Six female specimens of Anopheles algeriensis were collected in August 2009 in a wetland area in the Netherlands, representing the first documented occurrence of this species in the country. An. algeriensis is considered a rare mosquito even within its native range in southern Europe. Although it has been known to transmit malaria in other parts of Europe, its vector capacity is very low due to its scarcity. The discovery of this species in the Netherlands provides new information about its distribution in northern Europe.
The flesh-fly-sarcophaga-(liopygia)-crassipalpis-macquart-1839-as-an-invader-...Annex Publishers
Abstract
We present an indoor forensic case that occurred in spring 2013 in Cosenza (southern Italy). The entomological evidence collected at the scene consisted of Calliphoridae (Calliphora vicina, Lucilia sericata), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga crassipalpis), Fanniidae (Fannia scalaris) and Muscidae (Hydrotaea ignava). The minimum Post Mortem Interval (mPMI) was calculated by relating the entomological evidence to data available for Diptera species in the area and to our knowledge of the development of flies used as forensic indicators in Calabria. We report S. crassipalpis as a corpse invader for the first time in Italy.
Keywords: Forensic case; Flies; S. crassipalpis; mPMI; Southern Italy
The flesh-fly-sarcophaga-(liopygia)-crassipalpis-macquart-1839-as-an-invader-...Annex Publishers
Abstract
We present an indoor forensic case that occurred in spring 2013 in Cosenza (southern Italy). The entomological evidence collected at the scene consisted of Calliphoridae (Calliphora vicina, Lucilia sericata), Sarcophagidae (Sarcophaga crassipalpis), Fanniidae (Fannia scalaris) and Muscidae (Hydrotaea ignava). The minimum Post Mortem Interval (mPMI) was calculated by relating the entomological evidence to data available for Diptera species in the area and to our knowledge of the development of flies used as forensic indicators in Calabria. We report S. crassipalpis as a corpse invader for the first time in Italy.
Keywords: Forensic case; Flies; S. crassipalpis; mPMI; Southern Italy
Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeriaijtsrd
The forensic information provided by decomposition of small carcasses often goes unnoticed, even in advanced economies, due to frequent neglect. This paper reports the succession pattern of arthropod species that associated with carcasses of white rat, Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout Rodentia Muridae , in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria. Four bushy sites were chosen for the study and nine rat carcasses were placed at each site once a season for two seasons. The carcasses were monitored daily until the process of decay was over. The visiting and colonizing invertebrates were collected daily and identified. Immatures were also collected and reared in the laboratory till adult emergence for easy identification. The carcasses went through five stages of decay and the arthropods arrived in the order Diptera early fresh stage , Hymenoptera late fresh stage , Coleoptera and Dermaptera active decay stage , and Araneae and Oribatida advanced decay stage . Dipteran flies were the first arthropods to interact with the remains but ants were the only arthropods that associated with all the five stages of decay. A total of 9828 arthropods 4415 adults and 5413 immatures belonging to six orders in two classes of the phylum were collected in the study. The proportion of faunal abundance was Diptera 75.10 , Hymenoptera 22.90 , Coleoptera 1.80 , Dermaptera 0.10 , Oribatida 0.08 and Araneae 0.02 . Rate of decay was faster and faunal population was higher on carcasses during the dry season compared to the wet. Faunal population was also higher on carcasses placed in close proximity to the Zoological garden. The implications of these results on accuracy of estimated postmortem interval PMI and applicability in law were discussed. Aminat Adeola Adesina | Olalekan Joseph Soyelu "Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35737.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/35737/succession-of-arthropods-on-white-rat-carcasses-in-ileife-southwestern-nigeria/aminat-adeola-adesina
Apistogramma sp. estão entre os Ciclídeos mais espetaculares do mundo. A nova espécie foi adicionada a este gênero no mês passado. Apistogramma kullanderi continua a tradição de excelência para este gênero de Ciclídeos anão.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Detection of Stall Region during Testing of CompressorIJMER
Most of the algorithms for anti surge control for industrial centrifugal compressor
work on the data taken from various process parameters . In recent years , some more works have
been done to co- relate the compressor stall / surge with machinery vibrations. These features have
been applied in some compressor control PLC as well. Compressor stalls are aerodynamic stalls
which can result to reduced compression efficiency or complete breakdown in compression. Stall is
normally a precursor to surge which cause radial vibration at certain frequencies .Pure surge, on the
other hand, is an axisymmetric oscillation of the mass row along the axial length of the compressor. It
is more severe than rotating stall and may cause severe damage to compressor. For high speed , high
pressure centrifugal compressor, it is imprative to conduct a ASME PTC10 type 1 test before
equipment is towed out. For high pressure centrifugal compressor, aerodyanmics induced vibration
may lead to Resizing diffuser and return channelleading to enormous delay if issue is not identified at
OEM ( Original equipment manufacturer ) test bench itself .This paper provides a road map to draw a
surge limit line and locating stall region in compressor map which can help deriving a Real Surge
Precursor Algorithm based on vibration and dynmaic pressure analysis at OEM works . These can be
used also as a part of diagnostic tool to identify the real source of sub synchronous vibration.
