This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses how newsworthiness is socially constructed and how certain events and people are deemed more newsworthy than others based on criteria like proximity, drama, and fitting existing news themes. It also examines how news media perpetuate hierarchies of victims and idealize middle-class white women as "good" or "innocent" victims, while marginalizing victims who are poor, non-white, or violate gender norms. The literature review explores how news coverage exaggerates risks to high-status white women and ignores more routine forms of violence like domestic abuse.
The document summarizes key points about how media constructs and influences understandings of gender. It discusses how media reflects and shapes societal norms of masculinity and femininity through its representations. While media messages can be interpreted differently, they generally promote dominant ideals of gender that constrain views of identity. The document also examines how media institutions intersect with power and how media depictions of gender, violence, and sexuality can impact audiences and social realities.
This document is a 3,965 word essay analyzing whether seeing ethnic conflicts as socially constructed makes it easier to avoid, limit, or end them. The essay argues that recognizing the social construction of ethnic conflicts does make it easier to avoid and end conflicts, but does not necessarily make it easier to limit ongoing conflicts. It provides examples and evidence from academic literature to support each point. The key points made are: 1) recognizing social constructions allows civil society and media to delegitimize elites' strategies and avoid escalation; 2) however, ongoing violence hardens identities and discourse, making limitation difficult; and 3) international intervention faces challenges when recognizing social elements could destabilize its own role and identities.
Malory Nye Race and Religion: Postcolonial Formations of Power and Whiteness ...Malory Nye
This is a paper published in 2019 in the journal Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. I have two ambitions in this paper. The first is to explore a framework for talking about the intersections between the categories of race and religion, particularly with reference to critical race and critical religion approaches. The second is to discuss how discourses on religion are a particular type of racial formation, or racialization. The premise for this discussion is the historic, colonial-era development of the contemporary categories of race and religion, and related formations such as whiteness. Both religion and race share a common colonial genealogy, and both critical studies of race and religion also stress the politically discursive ways in which the terms create social realities of inequality. Although the intersections between these terms are often discussed as the ‘racialization of religion’, in this paper I follow Meer (2013) and others by concluding that the category of religion is in itself a form of racialization.
This document discusses Dee Rees' 2011 film Pariah and analyzes the intersectional oppression faced by the main character Alike. It argues that although Alike's struggle is often attributed solely to her sexual orientation, her experience is actually shaped by the intertwining of her class, gender, race and sexuality. The author conducts research using black feminist, queer and critical race theories to contextualize how the film portrays the realities of the LGBT and African American experience.
This document provides an acknowledgments and preface section for a study on poverty conducted by the World Bank. It thanks the many individuals and organizations that supported and funded the research, which involved participatory studies with poor communities in 23 countries. The research was led by Deepa Narayan and aimed to inform the World Bank's 2000/01 World Development Report on poverty and development by centering the voices of the poor.
The document summarizes key points about how media constructs and influences understandings of gender. It discusses how media reflects and shapes societal norms of masculinity and femininity through its representations. While media messages can be interpreted differently, they generally promote dominant ideals of gender that constrain views of identity. The document also examines how media institutions intersect with power and how media depictions of gender, violence, and sexuality can impact audiences and social realities.
This document is a 3,965 word essay analyzing whether seeing ethnic conflicts as socially constructed makes it easier to avoid, limit, or end them. The essay argues that recognizing the social construction of ethnic conflicts does make it easier to avoid and end conflicts, but does not necessarily make it easier to limit ongoing conflicts. It provides examples and evidence from academic literature to support each point. The key points made are: 1) recognizing social constructions allows civil society and media to delegitimize elites' strategies and avoid escalation; 2) however, ongoing violence hardens identities and discourse, making limitation difficult; and 3) international intervention faces challenges when recognizing social elements could destabilize its own role and identities.
