This document provides advice to students learning Arabic as a foreign language based on the experiences of Al Diwan Center for Teaching Arabic. It discusses important topics for students to consider when planning their language learning process, including choosing an audio-oral method of learning over grammar-translation, dedicating at least 200 hours of study over 2 months, and selecting a qualified Arabic teacher. The document also aims to dispel common misconceptions that grammar constitutes the entire language, older books are best for learning, and more difficult vocabulary is more eloquent. It emphasizes that the goal of language learning is effective communication.
Ten lessons (Best and Simplest book to learn Arabic) || Australian Islamic Li...Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf
This book is English translation of 'Dus Sabaq' by Maulana Abdus Salam Qidwai Nadvi of Lakhnow who wrote that book in a very simple language to assist beginners who wish to grab good understanding in a short amount of time.
Urdu book is available from:
https://archive.org/details/ArabiZabaKay10Sabaq
This document provides an overview and guidelines for the course ARA056 Arabic Rhetoric I (Al-Bayān) which introduces students to various aspects of communication and expression in the Arabic language through 14 study units covering topics such as the evolution of rhetoric, al-Bayān and its components, and concludes with a glossary of terms. The course aims to help students comprehend rhetorical styles and techniques to improve their reading, writing, and speech in Arabic. Assessment includes tutor-marked assignments, self-assessment exercises and a final examination worth 70% of the total grade.
The document profiles a language learner named Alexa Reichelt Barraza. It analyzes her performance in an oral diagnostic role play task at a restaurant. The summary identifies several grammatical errors made by Alexa, including incorrect word order when using a modal verb, misuse of prepositions, lack of subject-verb agreement, and improper use of articles. The profile provides examples of Alexa's errors and explains how they could be corrected to demonstrate more proficient English grammar.
The document discusses the importance of vocabulary in language learning. It defines vocabulary as including both individual words and multi-word phrases or chunks that convey meaning. Vocabulary is central to communication as it is needed to understand and express ideas. The document outlines three main aspects of vocabulary knowledge: form, meaning, and use. It provides a table showing the 18 different types of knowledge involved in fully knowing a word or phrase based on these three aspects. The document emphasizes building on students' strengths while also addressing weaknesses in their vocabulary knowledge.
The document provides a language learner profile for a student named Nelson Gutiérrez. It includes background on Nelson, an analysis of his oral English abilities based on a diagnostic test, and a proposed lesson plan to teach him strategies to improve his oral performance. The lesson plan focuses on teaching two metacognitive strategies - using language to talk about language by asking clarifying questions, and using pantomime when unsure of a word. The goal is to help Nelson communicate more effectively in English and feel more confident speaking.
The document provides an analysis of an English language learner interview conducted in Spanish. It identifies several areas for improvement, including the omission of personal pronouns, incorrect use of tenses, and mispronunciation of certain sounds. A lesson plan is proposed to address these issues through preparation, presentation, practice and self-evaluation activities focused on asking and answering interview questions. The analysis recommends the learner gain more experience communicating in English to expand their abilities and suggests cooperation with others to enrich learning.
This document provides an overview of teaching English to adult students. It begins by comparing teaching adults versus teaching young learners, noting some key differences like motivation level and classroom management needs. It then shares 10 articles on topics related to teaching adults, including effective classroom techniques, activities, and interviews with experienced teachers. Some of the highlighted articles provide icebreakers for adults, tips for teaching mixed-level classes, understanding fluency, and handling challenging students. The document aims to equip teachers of adults with both theoretical knowledge and practical classroom ideas.
This document discusses learning Mandarin Chinese. It begins by congratulating the reader for starting their Mandarin journey. It then explains that the book will provide techniques to master Mandarin communication. It notes that learning Mandarin may be for various reasons like daily conversation or work. The document claims that with 60 hours of study, one can speak Mandarin fluently. It distinguishes Mandarin as the primary Chinese dialect. The purpose is clearly defined as helping readers achieve an 80% conversation ability in Mandarin, not just knowing a few words. It explains that the 60 hour claim is based on their teaching experience with students of varying backgrounds achieving fluency. The overall goal is to help more people master
Ten lessons (Best and Simplest book to learn Arabic) || Australian Islamic Li...Muhammad Nabeel Musharraf
This book is English translation of 'Dus Sabaq' by Maulana Abdus Salam Qidwai Nadvi of Lakhnow who wrote that book in a very simple language to assist beginners who wish to grab good understanding in a short amount of time.
Urdu book is available from:
https://archive.org/details/ArabiZabaKay10Sabaq
This document provides an overview and guidelines for the course ARA056 Arabic Rhetoric I (Al-Bayān) which introduces students to various aspects of communication and expression in the Arabic language through 14 study units covering topics such as the evolution of rhetoric, al-Bayān and its components, and concludes with a glossary of terms. The course aims to help students comprehend rhetorical styles and techniques to improve their reading, writing, and speech in Arabic. Assessment includes tutor-marked assignments, self-assessment exercises and a final examination worth 70% of the total grade.
The document profiles a language learner named Alexa Reichelt Barraza. It analyzes her performance in an oral diagnostic role play task at a restaurant. The summary identifies several grammatical errors made by Alexa, including incorrect word order when using a modal verb, misuse of prepositions, lack of subject-verb agreement, and improper use of articles. The profile provides examples of Alexa's errors and explains how they could be corrected to demonstrate more proficient English grammar.
The document discusses the importance of vocabulary in language learning. It defines vocabulary as including both individual words and multi-word phrases or chunks that convey meaning. Vocabulary is central to communication as it is needed to understand and express ideas. The document outlines three main aspects of vocabulary knowledge: form, meaning, and use. It provides a table showing the 18 different types of knowledge involved in fully knowing a word or phrase based on these three aspects. The document emphasizes building on students' strengths while also addressing weaknesses in their vocabulary knowledge.
The document provides a language learner profile for a student named Nelson Gutiérrez. It includes background on Nelson, an analysis of his oral English abilities based on a diagnostic test, and a proposed lesson plan to teach him strategies to improve his oral performance. The lesson plan focuses on teaching two metacognitive strategies - using language to talk about language by asking clarifying questions, and using pantomime when unsure of a word. The goal is to help Nelson communicate more effectively in English and feel more confident speaking.
The document provides an analysis of an English language learner interview conducted in Spanish. It identifies several areas for improvement, including the omission of personal pronouns, incorrect use of tenses, and mispronunciation of certain sounds. A lesson plan is proposed to address these issues through preparation, presentation, practice and self-evaluation activities focused on asking and answering interview questions. The analysis recommends the learner gain more experience communicating in English to expand their abilities and suggests cooperation with others to enrich learning.
This document provides an overview of teaching English to adult students. It begins by comparing teaching adults versus teaching young learners, noting some key differences like motivation level and classroom management needs. It then shares 10 articles on topics related to teaching adults, including effective classroom techniques, activities, and interviews with experienced teachers. Some of the highlighted articles provide icebreakers for adults, tips for teaching mixed-level classes, understanding fluency, and handling challenging students. The document aims to equip teachers of adults with both theoretical knowledge and practical classroom ideas.
This document discusses learning Mandarin Chinese. It begins by congratulating the reader for starting their Mandarin journey. It then explains that the book will provide techniques to master Mandarin communication. It notes that learning Mandarin may be for various reasons like daily conversation or work. The document claims that with 60 hours of study, one can speak Mandarin fluently. It distinguishes Mandarin as the primary Chinese dialect. The purpose is clearly defined as helping readers achieve an 80% conversation ability in Mandarin, not just knowing a few words. It explains that the 60 hour claim is based on their teaching experience with students of varying backgrounds achieving fluency. The overall goal is to help more people master
This document discusses the use of Randall's ESL Listening Lab website for teaching English listening skills. It describes the various sections on the website, including general listening quizzes with conversations at different difficulty levels, basic listening quizzes, academic listening exercises, vocabulary lessons, and lessons with video. The author analyzes the strengths of the website, such as the large number of interactive exercises and immediate feedback, and the weaknesses, such as needing an internet connection and audio/visual aids. The advantages for students are practicing pronunciation and accessing materials again, while teachers can facilitate exercises in class. However, the answers are visible, limiting its use for tests.
This document discusses teaching vocabulary to students and the use of animation movies. It begins by explaining that vocabulary is crucial for understanding written and spoken text but is difficult for students to improve due to a lack of vocabulary. It then proposes that animation movies may help address this problem by gaining students' attention, supporting learning through visual examples, eliciting student responses, providing feedback, and enhancing retention. The document goes on to discuss concepts related to teaching vocabulary, the significance and purpose of the study, and provides definitions of key terms.