A checklist of snakes observed in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh from March 2013 to September 2015 is documented here. Seventeen species of the snakes belonging to five families were recorded during the current study. All species of snakes were observed, photographed and released back to secure areas away from the human daily interference. In addition, road kills of snakes were also recorded along the forest trails and in urban areas. Out of all the species of snakes Xenochrophis piscator and Ptyas mucosa were found to be the most common snake followed by Amphiesma stolata and Oligodon arnensis .
First attempts using NGS in Senecio (Asteraceae)
Building a robust phylogeny of Culcitium group: a baseline for addressing further evolutionary questions for the genus in the Andes
“Distributional patterns of the order Gomphales (fungi: basidiomycota) in Nor...astridGonzalez29
ASTRID GONZÁLEZ-ÁVILA and DAVID ESPINOSA-ORGANISTA
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla del 5 de mayo s/n, Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, CP 09230, Ciudad de México, México.
Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile Ife, Southwestern Nigeriaijtsrd
The forensic information provided by decomposition of small carcasses often goes unnoticed, even in advanced economies, due to frequent neglect. This paper reports the succession pattern of arthropod species that associated with carcasses of white rat, Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout Rodentia Muridae , in Ile Ife, southwestern Nigeria. Four bushy sites were chosen for the study and nine rat carcasses were placed at each site once a season for two seasons. The carcasses were monitored daily until the process of decay was over. The visiting and colonizing invertebrates were collected daily and identified. Immatures were also collected and reared in the laboratory till adult emergence for easy identification. The carcasses went through five stages of decay and the arthropods arrived in the order Diptera early fresh stage , Hymenoptera late fresh stage , Coleoptera and Dermaptera active decay stage , and Araneae and Oribatida advanced decay stage . Dipteran flies were the first arthropods to interact with the remains but ants were the only arthropods that associated with all the five stages of decay. A total of 9828 arthropods 4415 adults and 5413 immatures belonging to six orders in two classes of the phylum were collected in the study. The proportion of faunal abundance was Diptera 75.10 , Hymenoptera 22.90 , Coleoptera 1.80 , Dermaptera 0.10 , Oribatida 0.08 and Araneae 0.02 . Rate of decay was faster and faunal population was higher on carcasses during the dry season compared to the wet. Faunal population was also higher on carcasses placed in close proximity to the Zoological garden. The implications of these results on accuracy of estimated postmortem interval PMI and applicability in law were discussed. Aminat Adeola Adesina | Olalekan Joseph Soyelu "Succession of Arthropods on White Rat Carcasses in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35737.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/35737/succession-of-arthropods-on-white-rat-carcasses-in-ileife-southwestern-nigeria/aminat-adeola-adesina
Apistogramma sp. estão entre os Ciclídeos mais espetaculares do mundo. A nova espécie foi adicionada a este gênero no mês passado. Apistogramma kullanderi continua a tradição de excelência para este gênero de Ciclídeos anão.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Detection of Stall Region during Testing of CompressorIJMER
Most of the algorithms for anti surge control for industrial centrifugal compressor
work on the data taken from various process parameters . In recent years , some more works have
been done to co- relate the compressor stall / surge with machinery vibrations. These features have
been applied in some compressor control PLC as well. Compressor stalls are aerodynamic stalls