Malory Nye Race and Religion: Postcolonial Formations of Power and Whiteness ...Malory Nye
This is a paper published in 2019 in the journal Method and Theory in the Study of Religion. I have two ambitions in this paper. The first is to explore a framework for talking about the intersections between the categories of race and religion, particularly with reference to critical race and critical religion approaches. The second is to discuss how discourses on religion are a particular type of racial formation, or racialization. The premise for this discussion is the historic, colonial-era development of the contemporary categories of race and religion, and related formations such as whiteness. Both religion and race share a common colonial genealogy, and both critical studies of race and religion also stress the politically discursive ways in which the terms create social realities of inequality. Although the intersections between these terms are often discussed as the ‘racialization of religion’, in this paper I follow Meer (2013) and others by concluding that the category of religion is in itself a form of racialization.
This document discusses Dee Rees' 2011 film Pariah and analyzes the intersectional oppression faced by the main character Alike. It argues that although Alike's struggle is often attributed solely to her sexual orientation, her experience is actually shaped by the intertwining of her class, gender, race and sexuality. The author conducts research using black feminist, queer and critical race theories to contextualize how the film portrays the realities of the LGBT and African American experience.
This document provides an acknowledgments and preface section for a study on poverty conducted by the World Bank. It thanks the many individuals and organizations that supported and funded the research, which involved participatory studies with poor communities in 23 countries. The research was led by Deepa Narayan and aimed to inform the World Bank's 2000/01 World Development Report on poverty and development by centering the voices of the poor.
This document discusses ethnocentrism and immigrants in the United States. It defines ethnocentrism as evaluating one's own group positively and others negatively. It classifies types of ethnocentrism like Americentrism and discusses how perceptions of cultural differences have changed over time. The document also outlines key immigration policies and acts in US history that have targeted immigration, from the 1790 census to the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. It notes how immigration has significantly influenced US diversity and ideas around ethnocentrism.
This document summarizes a research article that explores women's engagement in politics and water management in the Darjeeling Himalaya region of India. It finds that in reality, women are a diverse group with varying motivations for political involvement, in contrast to stereotypes of inherent female solidarity and connection to the environment. The region has faced decades of identity-based political conflicts between Gorkha and Bengali groups, with women involved both in supporting the struggle for a separate state as well as experiencing its impacts differently based on class, ethnicity and other divides. How these dynamics influence approaches to the region's water challenges is also examined.
This introduction summarizes the special issue which highlights issues in youth development research and practice over the past century. It provides historical context for the evolution of youth work from the early 1900s. The introduction then previews the 10 articles which examine how youth development has been studied and measured over time as well as how practice has evolved to support young people. The editors reflect on key themes discussed in the articles, including divergent perspectives on definitions and accountability, the value of translational research, and leveraging systems support. Overall, the special issue offers a retrospective look at the field to inform conversations going forward.
The dissertation analyzes recurring civil conflicts in Africa between 1989-2014 to evaluate the impact of state characteristics, peace operations, and foreign aid on conflict patterns. Econometric analysis and dynamic systems modeling are combined with a case study of Somalia. Key findings are that observed conflict patterns scale from micro to macro levels and are strongly correlated with state characteristics proxying for conflict-balancing mechanisms, but weakly correlated with UN/regional peace operations and humanitarian aid. Policy implications suggest interventions need to simultaneously increase transparency, promote inclusivity, and empower local involvement at multiple levels to reduce conflict persistence.
Hidden Tribes Report: A Study of America’s Polarized LandscapeJonathan Dunnemann
This document summarizes the findings of a large-scale survey on political polarization in America. It identifies seven "hidden tribes" with distinct core beliefs that predict views more accurately than demographics. The tribes range from Progressive Activists to Devoted Conservatives. While the wings disagree strongly, the Exhausted Majority in the middle is fatigued by division and more ideologically flexible. This segmentation provides insights into polarization's roots in divergent worldviews rather than just partisan differences.
IMAGINING CULTURAL CHINA - An Analysis of Chinese National Identity Formation...Pieter van Sloten
This document is a thesis submitted by Pieter van Sloten to Leiden University's China Studies program. The thesis analyzes how Chinese national identity is formed in the era of social media, particularly the popular microblogging platform Sina Weibo. It focuses on three main arguments: 1) how microblogs have decentralized information and allowed netizens to subvert official state narratives, 2) how microblogging stimulates personal and abstract imagined communities, and 3) how this leads to an imagined community of "cultural China" that diverges from the state's goals of "cultural reform" and "national cultural security". The thesis uses literature reviews, analysis of 100 ego networks on Sina Weibo, and profiles of
This document discusses whether the partition of India and accompanying violence was inevitable. It argues that while there were socioeconomic differences between Hindu and Muslim communities, political elites accentuated and manipulated these differences to the point that the divisions became seen as irreconcilable. As nationalism spread in India, it allowed communal differences to be articulated on a larger scale, and the introduction of democratic reforms and separate electorates further entrenched religious divisions. Therefore, while the communal divide was partly a political construction, it was at the point that the divisions became seen as irreconcilable that partition and violence became inevitable outcomes.