This document is the cover page and table of contents for a textbook titled "Developing English Competencies for Grade XI of Language Programme". It includes information such as the writers, editors, illustrators involved in creating the textbook. The table of contents provides an overview of the textbook which comprises 10 chapters and 2 reviews on developing English communication skills for senior high school students. Each chapter focuses on a theme and includes listening, speaking, reading and writing exercises related to the theme.
This document contains instructions for two assignments for a compulsory English course at Gomal University's Directorate of Distance Education. It warns that plagiarism will result in zero marks and outlines the assignment requirements. Assignment 1 is due February 2nd and contains 5 questions about parts of speech, sentence structure, voice, and clauses/phrases. Assignment 2 is due March 2nd and contains questions about learning English in Pakistan, vocabulary building, letter and application writing, composition teaching problems, and punctuation. Both assignments are worth 100 total marks and students must score 40 marks to pass.
The document is a chapter from a textbook on pronunciation. It discusses vowels in both English and Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia). It provides a table comparing the 12 vowel phonemes in English (/iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /ɜː/, /ə/, /ʊ/, /uː/, /ʌ/) to the 6 vowel phonemes or "fonem" in Indonesian (/ʌ/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ə/, /ʊ/, /ɒ/). It then describes how each vowel is produced, including tongue position and lip rounding.
Material Adoption of Lesson from 10th class English Textbook ELT
This document summarizes the adaptation of an English lesson from a 10th grade textbook. The original lesson and exercises are analyzed. Paragraphs are deleted that are too difficult for 10th grade students. New paragraphs are added with simpler vocabulary. Exercises are modified to be more visual and focus on language skills rather than just answering questions. The overall evaluation is that the original textbook does not adequately teach English as a second language at the secondary level and requires adaptation to better engage students and improve their language skills through meaningful exercises and content.
This handbook provides guidance for facilitators on introducing new vocabulary words to learners. It recommends balancing familiar and new words, using concept checking questions to assess understanding, explaining word parts like prefixes and suffixes, comparing mathematical and everyday word meanings, using pictures, focusing on pronunciation, and allowing translation between the learner's home language and English. The goal is to help learners improve their English language and mathematics skills simultaneously through exposure to correct English models.
The document discusses life skills and English language learning. It states that life skills are behaviors that enable individuals to adapt and deal effectively with challenges in life. Some key life skills mentioned are effective communication, critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making. It also discusses the importance of English as a global language and lists several methods and resources for improving English language skills, including learning vocabulary, pronunciation, idioms, and using literature, movies and songs for exposure to language. Overall, the document emphasizes that developing English language skills is an important life skill that can increase employability and opportunities.
1. Profile students skill-by-skill to make levelling more sophisticated.
2. Consider factors like learning styles, motivation, maturity and aptitude that impact performance.
3. Differentiate instruction by splitting the class into mini-groups with different start/end points, tasks and measures of success.
Down
1. A short story that teaches a lesson
2. A character in fables that represents humans
3. An animal that often appears in fables and represents wisdom
4. A character in fables that represents humans
5. A character in fables that represents humans
Here are the answers to the crossword puzzle:
Across
1. fable
2. fox
3. owl
4. man
5. wolf
Down
1. lion
2. hare
3. crow
4. ant
5. mouse
2 Read the fable on page 18 of your Coursebook. Answer the questions below.
1 What animals are in the
This document describes a coursebook for Bridge to Success Grade 11. It was developed in partnership with the Ministry of Education in the United Arab Emirates to teach English as a second language. The coursebook covers literacy, writing, speaking, and listening skills over 12 units split into three terms. It aims to reflect Emirati culture and society while also encouraging global perspectives.
1. The document contains responses to questions about language learning.
2. For question 1, the respondent argues that learners should not relate the second language to the first because it will lead to mistakes. Learners should acquire the second language like babies do.
3. For question 2, the respondent agrees that teachers should use the first language in foreign language classes to help guide learning and explain meanings, though the ideal is for the teacher to use the target language as much as possible.
This document is the question paper for the trial SPM English paper in 2013. It consists of two sections - Section A involves directed writing based on notes provided, while Section B involves continuous writing on one of five topics provided. Instructions are given for the candidates to spend 45 minutes on Section A and 60 minutes on Section B. Marking schemes are also provided to evaluate the students' performance in both sections.
The document is a presentation about the difficulties students face in speaking English. It introduces the topic and presenter, then discusses how English has become an important international language but students in Bangladesh have difficulties speaking it outside the classroom. It identifies problems like listening, vocabulary, pronunciation and confidence. It provides suggestions on how to overcome these problems such as practicing listening daily, learning phrases, vocabulary and pronunciation techniques. The conclusion states the classroom can be effective for learning speaking skills if it includes regular speaking activities to build confidence.
This document provides an overview of the English Language Curriculum for Primary Schools in Malaysia. It outlines the aims, objectives, focus, content organization and modules of the curriculum. The curriculum aims to equip pupils with basic English language skills to communicate effectively. It is divided into two stages - Stage One for Years 1-3 focuses on developing foundational literacy skills, while Stage Two for Years 4-6 further improves language skills and introduces a Grammar module. The content is organized into modules - Listening & Speaking, Reading, Writing, Language Arts and Grammar (for Stage Two). The overview provides guidance for teachers on the structure and implementation of the new English curriculum.
Ell 240 Enthusiastic Study / snaptutorial.comStephenson47
The Four Domains. There are four domains in English Language Development (ELD): reading, writing, listening, and speaking. In this assignment, you will research the four domains and find effective instructional strategies utilized to facilitate ELD. Write a paper that includes the following:
Brochure Trường Anh ngữ Boracay Coco English AcademyPHILENTER
The document provides information about Boracay Coco English Academy & Resort located on Boracay Island in the Philippines. It summarizes the academy's English courses, facilities, and accommodation options. Boracay is a small island known for its beaches, activities, and nightlife. The academy aims to help students of all English levels improve their skills through affordable programs taught by experienced teachers.
The document provides guidance on how to answer directed writing questions for the SPM English paper. It begins by explaining what a directed writing question is and analyzing past years' questions. It then discusses how to analyze the question, including identifying the text type, format, tenses, contents and elaborations required. Finally, it offers strategies for writing the answer, such as using simple and compound sentences, sequence connectors, and discourse markers. The key aspects are analyzing the question requirements carefully and using a variety of grammatically correct sentence structures to score well for both contents and language.
1. EUS showed a large hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic head leading to obstructive jaundice and invading nearby vessels. Hypoechoic nodes in the celiac axis suggested metastasis.
2. EUS-guided FNA of the mass confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma. ERCP showed a stricture and placed a metal stent for palliation.
3. The case demonstrates accurate diagnosis, staging and palliative management of advanced pancreatic cancer with obstructive jaundice through EUS and ERCP in a single session.
We review diagnosis, management, treatment (medical, endoscopic and surgical) , prognosis, prevention and different algorithms about post ERCP perforation
We review the most important articles above the differents Precut techiques: Fistulotomy, Papillotomy and Transpancreatic Sphincterotomy. The techique is safe and effective. And a brief comment about my experience in Fistulotomy, "No Post ERCP Pancreatitis because No touch the papilllary orifice"
This document discusses the use of Randall's ESL Listening Lab website for teaching English listening skills. It describes the various sections on the website, including general listening quizzes with conversations at different difficulty levels, basic listening quizzes, academic listening exercises, vocabulary lessons, and lessons with video. The author analyzes the strengths of the website, such as the large number of interactive exercises and immediate feedback, and the weaknesses, such as needing an internet connection and audio/visual aids. The advantages for students are practicing pronunciation and accessing materials again, while teachers can facilitate exercises in class. However, the answers are visible, limiting its use for tests.
This document discusses teaching vocabulary to students and the use of animation movies. It begins by explaining that vocabulary is crucial for understanding written and spoken text but is difficult for students to improve due to a lack of vocabulary. It then proposes that animation movies may help address this problem by gaining students' attention, supporting learning through visual examples, eliciting student responses, providing feedback, and enhancing retention. The document goes on to discuss concepts related to teaching vocabulary, the significance and purpose of the study, and provides definitions of key terms.
