A Lighting Designer's Guide to Controls by Andrea Hartranft, Paula Ziegenbein and Amanda McLean

1. Designers Light Forum
A Lighting Designer’s Guide to Controls
Andrea Hartranft, Paula Ziegenbein, Amanda McLean
3/28/2017

2. Credit(s) earned on completion of
this course will be reported to AIA
CES for AIA members. Certificates of
Completion for both AIA members
and non-AIA members are available
upon request.
This course is registered with AIA CES
for continuing professional
education. As such, it does not
include content that may be deemed
or construed to be an approval or
endorsement by the AIA of any
material of construction or any
method or manner of
handling, using, distributing, or
dealing in any material or product.
___________________________________________
Questions related to specific materials, methods, and
services will be addressed at the conclusion of this
presentation.

3. Learning
Objectives
1. Attendees will learn the different approaches and
technologies involved with solid state products and
the associated terminology
2. Attendees will learn the positive and negative aspects
to each control approach
3. Attendees will learn the basics of designing a lighting
control system
4. Attendees will learn the cost and installation
implications of each controls approach
At the end of the this course, participants will be able to:

4. LED DRIVER TO LED MODULE
CONSTANT CURRENT – 1:1 SITUATIONS
CONSTANT VOLTAGE – LINEAR SITUATIONS
CONTROL VOCABULARY PART I

5. CONSTANT VOLTAGE
Constant Voltage Output 12V & 24V –
TYPICAL for LED signage modules, tape, etc.
Current regulation electronics on LED
module

6. CONSTANT CURRENT
Constant Current Output – can often be
programmed to deliver different light output
Current regulation in driver/power supply

7. CONSTANT CURRENT
DIMMING TYPES
• PWM – PULSE WIDTH
MODULATION
• RAPIDLY TURN POWER ON
AND OFF
• CONSTANT CURRENT
REDUCTION
• STEADY REDUCTION OF
CURRENT
“analog” dimming
2 examples – 25% “dimmed”

8. LED DRIVER TO LED LOAD CONTROL (DIMMER/PANEL)
CONTROL VOCABULARY PART II

9. CONTROL TYPES – TWO APPROACHES
• Combined AC power and control signal
– Phase-Cut
•Forward phase or Reverse phase
• Separate AC power and control signal
– Fluorescent 3-Wire
– 0-10V
– DALI
– DMX512

10. FORWARD PHASE/LEADING EDGE
Incandescent/Magnetic Low Voltage
(MLV) style of dimming
• MOST COMMON DIMMER TYPE
• LEAST EXPENSIVE DIMMER TYPE
• MOST LIKELY TO HAVE PERFORMANCE
PROBLEMS
• FLICKER
• INRUSH CURRENT ISSUES (DUE TO CUTTING
INTO THE HALF CYLCE WHEN TURNING ON)
Dimmer

11. PHASE CUT DIMMER EXAMPLES

12. A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

13. REVERSE PHASE/TRAILING EDGE
Electronic Low Voltage (ELV) style of
dimming
• OFTEN PERFORMS BETTER THAN FORWARD
PHASE
• MORE EXPENSIVE DIMMER TYPE
• LESSENED INRUSH CURRENT ISSUES (DUE TO
CUTTING INTO THE HALF CYCLE WHEN TURNING
OFF, NOT ON)

14. A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

15. PHASE CUT DIMMING USER PROBLEMS
• Dimming range
• Dead travel
• Pop-on
• Drop-out
• Popcorn
• Ghosting
• Flashing/Strobing
• Induced Flicker
• Audible noise
• Dimming smoothness
• Dimming monotonicity
• Dimming up/down symmetry
• Dimmer loading
• LED load -dimmer inoperability
• Premature failure of dimmer
and/or LED load

16. DIMMER LOADING
• MINIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER
• MAXIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER AND LED LOAD

17. INRUSH CURRENT
REPETITIVE PEAK CURRENT
• NEMA 410 STANDARD

18. DIMMER LOADING
• MINIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER
• MAXIMUM LOAD VARIES BY DIMMER AND LED LOAD

19. COMMON DIMMING TECHNOLOGIES
• Coincident AC power and control signal
–Sine wave (long obsolete)
–Phase-Cut
•Forward phase or reverse phase
•2-Wire or 3-Wire
• Separate AC power and control signal
–Fluorescent 3-Wire
–0-10V
–DALI
–POE
–DMX512

20. 0-10V CONTROL
• OFTEN USED FOR SWITCHING AND DIMMING
• 2 POWER WIRES AND 2 LOW VOLTAGE CONTROL WIRES

21. A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

22. 0-10V CONTROL
• IEC 60929 STANDARD
• 10V - HIGH END - 100%
• 0V - LOW END (???)
• VOLTAGE LEVELS IN BETWEEN - ??? (NOT DEFINED)

23. A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

24. MEASURED VS.
PERCIEVED LIGHT

25. 0-10V CONTROL
• IEC 60929 STANDARD
• DRIVER SOURCES CURRENT
• CONTROL SINKS CURRENT
• ESTA E1.3 (THEATRICAL STANDARD)
• DRIVER SINKS CURRENT
• CONTROL SOURCES CURRENT
• NOT COMPATIBLE WITH MOST
ARCHITECTURAL DIMMING SYSTEMS
Source Sink
SourceSink