which can result to reduced compression efficiency or complete breakdown in compression. Stall is
normally a precursor to surge which cause radial vibration at certain frequencies .Pure surge, on the
other hand, is an axisymmetric oscillation of the mass row along the axial length of the compressor. It
is more severe than rotating stall and may cause severe damage to compressor. For high speed , high
pressure centrifugal compressor, it is imprative to conduct a ASME PTC10 type 1 test before
equipment is towed out. For high pressure centrifugal compressor, aerodyanmics induced vibration
may lead to Resizing diffuser and return channelleading to enormous delay if issue is not identified at
OEM ( Original equipment manufacturer ) test bench itself .This paper provides a road map to draw a
surge limit line and locating stall region in compressor map which can help deriving a Real Surge
Precursor Algorithm based on vibration and dynmaic pressure analysis at OEM works . These can be
used also as a part of diagnostic tool to identify the real source of sub synchronous vibration.
A checklist of snakes observed in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh from March 2013 to September 2015 is documented here. Seventeen species of the snakes belonging to five families were recorded during the current study. All species of snakes were observed, photographed and released back to secure areas away from the human daily interference. In addition, road kills of snakes were also recorded along the forest trails and in urban areas. Out of all the species of snakes Xenochrophis piscator and Ptyas mucosa were found to be the most common snake followed by Amphiesma stolata and Oligodon arnensis .
First attempts using NGS in Senecio (Asteraceae)
Building a robust phylogeny of Culcitium group: a baseline for addressing further evolutionary questions for the genus in the Andes
“Distributional patterns of the order Gomphales (fungi: basidiomycota) in Nor...astridGonzalez29
ASTRID GONZÁLEZ-ÁVILA and DAVID ESPINOSA-ORGANISTA
Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla del 5 de mayo s/n, Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, CP 09230, Ciudad de México, México.
Monte Huebsch - Using YouTube Videos to Create Domain Authority in Google SearchMonte Huebsch
Using video interviews in enhancing Google rankings is a very popular technique these days. There are many styles that you can use to convey the important knowledge. In this segment, Google Guru Monte Huebsch focuses on conducting video interviews (question-and-answer format) in different geographical locations.
Also covered in this segment is how Google faces the challenge of determining the domain authority of a content, how YouTube videos fit in the Hub-and-Spoke model, and some tips in effectively distributing content through the spokes. Learn all about these things from Monte Huebsch, Google Guru and CEO of Aussieweb and AussiewebConversion.
==========================================
LINKS
==========================================
YouTube (Full Interview) https://youtu.be/u6gvZSAP2Ho
YouTube (Clip # 1) https://youtu.be/b4lwlO4qo9A
YouTube (Clip # 2) https://youtu.be/UJ3v3ZujGcs
YouTube (Clip # 3) https://youtu.be/of6yfHpo3Uk
YouTube (Clip # 4) https://youtu.be/us2RpWjBueQ
YouTube (Clip # 5) https://youtu.be/F9-vE5QK3CM
YouTube (Clip # 6) https://youtu.be/20sAfWmmocU
The UNIVERSUM Group mission:
As an independent Debt Collection servicer and renowned Payment Guarantee provider we successfully ensure the liquidity of our customers and uphold present merits through transparent processes, high quality and innovative solutions.
The UNIVERSUM Group vision:
We want to grow dynamic with happy customers and strive after the Quality- and Innovation Leadership within the management of receivables and risk assessment. We will expand nationally and internationally and reach an leading market position.
Talk we gave during IT Press Tour #17, describing the vision, company profile and technology of OpenIO.