This document is the cover page and table of contents for a textbook titled "Developing English Competencies for Grade XI of Language Programme". It includes information such as the writers, editors, illustrators involved in creating the textbook. The table of contents provides an overview of the textbook which comprises 10 chapters and 2 reviews on developing English communication skills for senior high school students. Each chapter focuses on a theme and includes listening, speaking, reading and writing exercises related to the theme.
This document contains instructions for two assignments for a compulsory English course at Gomal University's Directorate of Distance Education. It warns that plagiarism will result in zero marks and outlines the assignment requirements. Assignment 1 is due February 2nd and contains 5 questions about parts of speech, sentence structure, voice, and clauses/phrases. Assignment 2 is due March 2nd and contains questions about learning English in Pakistan, vocabulary building, letter and application writing, composition teaching problems, and punctuation. Both assignments are worth 100 total marks and students must score 40 marks to pass.
The document is a chapter from a textbook on pronunciation. It discusses vowels in both English and Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia). It provides a table comparing the 12 vowel phonemes in English (/iː/, /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ɑː/, /ɒ/, /ɔː/, /ɜː/, /ə/, /ʊ/, /uː/, /ʌ/) to the 6 vowel phonemes or "fonem" in Indonesian (/ʌ/, /ɪ/, /e/, /ə/, /ʊ/, /ɒ/). It then describes how each vowel is produced, including tongue position and lip rounding.
Material Adoption of Lesson from 10th class English Textbook ELT
This document summarizes the adaptation of an English lesson from a 10th grade textbook. The original lesson and exercises are analyzed. Paragraphs are deleted that are too difficult for 10th grade students. New paragraphs are added with simpler vocabulary. Exercises are modified to be more visual and focus on language skills rather than just answering questions. The overall evaluation is that the original textbook does not adequately teach English as a second language at the secondary level and requires adaptation to better engage students and improve their language skills through meaningful exercises and content.
This handbook provides guidance for facilitators on introducing new vocabulary words to learners. It recommends balancing familiar and new words, using concept checking questions to assess understanding, explaining word parts like prefixes and suffixes, comparing mathematical and everyday word meanings, using pictures, focusing on pronunciation, and allowing translation between the learner's home language and English. The goal is to help learners improve their English language and mathematics skills simultaneously through exposure to correct English models.
The document discusses life skills and English language learning. It states that life skills are behaviors that enable individuals to adapt and deal effectively with challenges in life. Some key life skills mentioned are effective communication, critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making. It also discusses the importance of English as a global language and lists several methods and resources for improving English language skills, including learning vocabulary, pronunciation, idioms, and using literature, movies and songs for exposure to language. Overall, the document emphasizes that developing English language skills is an important life skill that can increase employability and opportunities.
1. Profile students skill-by-skill to make levelling more sophisticated.
2. Consider factors like learning styles, motivation, maturity and aptitude that impact performance.
3. Differentiate instruction by splitting the class into mini-groups with different start/end points, tasks and measures of success.
Down
1. A short story that teaches a lesson
2. A character in fables that represents humans
3. An animal that often appears in fables and represents wisdom
4. A character in fables that represents humans
5. A character in fables that represents humans
Here are the answers to the crossword puzzle:
Across
1. fable
2. fox
3. owl
4. man
5. wolf
Down
1. lion
2. hare
3. crow
4. ant
5. mouse
2 Read the fable on page 18 of your Coursebook. Answer the questions below.
1 What animals are in the
This document describes a coursebook for Bridge to Success Grade 11. It was developed in partnership with the Ministry of Education in the United Arab Emirates to teach English as a second language. The coursebook covers literacy, writing, speaking, and listening skills over 12 units split into three terms. It aims to reflect Emirati culture and society while also encouraging global perspectives.
1. The document contains responses to questions about language learning.
2. For question 1, the respondent argues that learners should not relate the second language to the first because it will lead to mistakes. Learners should acquire the second language like babies do.
3. For question 2, the respondent agrees that teachers should use the first language in foreign language classes to help guide learning and explain meanings, though the ideal is for the teacher to use the target language as much as possible.
This document is the question paper for the trial SPM English paper in 2013. It consists of two sections - Section A involves directed writing based on notes provided, while Section B involves continuous writing on one of five topics provided. Instructions are given for the candidates to spend 45 minutes on Section A and 60 minutes on Section B. Marking schemes are also provided to evaluate the students' performance in both sections.
The document is a presentation about the difficulties students face in speaking English. It introduces the topic and presenter, then discusses how English has become an important international language but students in Bangladesh have difficulties speaking it outside the classroom. It identifies problems like listening, vocabulary, pronunciation and confidence. It provides suggestions on how to overcome these problems such as practicing listening daily, learning phrases, vocabulary and pronunciation techniques. The conclusion states the classroom can be effective for learning speaking skills if it includes regular speaking activities to build confidence.
This document provides an overview of the English Language Curriculum for Primary Schools in Malaysia. It outlines the aims, objectives, focus, content organization and modules of the curriculum. The curriculum aims to equip pupils with basic English language skills to communicate effectively. It is divided into two stages - Stage One for Years 1-3 focuses on developing foundational literacy skills, while Stage Two for Years 4-6 further improves language skills and introduces a Grammar module. The content is organized into modules - Listening & Speaking, Reading, Writing, Language Arts and Grammar (for Stage Two). The overview provides guidance for teachers on the structure and implementation of the new English curriculum.
Ell 240 Enthusiastic Study / snaptutorial.comStephenson47
The Four Domains. There are four domains in English Language Development (ELD): reading, writing, listening, and speaking. In this assignment, you will research the four domains and find effective instructional strategies utilized to facilitate ELD. Write a paper that includes the following:
Brochure Trường Anh ngữ Boracay Coco English AcademyPHILENTER
The document provides information about Boracay Coco English Academy & Resort located on Boracay Island in the Philippines. It summarizes the academy's English courses, facilities, and accommodation options. Boracay is a small island known for its beaches, activities, and nightlife. The academy aims to help students of all English levels improve their skills through affordable programs taught by experienced teachers.
The document provides guidance on how to answer directed writing questions for the SPM English paper. It begins by explaining what a directed writing question is and analyzing past years' questions. It then discusses how to analyze the question, including identifying the text type, format, tenses, contents and elaborations required. Finally, it offers strategies for writing the answer, such as using simple and compound sentences, sequence connectors, and discourse markers. The key aspects are analyzing the question requirements carefully and using a variety of grammatically correct sentence structures to score well for both contents and language.
1. EUS showed a large hypoechoic mass in the pancreatic head leading to obstructive jaundice and invading nearby vessels. Hypoechoic nodes in the celiac axis suggested metastasis.
2. EUS-guided FNA of the mass confirmed pancreatic adenocarcinoma. ERCP showed a stricture and placed a metal stent for palliation.
3. The case demonstrates accurate diagnosis, staging and palliative management of advanced pancreatic cancer with obstructive jaundice through EUS and ERCP in a single session.
We review diagnosis, management, treatment (medical, endoscopic and surgical) , prognosis, prevention and different algorithms about post ERCP perforation
We review the most important articles above the differents Precut techiques: Fistulotomy, Papillotomy and Transpancreatic Sphincterotomy. The techique is safe and effective. And a brief comment about my experience in Fistulotomy, "No Post ERCP Pancreatitis because No touch the papilllary orifice"
This document provides an introduction to and overview of the first chapter of the textbook "Basic Arabic Grammar: Part A". The chapter focuses on forming basic nominal sentences in Arabic. It discusses definite and indefinite nouns and adjectives, and how they are used in nominal sentences of the form "subject is/are predicate". It also introduces the singular detached pronouns that can replace nouns as subjects, and the conjunction "and" which can join multiple predicates or nominal sentences. Several example sentences are provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over the past 70 years. It outlines some of the key milestones in AI research including the creation of logic theories, machine learning algorithms, and neural networks. Recent advances in deep learning have led to AI systems that can perform complex tasks like image recognition and natural language processing.
This document discusses English as an international language and its importance in education. It notes that English is taught in Indonesian schools from elementary through university levels. However, not all students can effectively apply their English skills in real life. The document argues that teaching English at early ages is important so it can be used as an important communication tool. It also discusses different strategies English teachers can use to make learning English more engaging and help students understand and pay attention.