26. 0-10V CONTROL
• IEC 60929 STANDARD
• DRIVER SOURCES CURRENT
• CONTROL SINKS CURRENT

27. 0-10V CONTROL
• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER

28. 0-10V CONTROL
• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER

29. 0-10V CONTROL
• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER

30. 0-10V CONTROL – DIMMER OPTION
• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER
C
C
C

31. 0-10V CONTROL – ROOM CONTROLLER
• IF ITS WIRED TOGETHER IT WORKS TOGETHER
RELAY/
DIM
PANEL
PHOTOSENSOR
WALL CONTROLSCENE CONTROLLER
OCC SENSOR
C
C
C

32. DALI/DALI PLUS
• IECC 62386
• INDIVIDUAL CONTROL OF EACH FIXTURE
• 2-WAY COMMUNICATION ALLOWS FOR INCREASED REPORTING
• TYPICALLY REQUIRES COMMISSIONING
• CAN RESULT IN PROPRIETARY SITUATION – DRIVER + CONTROLLER BY SAME
MANUFACTURER

33. DALI CONTROL
• DIGITAL ADDRESSES ASSIGNED INDEPENDENT OF WIRING
TO BRANCH CIRCUIT POWER
AND DALI CONTROLLER

34. POWER OVER ETHERNET (POE)
• STADARDIZED SYSTEM PASSING
ELECTRIC POWER AND DATA OVER
TWISTED PAIR ETHERNET CABLING
• IEEE 802.3 STANDARD
• UP TO 25.5W (2009)
• UP TO 100W (∼2017)

35. DMX 512A
• ANSI STANDARD E1.11
• TYPICALLY USED IN THEATRICAL
APPLICATIONS
• INDIVIDUAL FIXTURE AND
INDIVIDUAL CHANNEL CONTROL
• FAST AND CONTINUOUS
COMMUNICATION
• ALWAYS REQUIRES
COMISSIONING
• RDM - Remote Device
Management
• Enhancement to DMX512 –
two way communication

37. TUNABLE WHITE LIGHT
• What is it?
• Dim-to-warm
• Tunable white
• Full color tunable
• Why are we doing this?
• Matching preferred sources (persistence of aesthetics and behavior )
• Achieving user preferences (individualized)
• Biological & physiological impacts
• Creating drama
• Issues & Opportunities:
• Selectable CCT & Late Stage Configuration
• Who has these products
• How do we control?
• Circadian Lighting (Light & Human Factors)

38. TUNABLE WHITE LIGHT
Dim to warm:
Mimic incandescent or halogen dimming performance,
2700-3000K at full output to as low as 1800K (the color of candlelight)
Controlling
Fwd/reverse phase control (LEDr)
0-10V controls
DALI
Wireless

39. TUNABLE WHITE LIGHT
Vary CCT from from 2200-2700K to 5000K- 6500K
Two (sometimes 3) individually controllable phosphor
converted white LEDs or LED strings of different CCTs:
Controls are a critical element
Algorithms built in to the driver
Separate control of
1. Intensity level
2. Color
The most common control protocols are 0-10V, DMX,
DALI, control protocol, wireless

40. A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

41. FULL COLOR TUNABLE
Also referred to as RGB, RGBA, RGBW, spectrally
tunable, or color changing
Typically three or more different, individually
variable LED primaries
Very narrow band LEDs (R-G-B)
Monochromatic but with phosphor coatings
(e.g., a “mint” green)
Create a mixture of light that is white, a tint of
white, or a saturated hue
Requires more complex interfaces
DMX, DALI, or wireless with high resolution is
required

42. CONTROL SYSTEM OPTIONS AND COMPONENTS

43. CONTROL SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Load Controller(s)
• Power Packs
• Room Controllers
• Panels
• User Controller(s)
• Dimmers
• Keypads
• Scene and Zone Controllers
• Sensor(s)
• Occupancy/Vacancy
• Daylight (interior and exterior)
• Partition
• Interface(s)
• Audio Visual (AV)
• Shades (motorized or automated)
• BMS/BAS

44. NETWORK LIGHTING CONTROL BACKBONE DEVICES
• BRIDGE
• GATEWAY
• SOFTWARE
UP TO 64
UP TO 64
BRIDGE GATEWAY
SOFTWARE
DIGITAL CONTROLANALOG CONTROL
ANALOG CONTROLANALOG CONTROL

45. TO WIRE OR NOT TO WIRE…
WIRED
• CONTROL SIGNAL SENT USING COMMUNICATION WIRES
• POWER IS EITHER LOW VOLTAGE OR LINE VOLTAGE
WIRELESS
• CONTROL SIGNAL SENT USING RADIO WAVES (RF) COMMUNICATION
• POWER IS EITHER BATTERY POWERED OR THROUGH KINETIC ENERGY

46. NETWORK CONTROL
COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
• BACNET
• MODBUS
INTEGRATION WITH BMS THROUGH -
• BRIDGES AND GATEWAYS
• DIRECT WIRED COMMUNICATION
• ALWAYS THINK ABOUT WHO IS PROGAMMING

47. A STORY FROM THE TRENCHES…

48. Multiple Control Systems
• Architectural Lighting Control System
• Theatrical Lighting Control System
• Mechanical BMS System
• Which system is “in charge”?
• How do they communicate – contact closures? RS232? BACnet?
• Who is doing the integration and programming?

50. This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems Course