses on photovoltaics, explaining how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. It describes the components and manufacturing of different types of solar panels, including monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film technologies. It concludes by outlining the specifications that characterize solar panels.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economyMoazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
This document outlines a strategic regional initiative to modernize infrastructure and connectivity in Pakistan by 2025. It discusses the benefits of regional integration, including economic growth. Key opportunities for Pakistan include opening trade with India and developing Gwadar port. Challenges include conflict, energy deficiencies, and weak industrial base. Priority initiatives include upgrading rail lines, extending trade with India, developing Gwadar port, and connecting to Central Asia via Kashgar. Risks that need mitigating include insurgencies and sectarian violence. Roadmaps are proposed for medium and ambitious resource scenarios.
This is a partial Film Script I wrote for a docu drama. It depicts the challenges faced in the early days of the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's PPP government in 1970, and how so little has changed in todays Pakistan
The document proposes several opportunities for the US to help stabilize Pakistan's economy by utilizing returning cargo flights and empty shipping containers from Afghanistan:
1) Use return flights from Afghanistan to transport perishable Pakistani agricultural products and generate revenue.
2) Ship Pakistani farm exports in empty containers returning from Afghanistan to capture market share in destination countries.
3) Source bottled water and other supplies from Pakistani industries rather than imports to boost the local economy.
4) Help Pakistani food producers export meat, dairy and other products by developing an "Indus" branding cooperative and providing marketing assistance.
Development Roadmap for Punjab Iron Ore and Opportunities in Steel ManufacturingMoazzam Husain
Commercial and investment opportunities exist for two very distinct large scale reserves that have awaited development for decades in this province. The projects have not moved beyond early prospecting stage. The availability of this mineral resource in two separate areas of the province needs to be first authenticated through a detailed bankable geological study, separately in
each. This will be followed by development of separate mining strategies for each area and the scale on which mining is anticipated to be undertaken because mining strategies - and associated unit extraction costs - are often scale
dependent. Simultaneously, pilot Metallurgical extractive plants and processes need to be developed and subsequently commercialized on a fast track.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economy. Moazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
How to transition Pakistan towards a knowledge based economyMoazzam Husain
In this new race, economic competition among nations will be less on physical assets and more on knowledge assets. Pakistan must take urgent and substantive steps to build its ecosystem and knowledge culture to leapfrog ahead. What needs to be done? In my course on Marketing Strategies for Emerging Economies, Summer 2019 students of the Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan were asked to come up with recommendations. This is an example of some of the best work submitted.
This document outlines a strategic regional initiative to modernize infrastructure and connectivity in Pakistan by 2025. It discusses the benefits of regional integration, including economic growth. Key opportunities for Pakistan include opening trade with India and developing Gwadar port. Challenges include conflict, energy deficiencies, and weak industrial base. Priority initiatives include upgrading rail lines, extending trade with India, developing Gwadar port, and connecting to Central Asia via Kashgar. Risks that need mitigating include insurgencies and sectarian violence. Roadmaps are proposed for medium and ambitious resource scenarios.
This is a partial Film Script I wrote for a docu drama. It depicts the challenges faced in the early days of the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's PPP government in 1970, and how so little has changed in todays Pakistan
The document proposes several opportunities for the US to help stabilize Pakistan's economy by utilizing returning cargo flights and empty shipping containers from Afghanistan:
1) Use return flights from Afghanistan to transport perishable Pakistani agricultural products and generate revenue.
2) Ship Pakistani farm exports in empty containers returning from Afghanistan to capture market share in destination countries.
3) Source bottled water and other supplies from Pakistani industries rather than imports to boost the local economy.
4) Help Pakistani food producers export meat, dairy and other products by developing an "Indus" branding cooperative and providing marketing assistance.
Development Roadmap for Punjab Iron Ore and Opportunities in Steel ManufacturingMoazzam Husain
Commercial and investment opportunities exist for two very distinct large scale reserves that have awaited development for decades in this province. The projects have not moved beyond early prospecting stage. The availability of this mineral resource in two separate areas of the province needs to be first authenticated through a detailed bankable geological study, separately in
each. This will be followed by development of separate mining strategies for each area and the scale on which mining is anticipated to be undertaken because mining strategies - and associated unit extraction costs - are often scale
dependent. Simultaneously, pilot Metallurgical extractive plants and processes need to be developed and subsequently commercialized on a fast track.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.