An Approach for Teaching English Language Grammar To Arab Young Learners.pdfSuzanne Simmons
This document proposes a new approach to teaching English grammar, specifically the verb "to be" and the present perfect tense, to young Arab learners. The approach is designed to overcome difficulties Arab students face due to the significant grammatical differences between English and Arabic. Key aspects of the approach include teaching each grammar point as the main focus of its own unit, using pictures and stories to illustrate conjugations and functions, and incorporating games to help students learn in a relaxed and motivating way. The goal is to facilitate and accelerate Arab students' understanding and mastery of these challenging English grammar concepts.
This document provides an introduction to learning the Arabic language. It discusses why Arabic is an important language to study, both for its religious significance as the language of the Quran and its historical importance. It then offers guidance on how to effectively study Arabic, whether for informal conversational skills or formal academic purposes. Options discussed include college courses, online courses, and intensive programs. It also provides a brief overview of the Arabic alphabet and letters to prepare new learners before they begin studying the language in depth.
Grammar Teaching through Grammar Translation Methodijtsrd
this article deals with presenting information about methods, and language acquisition based on grammar teaching. There is given some more instructions to abide by teaching grammar. Gulmira Juraboyeva Sherali Qizi | Odina Bakhridinova Khusnidin Qizi "Grammar Teaching through Grammar Translation Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42478.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/education/42478/grammar-teaching-through-grammar-translation-method/gulmira-juraboyeva-sherali-qizi
This document provides details about a graduation project to design a website called "4 skills 4 U" to help Omani grade 11 students improve their English language skills. The website aims to enhance students' reading, writing, speaking, and listening abilities through lessons, exercises, forums for interaction, and other resources. It was created in response to teachers reporting that students struggle with the complexity of the new grade 11 English curriculum and need additional practice and assistance with developing their language skills. The project goes through various phases including analysis of the issue, design of the website, development, implementation at a school, and evaluation. The intended users of the site are both students and teachers.
Arabic language. improving listening skills. By Bushra AlshakhlyBushra Alshakhly
This presentation discusses improving listening skills from the intermediate to advanced level in Arabic. It notes that while teachers try to prepare intermediate students, taking them to an advanced level poses bigger challenges. Some issues that affect higher-level listening comprehension include variable speech rates, cultural references, reduced/extended structures, and different verb forms/dialects. The presentation recommends practicing listening strategies, using authentic materials at appropriate levels, activating background knowledge, and creating an immersive environment to help students improve. Motivation is key, as is reminding students that Arabic is a rich, living language capable of engaging learners.
The document provides a summary and work history for Heba Abdel Fattah Abdel Azim. She has over 6 years of experience as an English instructor, having worked at several prominent language institutions in Egypt. She gained experience teaching students of various ages and abilities, developing her skills in assessment, classroom management, and addressing student needs. She cites her experience and communication skills as making her well-suited for English instruction positions.
Academic English language insinuates the oral, made, hear-capable, and visual language used in Schools and other high level training establishments Learn Business English.
Students’ comments as a tool for teaching reflectionA Faiz
This document summarizes a teacher's experience running an after-school English club for junior high students in Indonesia. Some key points:
- The teacher used games and fun activities to motivate the students and help them learn English. This helped the students stay engaged.
- Students provided feedback on the teacher's instruction at the end of the semester. The feedback was categorized as positive, negative, or no comment on the teaching method.
- While the student feedback was not as reliable as feedback from experts, it still provided valuable perspective on what did and didn't work from the students' point of view. The teacher aimed to continuously improve their teaching.
Learn Business English In any case, it doesn't infer that you are disastrous to fight with listening everlastingly - not in the smallest degree. In case you take the right steps (and have a little industriousness), you can additionally foster your listening capacity amazingly.
This document provides guidance for training effective English as a foreign language (EFL) tutors. It discusses getting to know the EFL student by assessing their language needs, education background, and goals. The document recommends determining a class schedule during the first meeting. It also defines key aspects of an EFL curriculum, including focusing on survival skills, indirect grammar instruction, teaching a few idioms at a time in context, and using total physical response for vocabulary development.
The document outlines an English language course for beginners that is divided into 4 parts - writing, reading, speaking, and listening. Each part will meet once a week for 50 minutes plus 10 minutes of discussion. The course plan and some initial lessons on writing and reading skills are provided to help new English learners improve their language abilities.
2014 supporting the eal students in the mfl classroomIsabelle Jones
This document discusses strategies for supporting English as an Additional Language (EAL) students in the foreign language classroom. It begins by identifying the most common EAL issues teachers encounter, such as different proficiency levels and linguistic backgrounds among EAL learners. It then suggests practical strategies like using peer support and teaching assistants, as well as emphasizing that EAL students may have strengths in areas like bilingualism. The document also aims to dispel common myths around EAL learners and language acquisition, noting that it can take 5-7 years to develop academic language proficiency.
Grammar Translation, The Direct Method and Bilingual Skillsnoblex1
The future aims of learners of English vary widely. For some they may be clearly defined. They may want to study in an English-speaking environment, or to keep up to date with what's in the English-speaking press, or to get by on holiday in an English-speaking country, or to conduct business meetings in English. These aims don't necessarily involve a deep-seated interest in English-speaking people and their culture, though that may develop.
Other learners may have a more general motivation and, rather than seeing learning English as a means to an end, see it as a more educational and personal experience. This sort of interest usually is characterized by a wish to gain a deeper understanding about people's ways of life and values. The ultimate goal of this group may even be to become bilingual. Although bilingualism is not a big issue in EFL, many teachers are interested in the extent to which other languages should be used in the classroom. Some teachers see the use of the mother tongue in language learning simply as a helpful transition to L2. Others see it as a way of developing bilingual skills. Yet others see it as a dangerous distraction from the learning of L2. I'll return to the question of L1 use in class in a moment. Meanwhile, let's sort out what we mean by bilingual and bilingual skills.
Now read the information that follows and see if you are still happy with your definition. Change it if you want to. (As you read this, bear in mind the interesting point that worldwide being bilingual to some degree is more common than being monolingual.)
People with the following sorts of skills have all been described as bilingual by different linguists and psychologists. A bilingual person could be someone who is able to:
- get on the right bus in another language
- understand a current affairs program on the radio
- write a letter to their child's school about arrangements for meals
- give a simultaneous interpretation of a speech at an international conference
- use two languages often, but not necessarily very well
- speak two languages, but cannot read or write them both.
Standard definitions range from insisting on native-like competence in two or more languages (which is comparatively rare) to some second-language proficiency in one of the four skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing). I personally go for something between these two extremes, reserving a term like 'totally bilingual' for people equally at ease in all situations in either language.
If your answer to the previous activity was something like: 'Being bilingual means knowing two languages', on the face of it that seems clear enough. But apart from the variety you saw in the list above, there is also a difference between the person who is able to operate equally well in both languages in all contexts and the person who has acquired two languages completely separately.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/grammar-translation-the-direct-method-and-bilingual-skills/
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4. Contents
Introduction
1
How do we learn the language?
4
Misconceptions About the Language
12
When have we learnt the language?
19
Language Skills and Methods for
Developing Them
A Summary of Our Experiences
Students’ Experiences in Learning
Arabic
4
26
33
39
5. In the Name of God, all praise is due to God,
may Peace and Blessings be upon the
Messenger of God
Introduction
For eight years now, I have met a great
number of non-Arab students learning Arabic, and
among them I have found those who have
succeeded in learning the language and those
who have not. I have noticed that the difference
between the successful and unsuccessful student
is mostly a result of their understanding of the
nature of the language learning process and of
the planning of that process. Most of the new
students are given advice by their teachers on the
first day. Some of them accept the advice and
some prefer to try to achieve success in their own
way. Unfortunately, the second type of students
realizes the value of the teacher’s advice only
after several months have passed and he already
5
6. lost much of his money, time, and determination.
Therefore, Al Diwan Center for Teaching
Arabic
as
a
Foreign
Language
considers
it
appropriate to present some advice to students
wanting to learn Arabic, with the hope of helping
them plan the learning process. We offer them
not only some of our own experience, but also the
experience of their colleagues who have already
learnt Arabic, so that they may effectively utilize
their time, money, and strength.
We will discuss six main topics:
1. How do we learn the language?
2. Misconceptions about the Language
3. When have we learnt the language?
4. Language Skills and Methods for Developing
Them
5. A Summary of Our Experiences
6. Students’ Experiences in Learning Arabic
And God it is Who bestows success.