See: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/12/02/openio_object_storage_upstart/
Using ultraviolet “A” light (400 to 315 nm wavelength) found in a typical commercially available fluorescent black light, hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) predator activity could be detected on infested hemlocks because of different characteristic glows of color. Under ultraviolet ‘A‘ light, an undamaged HWA ovisac’s honeydew glows bluish-white; a predator-damaged HWA’s oozing hemolymph has an intense chartreuse color; damaged HWA eggs glow bright yellow; and adelgid predator frass of Laricobius nigrinus and Sasajiscymnus tsugae both glow brilliant orange. This UV viewing technique can be used in the field or laboratory to rapidly determine the presence of adelgid predators and the extent of adelgid predation
1. Submitted for publication in ‘Entomologische Berichten’
A report of Anopheles algeriensis Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) from the
Netherlands.
Ernst-Jan Scholte1
, Wietse den Hartog1
, Chantal Reusken2
1
National Centre for Monitoring of Vectors, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature, and Food
quality, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
2
Laboratory for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, Centre for Infectious Disease
Control Netherlands, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Key words: Anopheles algeriensis, Netherlands
This manuscript describes the finding of Anopheles algeriensis in the Netherlands. Six
adult female specimens were collected in a wetland area during a mosquito survey in the
National Park ‘De Oostvaardersplassen’ in August 2009. Although the species has
limited importance as a vector due its rareness in northern Europe, the finding of this
species is interesting because of the extremely patchy distribution and small population
sizes of this species, even in its native area of southern Europe.
Introduction
In a review by Ramsdale & Snow (2000), eighteen Anopheles species were reported for
Europe, of which An. maculipennis s.s., An. atroparvus, An. messae, An. melanoon, An.
claviger and An. plumbeus are known to occur in the Netherlands (Verdonschot, 2002). In this
report, we describe the finding of six specimens of yet another species: Anopheles
(Anopheles) algeriensis Theobald, 1903.
The main distribution of Anopheles algeriensis has been reviewed by Ramsdale &
Snow (2000) and encompasses the countries/areas of the Mediterranean basin and the
Balkans, with an eastward extension into Iraq, Iran and, northwards through the Caucasus,
into middle Asia, with some isolated, rare populations from northern Europe (above the Alps),
including Britain (Anglesey in Wales, Norfolk in England) (Rees & Snow, 1989; Snow et al.,
1998), Estonia (Saaremaa Island) (Remm, 1957), Germany (Krefeld and Frankfurt am Main
areas) (Mohrig, 1969), western France (Loire-Atlantique and Morbihan (Ramsdale & Snow,
2000), and Ireland (Clare) (Ashe et al., 1991) (Fig. 1).
Larval breedingsites are generally marshes and slow running brooks overgrown with
vegetation (Schaffner et al., 2001) and at sites with resurgence of water tables (Ponçon et al.,
2007 ). Here, we report the finding of 6 specimens of An. algeriensis from the National Park
‘De Oostvaardersplassen’, a wetland area in the Flevoland polder in the Netherlands.
2. Figure 1. Locations from which Anopheles algeriensis has been reported in the past (From: Ramsdale & Snow,
2000; used with permission from EMB).
Materials and Methods.
Adult mosquitoes were collected as part of a West Nile surveillance study, the details of
which are described in Reusken et al., (submitted). Traps were placed in the
‘Oostvaardersveld’, an area of approximately 328 ha in the southeastern corner of National
Park ‘De Oostvaardersplassen’. The Oostvaardersveld consists of open grassland with sparse
shrubs, ponds, marches, canals, and deciduous forest. A group of approximately 100 Konik
horses are present, spending most of their time in an open grassland area in the northeastern
part of the Oostvaardersveld. In the middle of this open grassland lies a shallow, permanent
pond with high numbers of birds (mostly geese and various duck species). This area of open
grassland is surrounded by deciduous forest (mostly willow). In some parts of this forest,
regularly floodings occur, creating marshes.