Islam Yousry Aly
Al Diwan Centre
info@aldiwancentre.com
6
7. I. How do we learn the language?
A. Choosing the Method of Learning
Out of the many methods for teaching
foreign languages, two are most common. The
first method, called the "Grammar-Translation
Method", utilizes the native language of the
students while teaching. The second method,
"Audio-Oral Method", uses the target language,
which is the language the student is trying to
learn, without using an intermediary language in
teaching. Researchers in the field of teaching
foreign languages have found that a method in
which an intermediary language is not used is
more beneficial for students because it mimics the
way children learn their mother tongue. A child
knows no language when he is born, so he begins
by listening to people around him (listening
skills). Then he begins repeating their words
(speaking skills). After growing older, he learns to
7
8. read (reading skills), and finally he is able to write
and express what he wants (writing skills).
I have met many students who have learnt
Arabic in their countries for periods of more than
six years, yet they are not able to speak Arabic
for more then three minutes. This is because they
studied
using
the
first
method
(Grammar-
Translation). Thus, they are not accustomed to
communicating in Arabic. Their only relationship
with Arabic is through studying literary texts
which were translated for them into their mother
tongue by their teachers.
In summary, the student wanting to learn
Arabic must only use Arabic when studying the
language.
B. Choosing the Period of One’s Studies
Some
of
the
students
deal
with
the
language as if it is ‘fast food.’ Students may want
to learn the language in the same way in which
8
9. they pass through a fast food restaurant; they
order a hamburger, take it away and eat it
wherever they wish.
I have seen some students who want to
learn the language in a month. Others want to
learn in a couple of weeks. My reply is that they
need a tourist office which could run them
through the basics of Arabic
rather than a
specialized institute for teaching the language.
Language is a living organism. To get
acquainted with it, to understand it, and to live
with it, one must dedicate a certain period of time
to it. If you were to ask, “How long is that
period?” my reply based on our experience at Al
Diwan would be – not having found any prior
research on this topic – that the shortest period in
which
the
students
can
truly
accomplish
something is two hundred hours in a period of two
months. We have noticed that if the student
studies for less than this period, takes a break,
and then recommences studying, he forgets what
9
10. he previously learned. On the other hand, if he
completes at least two hundred hours of studies,
he forgets much less. To demonstrate this point
more academically: the student during that period
of two hundred hours1 has nearly finished the first
of four stages in learning the language.2 Thus, he
has reached a level that enables him to execute
the
linguistic
tasks
which
strengthen
his
relationship with the language.
For example, the student who completes
this introductory stage in the language should
have:3
The ability to ask for necessary things.
The ability to express his preferences with
respect to necessary things.
1
This number represents the average period of time required
by students to finish one level in learning the language and
may differ from one student to another.
2
The four levels are: introductory, intermediate, advanced,
and expert.
3
Summarized from “Proficiency Guidelines for Speaking” 1999
from The American Council for Teachers of Foreign Languages
(http://www.actfl.org)
10
11.
The ability to answer simple questions
about his daily matters.
The ability to ask simple questions.
If the student puts these abilities to use,
he retains command over them and does not
forget what he learnt.
On the other hand, the student who
studies for a very short period of time, only
learning the alphabet, or learning some past
tense
conjugations,
or
memorizing
some
vocabulary, can not execute linguistic tasks using
letters far removed from words, or with words far
removed from sentences, or verbs far removed
from syntax.
In conclusion, from our experience, the
minimal
period
of
studying
a
language
is
approximately two hundred hours, the period in
which one can complete a stage.
11
12. C. Choosing a Teacher
The teacher plays a very consequential
role in the language acquisition process. The
student can not judge what the foreign teacher
language presents, as opposed to any other
teacher. If a mathematics teacher says that 3 + 3
= 7, any student can find the mistake. When
learning a new language, the student can not find
the mistakes by himself.
I met a group of students coming from an
African county who confused the ‘s’ and ‘sh’
sounds. This is despite the fact that the group had
been learning the language for nearly fifteen
years, albeit with a non-native speaker who also
interchanged the ‘s’ and ‘sh’ sounds in Arabic.4
Therefore, the students were simply following the
teacher’s lead.
I
met
students
from
Eastern
Europe
expressing verbs in a strange manner. If one of
4
سerTeT eheel iTrrThe ehT and ‘( شseen’ and ‘sheen’) respectively.
12
13. them wanted to say, “I want to sleep,” he would
say “I want to do sleeping.” And instead of saying
“I want to drink,” he said, “I want to do drinking.”
When I investigated the matter, I found that their
teacher was Arab, but did not study the language
in an academic setting, and therefore found this
to be the easiest way to teach verbs.
I met other students discussing Arabic
grammar in English, although they had been
studying Arabic for nearly six months. When I
asked about this, I found that their previous
teacher told them that in order to learn Arabic, we
must learn its grammar rules first and then
learning the language itself would be easy.
In my opinion, for the student who has
spent six continuous months and is still not
speaking Arabic, it is cheaper for him to stay in
his country and buy an English book of Arabic
grammar rules, which can be bought anywhere.
In this way he may reach the same result that he
reached in six months far from his country.
13
14. To summarize this point: the student first
has to ask the other experienced students:
Is the teacher Arab or not?
If not, does he pronounce Arabic well or
not?
Is the teacher an expert in Arabic or not?
Meaning, has he studied the language
academically
in
a
university
or
an
institute?
Does the teacher pronounce the language
correctly?
Is the teacher aware of how to teach
Arabic as a foreign language?
If all of these conditions are met, the
teacher is suitable to study with.
14
15. II. Misconceptions about the Language
A. Grammar Rules Are the Language
If you have read a book on traffic rules, it
does not mean that you can drive. If you can start
the engine and move the car forwards and
backwards, it does not mean that you can move
with it amongst other cars.
Likewise, grammar is a tool for linguistic
accuracy, not the language itself. I have met
many students who have spent hundreds of hours
studying Arabic grammar, thinking that they were
learning
Arabic.
Eventually,
in
the
first
conversation with an Arab, they find out that they
have studied about the language and not the
language itself.
Thus, the student must view the language
as expressions, culture, habits and traditions. All
of these facets are interconnected through the
science of grammar.
15
16. B. The older the book, the more suitable it is for
linguistic studies.
I see many students always searching for
old books from which to study, thinking that the
older the book, the closer it is to correctness.
Some of the students have a sheikh in their nonArab county who advises them to go to Arab
countries and to study old grammar books which
they have suggested for them. The student
travels thousand of miles to study that book,
spends his money and time thinking that he is
learning the language. Eventually, he returns to
his country neither understanding that book nor
learning Arabic.
I remember once a student from Central
Asia came with a book printed from an old
manuscript. In the margin of all the pages, there
was an explanation of the text. Under this
explanation there was more writing, which was a
16
17. book in itself. He asked me to teach this book to
him and his colleagues in Al Diwan. I asked him to
give
me
the
book,
and
when
I
saw
it
I
remembered learning about the book in the
undergraduate
years.
This
book
was
an
intermediary stage in the development of Arabic
Rhetoric. The book does not represent the final
form of that science, as other efforts came after it
and Arabic Rhetoric took its final form.
I asked the student, “Why do you and your
colleagues want to study this book?”
He
answered, “In our country, a man is not regarded
as knowing Arabic if he has not read this book.
I asked, “Do people know Arabic in your
country?”
“No!!” he replied.
So I asked him, “Then, who made this
rule?”
He explained, “This idea was
present
before the Communist Revolution of 1917 when
our country was occupied. Later, when the Soviet
17
18. Union fell and freedom returned to our country,
people remembered that they were Muslims, and
this idea (about the old book) returned once
again.”
This attitude expresses how many students
feel that using older books is the best way to
learn Arabic. The reader should not think that I
am opposed to legacy. However, we have to
realize
that
several
traditional
books
were
stepping stones in the development of Islamic and
Arabic sciences. They are not the semi-final form
which scientists later agreed upon.
Moreover, these books were written for
Arabs
to
read
in
an
era
when
the
most
distinguished people were the Arabic authors and
speakers. An author used to write for people
living and breathing the Arabic language. They did
not take into consideration that these books were
going to be studied by non-Arab students learning
Arabic. Many words used in these books are not
used anymore in our daily life.
18
19. To summarize this point – on which I
elaborated because of its importance – we must
study from books written to teach Arabic as a
foreign language, which take into consideration
the spirit of the age in which we are living and its
literary styles. Once we master these books, we
start reading religious books written for children
because they have easier words and some older
traditional words that have less complex rhetorical
forms. If we understand these books, we proceed
to the next stage, and so on, until we arrive at
the traditional books. However, we must know
which of their words are used in daily life and
which are not so that we do not make mistakes
when interacting with Arabs.
C. The
more
difficult
the
words,
the
more
eloquent they are.
I remember one of my students always
holding an Arabic-Turkish dictionary. When he
19
20. wrote an essay, he would use some very unusual
words. If I asked for a synonymous word, he
would give me an even more unusual word.
When I investigated the matter with him, I
found out that he had memorized the dictionary,
regardless of whether a word is still used or not.
He memorized words not knowing the context in
which they are used “because the dictionary was
small.” Thus he used certain words together,
using unusual words in an even more unusual
context. He
explained
this
according to
his
understanding that eloquence in language means
using
words
that
ordinary
people
do
not
understand.
In fact, that was not the problem of just
one student, but of several, who thought that
rhetoric
is
synonymous
to
difficulty.
This
understanding is not accurate because Rhetoric,
as
defined
with
respect to Arabic
Linguistic
sciences, is “matching the language used with
what the situation requires.” This means that the
20
21. words you say have to be appropriate for the
situation in which you are talking, from the nature
of the subject, to the actual situation, from the
person to whom you are speaking, to your
relationship with him. Only if your words meet all
of
these
requirements
“eloquent.”
21
are
you
considered
22. III. When have we learnt the language?
In the past, the focus in foreign language
classes used to be on “How,” “Rules,” “What to
Say,” “Vocabulary.”
Teachers
used
to
spend
their
time
explaining grammar rules, and the students were
eager to memorize vocabulary and master the
rules. Unfortunately, the end result did not justify
all the effort.
The principle of the current organizations
for
foreign
language
education
is
“Communication,” in which the emphasis is placed
on “Why,” “Who” and “When.”
Although
rules
and
vocabulary
are
considered essential tools for communication,
acquiring the ability
to communicate is
the
essential goal for learning languages.
The American Council for Teachers of
Foreign Languages, in cooperation with other
organization in the field, has decided upon a set
22
23. of objectives. Whoever achieves these objectives
can be considered to have learnt the language.
A. Communication
Communication is the heart of learning a
second language, whether the communication is
face to face, through writing, or across continents
through literature.
I
met
some
students
whose
only
relationship with the language was through a
book and their teacher. They did not interact with
native speakers. There are colonies of students in
some Arab countries who study religion in circles
as closed as possible, and avoid dealing with
Arabs. Therefore, we find that, in the end, their
linguistic capabilities are very weak.
Hence, we suggest that in order to achieve
communication skills, students should participate
in conversation, obtain information, convey their
feelings and emotions, and exchange points of
23
24. view. They also have to understand, and be able
to explain, literature (written and oral) about
different subjects. The have to present their
thoughts and understanding about different issues
to the listeners or readers as well.
B. Culture
Students can not truly excel in a language
until they understand the cultural environment of
the language.
I have met certain students who refused to
learn
bout
Arabic
literature
and
culture,
considering their teachers’ discussion of the topic
a form of racism. They think the student who
studies Arabic in order to understand Islam does
not need to understand Arabic culture.
This
view
is
not
correct.
We
can’t
appreciate the effect the Qur’an had on the Arabs
to whom it was revealed without knowing the
value of the word in an Arab’s life. And we can not
24
25. understand the Prophet’s (peace and blessing be
upon
him)
life
without
understanding
how
relationships were built and developed in Arab
society. An Arab used to stand by his brother
whether he was the oppressor or the oppressed.
An Arab himself did not want to leave idol worship
for fear of betraying the path of his father. On the
other hand, certain Arab morals blended with
Islam to create a prophetic generation which ruled
over a land stretching from the borders of China
to the Atlantic Ocean.
In the present age, a foreign student will
not grasp the language perfectly unless he knows
the value of the sacred things in an Arab’s life,
and in a Muslim’s life in particular, such as the
hatred
towards
occupation,
their
animosity
towards Zionism, and the despondent state in
which Arabs live- sorrowful over a lost glory.
Therefore, we can say that a student can
not
grasp
understands
the
Arabic
these
and
25
language
many
unless
other
he
cultural
26. aspects of the historical and contemporary Arab’s
personality.
Culture encompasses literature, customs,
traditions, feudal and tribal relationships, the
relationship between the scholar and the student,
the rich and the poor, the ruler and the ruled.
C. Connections
Studying
language
strengthens
relationships among people who can not speak to
each other because they do not speak the same
language.
When you speak only one language, you
can communicate only to foreigners who speak
your language, and usually only to the well
educated. But when you speak their language,
you can communicate with a large number of its
native
speakers,
thereby
relationships.
26
developing
new
27. D. Comparisons
A student should not deal with the foreign
language detached from his own language. It is
true that we do not want the student to resort to
literal translation. But we would like him to
compare between his language and the new one,
from the sounds of the alphabet, to how people
convey their emotions, in addition to symbols,
proverbs, heroes, customs and traditions.
Through comparisons and differentiation
between
the
two
languages,
the
student’s
understanding of the nature of language and
cultural concepts is broadened. He may come to
know about the multitude of points of view
present in this world.
E. Community
When a student can use the new language
to express his happiness and sadness, to praise
27
28. and to criticize, then we can say that he has truly
learned the new language.
Such
elements
give
the
student
of
language the ability to coexist with a multilingual
community, whether at home or around the
world, whatever the environment may be.
28
29. IV. Language
Skills
and
Methods
for
Developing Them
In order to discover what the language
skills are, let us each ask ourselves, “How does a
child learn language?”
You will find that a child is born without
having any vocabulary. He begins to listen to the
sounds of words around him. If such words are
Hindi, the child, near the age of ten months, will
begin imitating these Hindi words. If these sounds
are Arabic, the child will behave similarly with
respect to Arabic words.
This implies that we hear first (Listening
Skills) and then imitate what we hear (Speaking
Skills). We then begin reading (Reading Skills)
and, as our cognition develops, we express what
we want through writing (Writing Skills).
Therefore, the natural way of learning a
language is the best way to learn a foreign
language. That is, you listen to the language
29
30. being spoken properly and imitate what you hear,
and then you read and write.
Language Skills:
Listening
Speaking
Reading
Writing
Methods for Developing Language Skills:
A. Methods for Developing Listening Skills
1. Listening to the Holy Qur’an on CDs or
tapes.
2. Listening to Islamic and other eloquent
songs.
3. Listening to the Holy Qur’an on the radio.
4. Listening to religious programming on the
television or radio.
30
31. 5. Listening to news on the television or
radio.
6. Listening to religions lectures in classical
Arabic.
7. Watching historical Islamic movies and
television series spoken in classical Arabic.
B. Methods for Developing Speaking Skills
Good speech is the intrinsic result of listening
properly.
1. Memorizing vocabulary in correct Arabic
syntax.
2. Concentrating
on
the
correctness
of
speech rather than its speed.
3. Interaction with Arabs who speak classical
Arabic fluently.
4. Training for delivering speeches in private
and public venues.
31
32. 5. Living with students whose only common
language is classical Arabic.
6. Making use of the science of Tajweed in
order to develop correct pronunciation and
intonation.
7. Listening to lessons and repeating them
out loud.
8. Concentrating
on
the
most
important
grammatical rules in speech.
C. Methods for Developing Reading Skills
1. Reciting the Holy Qur’an.
2. Reading texts out loud with Arabs.
3. Reading texts out loud with colleagues and
correcting each other.
4. Reading
materials,
various
such
types
as
of
reading
books,
stories,
newspapers and magazines.
32
33. 5. When
watching
non-Arabic
movies
or
programs, one should turn off the sound
and read the Arabic translation only.
6. Concentrating
diacritical
on
marks
the
above
placement
or
below
of
the
written letter (tashkeel) in the elementary
learning stages and assuring that the
student memorizes the word’s written form
and pronunciation.
7. Training
for
pronunciation
recognition
when
of
seeing
a
it
word’s
without
diacritical marks. (This will enable the
student to read un-diacritically marked
texts.)
D. Methods for Developing Writing Skills
Handwriting – Dictation – Composition
1. Learning handwriting using handwriting
workbooks.
33
34. 2. Writing abundantly. (compositions, letters,
stories)
3.
Following up what you have written with
your
Arabic
teacher
or
handwriting
teacher.
4. Reading a book on the rules of Arabic
dictation, such as proper usage of the
Arabic
letter
‘hamza’
)
ء
(
and
differentiating between letters which sound
similar.