Adult mosquitoes were collected using nine carbon dioxide baited traps of the type
Liberty Plus® (American Biophysics), with octenol as additional lure. Mosquitoes were
collected twice for two consecutive days; in week 33 (10-12 August 2009) and again in week
35 (24-26 August 2009). For the entire duration of the experiment, the traps ran continuously.
The traps were placed in the morning of the 10th of August. The nets were collected and
replaced with empty nets after 24 and 48 hrs. In week 33, the same procedure was followed:
traps were switched on on the 24th of August, and nets collected the 25th and 26th of August.
Within a maximum of three hours after collection from the trap, the nets with (still alive)
mosquitoes were killed by placing them in -20 °C. Mosquitoes were then morphologically
identified in the lab using a Culicidae key specifically designed for rapid field- identification
of Dutch Culicidae adult female mosquitoes (Scholte, 2009; modified after Schaffner et al.,
(2001), Becker et al. (2003), Snow (1990) and Verdonschot (2002)). A subset of the
diagnosed mosquitoes (among which three An. algeriensis specimens), was pinned and kept
dry for preservation. These were later checked by an international renowned Culicidae
taxonomist. After confirmation of the species diagnostics, these specimens were labelled and
kept in the CMV Culicidae collection.
3. Figure 2. Satellite photo (Google Maps), of the Oostvaardersveld; the study site where, among other species, 6
specimens of Anopheles algeriensis were collected.
Results
In a total of 32 samples, a total of 410 mosquitoes were collected (for details, See
Reusken et al. (submitted). Among the identified species are Coquillettidia richardii, Culex
modestus, Cx pipiens, Cx torrentium, Culiseta annulata, C. morsitans, C. subochrea, Aedes
cantans, Ae. geniculatus, Anopheles claviger, An. maculipennis s.l., An. plumbeus, and,
interestingly, six specimens of An. algeriensis.
An. algeriensis was found in three of the nine traps, all three located in the
northeastern area of the Oostvaardersveld. One the 12th
of August, 1 specimen was collected
from trap A, and 4 specimens from trap D. The sixth specimen was collected on the 25th
of
August, from trap D. Three of the six specimens that were identified as An. algeriensis, were
subjected to verification by an external Culicidae taxonomist (F. Schaffner), who confirmed
the species identification. The three specimens are now kept in the CMV Culicidae collection.
A
D
E‘Oostvaardersveld’
trap locations where An.
algeriensis was collected
other trap locations in
study
OostvaardersplassenOostvaardersplassen
A
D
E‘Oostvaardersveld’
trap locations where An.
algeriensis was collected
other trap locations in
study
trap locations where An.
algeriensis was collected
other trap locations in
study
OostvaardersplassenOostvaardersplassen
4. Figure 3. Photos of Anopheles algeriensis (A1 and A2) collected from the Oostvaardersplassen. Numbers 1 and
2 indicate the diagnostic characters for which Anopheles algeriensis can be differentiated from the two other
Dutch Anopheles species that have no wingspots: An. plumbeus (B) and An. claviger (C): Number 1 indicates the
coloration at the scutum, which is uni-coloured brown in An. algeriensis, greyish-black in An. plumbeus, and
contains light coloured scales on the scutum sides in An. claviger (Snow, 1990; Schaffner, 2001). Number 2
indicates the tuft of long white scales between the eyes which absent in An. algeriensis and present in the other
two species.
Discussion
An. algeriensis was listed twice as an endemic species from in the Netherlands. First, by
Verdonschot (2002) who based its presence only on the fact that An. algeriensis had been
reported from both Germany and the UK, thereby assuming that the species would be present
in the Netherlands as well (Verdonschot, pers. comm.). However the species had never been
collected from the Netherlands. The second report was published by Huiyben et al. (In:
Takken & Knols, 2007). In this study, MSc students collected a total of 575 mosquitoes in the
Rotterdam Zoo, 3 specimens of which were identified as An. algeriensis, using the key of Van
Haren & Verdonschot (1995). Unfortunately, identifications of these specimens were not
verified by a Culicidae taxonomist, and no specimens were kept.