5. Writing and asking someone to review
what you have written.
6. Writing
what
you
hear
from
a
news
broadcast as an exercise in dictation.
7. Make your own glossary of the most
important
vocabulary
words
and
expressions concerning important topics.
8. Writing essays on topics you care about.
a. Identifying the topic.
b. Identifying the main ideas.
c. Identifying the subsidiary ideas.
34
35. d. Writing, while seeking assistance
from a dictionary.
9. Let your colleagues read what you have
written and ask their opinion.
10. Follow up your writing with your Arabic
teacher.
Methods for Understanding Arabic Culture
1. Reading popular stories.
2. Reading popular proverbs.
3. Reading the history of native speakers.
4. Watching movies and programs discussing
the issues of the native speakers.
5. Attending the happy and sad occasions of
native speakers.
6. Reading newspapers
and books
about
Arab traditions.
7. Visiting Islamic and historical Arab sites.
35
36. V. A Summary of Our Experiences
The following is some advice extracted
from our experience with students at Al Diwan
who come to Egypt to study Arabic:
A. Friends
1. Be wary of friends who take up your time
in wasteful matters.
2. Befriend the serious students.
3. Inform your friends that you are going to
speak Arabic for a certain time everyday.
Start with one hour and increase it every
week.
4. Look at your friend’s condition before
heeding his advice. For if he is industrious,
take his advice. If he is not, do not take
his advice in matters of studies.
36
37. 5. Do not live with a friend who differs from
you greatly in his habits. You may lose
much of your time in trying to adjust to his
behavior
and
this
may
affect
you
psychologically.
B. The Country in Which You Study
1. Try to interact with people.
A large number of students who come to
the Arab World to study face certain difficulties
as a result of their limited information about
Arabs. Some students think that Arabs are all
good, and others think they are all bad. Both
points of view lack balance. Arab people are
like any other people in that some of them are
good and some are bad.
2. Local Accents
Each Arab society has its own accent which
is derived from classical Arabic though it may
differ somewhat from it. We recommend that
37
38. you review information about the country in
which you are going to study through internet
sites. Try to vary the sources you use.
C. Studying
1. Choosing the Institute
a. It
has
a
good
reputation
with
respect to the knowledge offered
and the administration.
b. Its curriculum is clear.
c. Its financial system is clear.
d. It has the ability to adjust to the
student’s goal for studying.
e. It has set regulations concerning
students,
stating
the
students’
rights and responsibilities.
f.
It has an assessment form through
which
you
opinions.
38
can
express
your
39. 2. Try to study at a center specializing in
teaching foreigners. Teaching Arabic as a
foreign
language
differs
greatly
from
teaching it to Arabs.
3. If you want to learn classical Arabic, be
careful in your mingling with ordinary
people because they use a dialect of Arabic
which may adversely affect your ability to
speak classical Arabic.
4. Don’t move form one center to another.
Most students who do that return to their
home without learning Arabic. Therefore,
don’t try to leave your center and move to
another one unless:
a. The
teachers
don’t
respect
the
students’ time.
b. The
teachers
waste
time
haphazardly.
c. The center takes a lot of money
from
you
reason.
39
without
a
legitimate
40. 5. To avoid losing time and money, get to
know the system in place at the center
before
paying
students’
any
regulations,
fees.
Ask
their
rights
about
and
responsibilities, and what is allowed and
what is not.
6. Try to familiarize your center with the aim
of your studies so that the teacher can
direct you in ways that will help you
accomplish your particular goal.
7. You are far away from your home in order
to study Arabic, so don’t distract yourself
in studying things you can learn at home.
8. After every level, try to convey your
observations to the teacher concerning the
administration of lectures so that you get
the
utmost
benefit
from
time
and
knowledge.
9. Ask your teacher for advice if you want to
raise your linguistic level. However, know
that improvement does not come in a day.
40
41. 10. In Arab culture much respect is given to
teachers. This may differ from certain
other cultures. Therefore, be aware of how
you interact with your teacher in terms of
appreciation and respect. A lack of these
things
can
complicate
between the two of you.
41
the
relationship
42. Students’ Experiences
in Learning Arabic
The experiences of the following students are not meant to
endorse any particular institution or viewpoint, including that
of this book. The comments of these students are included
because they were successful in learning the Arabic language
and their experiences may be helpful to those wishing to study
Arabic.
42
43. In the Name of God
the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful
It has almost been a year since my husband and
I arrived in Egypt. In this year, I have learned a
lot about myself, my fellow students, and about
what it takes to learn a language and survive
away from home.
Studying Arabic in the Arab World
My aunt, who is a linguist in India, once told me
that Eskimos have over fifty words for snow and
ice. This is an indication of the importance of this
object in their lives.
There is a Hindi/Urdu word ‘nazar,’ of Arabic
origin. The closest translation in English is the
evil-eye. Yet it is much more than that. It implies
envy, jealousy, malice, desire. It is a concept
which South Asians and Arabs have. However, the
English did not have the same concept, and hence
had a need to create a word to describe it.
One of my goals in learning Arabic was to be
able to understand the Qur’an. In this holy book,
heaven is often described as having an abundance
of rivers and trees and fruits. Living in California,
43
44. a state where you can find any fruit in the world,
and being surrounded by lush greenery, I do not
think I ever realized the full power of this
description. Only when I survived my first Arab
summer in an apartment overlooking miles of
sand did I realize why the prospect of a future of
rivers and trees would seem like heaven to a
seventh century desert Arab.
My purpose in mentioning these anecdotes is to
convey that language is not a set of words. It is
an expression of culture, thoughts and emotions.
Language only makes sense within the culture of
its origin. And having spent almost a year in the
Arab
world,
I
know
for
a
fact
that
my
understanding of the language would not have
been the same had I studied the language at
home in America. Even from a simply practical
point of view, living in a country where all print
media
and
most
television
and
radio
is
transmitted in Arabic, the acquisition of the
language
is
quicker,
deeper,
and
more
comprehensive. It is easier to see how the
language is used by those who know it best. It is
44
45. known that the only way to solidify information is
to put it to use, and studying here I was forced to
use the language in order to deal with people and
live my life.
The Institute
The choice of the institute is probably the most
important choice you will have to make in learning
Arabic. It was important to me that I chose a
place that employed teachers who were experts in
Arabic and teaching it as a foreign language and
had friendly and open personalities. I knew I
made the correct choice when I looked forward to
going to class every morning and meeting my
teachers. The institute in which you learn not only
has a huge effect on your education, but on your
entire experience living in a foreign country. The
teachers in your institute will be the people you
interact with most regularly. It is important that
you are comfortable there!
I also loved the fact that the institute had an
Arabic-only policy. From the very beginning, the
student is forced to try to use any Arabic he
knows. One of my teachers gave me a wonderful
45
46. analogy. He said that if I had a Mercedes and an
old beat-up Pinto parked outside of my house, I
would obviously drive the Mercedes. The only way
I would use the Pinto is if the Mercedes were not
present.
Similarly,
the
only
way
a
foreign
language student is going to use the new
language is if he is prevented from using his
native tongue. Also, there are many words that
can not be translated. It is important to get a feel
for how the word is used in the language without
depending on a translation in order to understand
it.
Righteous Companionship
I did not miss home until about four months into
the trip, and when I did it came as a shock to me.
I asked many people for advice, from people who
had
experience.
They
advised
me
to
find
righteous companionship. The cure was spending
time with friends who had my same intentions in
learning Arabic and placed importance on the
same things as me in life.
46
47. Your choice in friends can also affect your
education. Will you encourage each other to
struggle harder to learn? Will you try to speak to
each other in Arabic to get extra practice? Or will
you spend too much of your precious time abroad
‘hanging out’? Going abroad to study costs a lot of
time and money. We must be careful to spend
both wisely.
Patience and Intention
Two more things that I found to be essential to a
student of knowledge: patience, and purity and
strength of intention. Every student who goes
abroad is a traveler, enduring hardship and
tribulations.
Islam
teaches
that
the
correct
response to hardship is patience. Many things will
be hard- living in a new place, dealing with a new
system, dealing with different kinds of people. All
require patience.
It is also important for a student to have
patience
when
learning
Arabic.
Learning
a
language is a process which has to be taken step
by step. We may be eager to read advanced
traditional texts, but we have to realize that a lot
47
48. of work has to be done before we can jump into
these higher levels. I found that it was more
efficient to put in the time required to understand
the language and then move on to advanced
subjects, instead of trying to tackle them before I
was ready, wasting time and effort.
Finally, I think most foreign students here would
agree that THE most important thing you can
bring with you is a strong and pure intention. For
Muslims, our intention always has to be pure for
the sake of pleasing God. All students thinking
about studying abroad must have a clear picture
of why they want to do so. They should renew
their intention on a regular basis before coming
and during their stay. When I found myself losing
will-power in my studies, I found that it was
because I had lost focus on my reasons for
studying Arabic. A strong intention is the only
thing that will sustain a student of knowledge.
- Bhawana Kamil, California, USA
48
49. How I Got to where I am in the Arabic
Language
First of all, I would like to say that learning the
Arabic language is a gift from Allah.
I came to Egypt on October 11, 1998. Two weeks
later I enrolled in an Arabic language institute for
foreign students. This was the most important
step I took to learn the Arabic language.
In the first year I lived with foreign students who
came to learn Arabic language as well. This
helped me improve my Arabic and feel the
difference between learning Arabic in my country
and here in Egypt. I can honestly say that what I
learned in my country in four years I acquired
here in four months.
My academic studies also played an important
role in improving in my Arabic. Every language
has more than one component. In the Institute I
learned rules and vocabulary, and learned how to
speak correctly. But my relationship with the
49
50. students and the faculty helped me practice what
I learned at the institute, especially with those
able to speak in Fus’ha (regular Arabic language).
I hated the popular Arabic (am’mie) in the
beginning, because he who learns (am’mie) first
is not able to speak Fush'a fluently afterwards. ,
But the opposite works; if you learn Fus’ha first,
you can easily understand and speak in (am’mie)
in a few months.
Understanding the value of the Arabic language
makes you exert maximum effort to learn it, and
to use different ways to acquire it, such as TV,
radio, newspapers, magazines etc. What I mean
is that we should use every thing that the middleeast offers us to realize our goal.
I think this is all I can say about Arabic and how I
learned it.
Edmond Vathaj
Az’har University– Faculty Sharia and Law
50
51. Studying Arabic in Egypt
I
am currently
a student
of Arabic in the
intermediate level at Al-Diwan Center.
I became
interested in the language because it is a world
language and one of the official languages of the
United Nations.
My first Arabic course was at a
language institute in California. And although the
training was for 63 weeks, intensive, and with
native
Arabic
speaking
teachers,
I
was
disappointed in my skills (or lack thereof). I was
able to communicate, but realized I was very far
from fluency.
I therefore decided to study Arabic in an Arabic
speaking
country.
As
I
have
had
both
experiences of language training at home and
abroad, there is no doubt that the benefits of
being immersed in the language, culture, society,
etc.,
are
invaluable.
Anyone
who
has
an
opportunity to study Arabic abroad should do so.
I am a firm believer that the target language
should be spoken as much as possible from the
51
52. first day the student enters the classroom. At the
language institute in California, I quickly became
disillusioned and disappointed by the fact that the
teachers always reverted back to English.
The
policy of Al-Diwan, on the other hand, is to speak
Arabic at all times.
Indeed, this is what first
attracted me to the program.
Although it is
frustrating and uncomfortable for the student in
the beginning, it pays tremendous dividends in
the long-run. Of course, a little English is useful
to clarify a grammar point from time to time when
others means have failed, but, this is always kept
to a minimum and I am grateful for it. So, it is
helpful if your teacher knows your language, but
it is not advisable for him or her to use it.
I live in Nasr City within walking distance of the
Center
in
a one-bedroom
rented apartment.
There are plenty of apartments to fit any budget
in Cairo. I currently live alone in Egypt but I think
it’s a good idea to bring your family with you if
possible.
52
53. Socially, I have met a lot of people here in Cairo,
but, unfortunately, I don’t have many close
friends. For one, if you are studying intensively,
you don’t have a lot of free time to go out,
especially at the beginning of the course.
Also,
some of the cultural differences have prevented
me from bonding as much as I’d like with others.
Still, I do try to go out in my free time.
And
because Egypt is a fascinating country, I am
trying to make short excursions to different areas
on the weekends from time to time. The Center
is extremely flexible in taking a day or two off as
well as schedule changes.
Although I have improved tremendously in the
past six months, I haven’t reached all my goals
yet because I am still in the middle of the
program.
However, I believe I am on the right
track and I also believe that living and studying
abroad is the best way for foreign language
acquisition.
Everett Hudson, USA
53
54. My Arabic Experience
Studying overseas has been a very rich and
enjoyable experience. This is in spite of any
hardships that come with moving to a new
country. But learning Arabic in an Arabic country
is a much more comprehensive way of learning
the language than if one is in a non-Arabic
speaking country since it
immerses one in the
language and forces the person to speak, as well
as to read and write. The speaking, which is an
integral aspect of implementing what one has
learned, usually only comes when one has no
choice but to speak. Also, the fact that all the
classes are held in Arabic helps immensely with
the
comprehension,
even
though
the
latter
process is initially extremely cumbersome and
often frustrating. But it removes the crutch –for
the most part- of constantly relying on one’s
native language and thereby not progressing as
fast as one would otherwise.
While
living
overseas
if
at
all
possible,
I
recommend coming with a friend or a family
member.
It
helps
the
54
adjustment
process
55. immensely and eases the pain of homesickness.
Even better yet is to have someone with you who
is
there
for
the
same
reason
so
you
can
encourage each other specially in the times when
you feel you are saturated with the language,
tired, homesick and want just someone with
familiar thinking in your life from back home.
Living close to the center where you
are
studying is greatly recommended since a lot of
time can be wasted in traveling back and forth,
especially if plan to stay at your center for long
periods of time. Finding a living situation that is
best suited for your studying style is important
since bad or uncomfortable living situations can
cause a lot of interruptions in study and don’t
really
help with the homesickness. I highly
recommend an apartment within walking distance
of the center where you are studying. Many
centers know landlords in neighboring areas and
can help you find housing.
Also, as far is a center is concerned, I highly
recommend doing as much research as possible
before you move to the area. It helps greatly to
55
56. request the center you are considering getting
you in touch with current students and old
students and to talk to them or e-mail them with
all your questions in order not to waste too much
time in the decision process once you get to the
place.
And know that a lot of what you get out of your
study has to do with how many hours you study
outside of the classroom. Some students like to
change centers when they feel they are not
getting anywhere when the issue is not so much
the center but the effort they are putting in
outside of the classroom.
Every city will have its distractions, but know
that your goal is to learn the language, so limit
the sight-seeing as much as possible. Know that
you may not see the extent of your progress often
times until you go back, so don’t despair if you
think that the learning is not at the pace you
would like it be. Everyone learns at different pace.
Persistence is extremely important. ٍSo don’t
give up when it gets tough.
Saira Thaira, California, USA
56
57. A Strong Foundation for a Strong Structure
I came to the Arab Republic of Egypt in the year
2000 at the age of 13. The first goal I set for
myself was learning the Arabic language because
it is the one key that opens the doors of Islamic
sciences.
I found the private centers for teaching Arabic as
a foreign language to be the best means for
realizing my goal, as they surpassed the official
institutes and schools in terms of seriousness and
establishment
of
programs
appropriate
for
foreigners.
Therefore,
I
entered
one
of
these
centers.
Knowing that every deed is difficult in the
beginning, my beginning was likewise difficult. I
could only comprehend 60% of the first level
material.
One of my teachers advised my to return to the
first level in order to master it so that my
57
58. foundation would be strong for me to build upon it
what I desired.
So I followed the advice of my teacher and return
to the first level despite my strong reluctance in
doing so at this beginning stage. I thought that
repetition would waste my time. But I realized
that doing so was in my interest because after
that point I was able to succeed in the other
levels with soaring results.
Because of the fact that I came to Egypt at the
age of 13, I was made to learn the Arabic
language without realizing how I had learnt it.
One of the things that helped me was that I,
along with my elder brother, who learned Arabic
before me, and my two sisters who were studying
with me at the same time, agreed to speak Arabic
for one hour everyday, and after every a while we
would increase this period of time until we were
all speaking Arabic well.
58
59. Another thing that helped me was that I began to
learn proper recitation of the Noble Qur’an, and I
would memorize what I could and read with a
scholar who helped me memorize some religious
texts.
This is a summary of the method in which I
learned the Arabic language.
Sha’ban Qudri Wathay, Albania
First Year, Secondary School
Al-Azhar Al-Shereef University, Egypt
59