The keys of Van Haren & Verdonschot (1995) and Becker et al. (2003) uses the
absence of light-coloured scales on the median part of the scutum and on the vertex as
diagnostic for An. algeriensis (character 1 in figure 3). The key Schaffner et al. (2001) uses
only the absence of a tuft of white long scales protruding between the eyes as diagnostic. The
5. key of Snow (1990) uses both characters. Differentiation between the two known Dutch
endemic Anopheles species without wingspots (An. claviger and An. plumbeus) with the
specimens that were diagnosed as An. algeriensis was done by comparing both characters
with specimens of both other species that were collected in this study.
Despite the fact that An. algeriensis is competent in transmitting Plasmodium vivax in
UK (Ramsdale & Snow, 2000) and Germany (Mohrig, 1969) and feeds on humans (Schaffner
et al., 2001; Ponçon et al., 2007), it has a very low vector capacity for malaria due to its
rareness (Schaffner et al., 2001). The species is therefore not considered as a malaria vector of
any importance. It is not known to be a vector of other mosquito-borne pathogens. Although
the species is a ‘southern’ species, it is rare even in the Mediterranean (Schaffner, 2001;
Ponçon et al., 2007), from which most breeding sites are known (Ramsdale & Snow, 2000). It
is considered even rarer in northern Europe: the report of Ireland consisted of only one
specimen (Ashe et al., 1991), the two populations in Germany were reported only once
(Mohrig, 1969), and, despite searches, the present status of this mosquito is uncertain in
Norfolk, UK (Cranston et al., 1987), which leaves only one known population in the UK
(Anglesey, Wales). It is probably safe to suppose that An. algeriensis is probably one of the
rarest mosquito species in northern Europe. We can only guess as to how the species has
managed to arrive at the relatively new ‘Oostvaardersplassen’ area. Surveys in the same area
in subsequent years will hopefully provide more information on the size of its population.
Although its limited status as a vector, An. algeriensis is an interesting Anopheles
species for northern Europe because of its rareness. This manuscript is the first to describe its
occurrence in the Netherlands in detail.
Acknowledgements:
The authors wish to thank Dr. F. Schaffner (Univ. Zürich, CH) for verification of the
mosquito diagnostics that were carried out for this project. This project was funded by the
Dutch Food and Product Safety Authority.
References:
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the species and their known distribution. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 91
(B): 21-36.
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their control. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.
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Mosquito Group Newsletter 6: 1-5.
Reusken C, De Vries A, Den Hartog W, Braks M & Scholte EJ. A study of the circulation of
West Nile virus in mosquitoes in a potential high-risk area for arbovirus circulation in
the Netherlands, “De Oostvaardersplassen (Submitted).
Schaffner F, Angel G, Geoffrey B, Hervy J-P, Rhaiem A, Brunhes J 2001. The mosquitoes of
Europe. CD-ROM. Montpellier: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement/Entente
interdépartementale pour la démoustication du littoral (EID) Méditerrannée 2001.
Scholte EJ. 2009. Diagnostic key for adult Culicidae endemic in the Netherlands. Modified
key after Schaffner et al., (2001), Becker et al. (2003), Snow (1990) and Verdonschot
(2002). Unpublished document of the Dutch National Centre for Monitoring of
Vectors.
Snow KR 1990. Mosquitoes. Naturalists’ Handbooks 14. (Editors: Corbet SA and Disney
RHL) The Richmond Publishing Co.Ltd., Slough, UK. 66pp.
Ramsdale & Snow K 2000. Distribution of Anopheles species in the British Isles. European
Mosquito Bulletin 7: 1-26.
Van Haren JCM, Verdonschot PFM 1995. Proeftabel Nederlandse Culicidae. Instituut voor
Bos-en Natuuronderzoek Rapport 173: 1-106.
Verdonschot P 2002. Family Culicidae. In: Checklist of the Diptera of the Netherlands (Editor
PLTh Beuk), KNNV Uitgeverij, Utrecht: 98-100.