Soc 320 explain why it is important/tutorialoutletBinksz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
Black feminism remains important because U.S. Black women constitute an oppressed group. As a
collectivity, U.S. Black women participate in a dialectical relationship linking African-American women’s
oppression and activism.
Aaron Wildavsky (1930-1993) was an American political scientist known for his work on budgeting processes and policy analysis. He received his PhD from Yale University and taught at UC Berkeley for over 30 years. Wildavsky published over 200 articles and 40 books on topics including federalism, foreign policy, risk analysis, and cultural theory. Some of his most influential works examined incremental decision-making in government budgets and how cultural values shape preferences and policy choices. Wildavsky's "radical incrementalism" approach embraced adaptive, learning-based reforms over comprehensive plans. He argued policy analysis should value responsiveness, civic participation, and emergent problem-solving over rigid control and predetermined outcomes.
How National Identities Are Built: An Empirical Test of the Theory of “Image...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study is an empirical test of Anderson's (2006) theory of "imagined communities" among the BRICS nations and the U.S. Using data collected through the fifth wave of the World Values Survey from Brazil, China, India, India, South Africa, and US, the study confirmed the argument of Anderson who believes that mass media have been the major channel for citizens of nation-states to construct their national identities. Religion’s impacts on the constriction of national identity, national proudness, and global identity is complex. Interestingly, the data revealed that national identity does not lessen global identity, which is positively associated with the postmaterialist value that is prevalent among the younger generations.
Identity in flux_ Clinical implications of working with global nomads and thi...Jennifer T. Young, PsyD
This article explores identity development in global nomads and third culture kids who regularly navigate between multiple cultures. It discusses how globalization and increased mobility have led to more people having cross-cultural experiences that impact their sense of self. The author aims to understand identity development in this population and provide clinical implications and directions for future research. Suggestions are offered for working with global nomads and third culture kids to address how cultural transitions can influence identity and relationships.
[Ambassador Hassan] Speech: Presentation by Ambassador S. Azmat Hassan (Ret.)...GlobalPeaceFoundation
Date: Dec. 6th 2013
Session: Interfaith Partnerships: Faith and Diversity: Toward a Global Ethic for Inclusive and Moderate Societies
Speaker: Ambassador S. Azmat Hassan; Former Pakistani Ambassador to Malaysia, Syria and Morrocco, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Design vs. Doubt: Design Thinking + Science CommunicationJennifer Briselli
Design thinking and human-centered design approaches may help address challenges with science communication and public perceptions of scientific issues. Framing information in an empathetic and identity-affirming manner for different cultural groups could make the information less threatening or polarizing. A study found that priming participants with a story aligned with their cultural values led them to be more open to information about climate change presented later, whereas a misaligned story increased polarization. Effective communication requires understanding cultural cognition and how people form perceptions based on their social identities and values.
This summary analyzes scholarly theories on the influence of Western media on developing nations. Early theories like Modernization Theory praised Western media's potential to aid development. However, Dependency Theory argued Western corporations created dependencies that maintained underdevelopment. Structural Imperialism and Cultural Imperialism described unequal global power structures. More recent theories argue for asymmetrical interdependence and the influence of local entrepreneurs. Ultimately, the dominance of transnational capitalist media corporations shapes global culture by promoting consumerism and individualism to reinforce capitalist ideology and relationships. Reform requires publicly-funded media as an alternative to serve democratic goals.
1) The document examines the repatriation of Guatemalan refugees who fled during the country's civil war and genocide in the 1980s. It discusses two perspectives on how displacement impacts social solidarity.
2) One perspective argues displacement undermines solidarity, while another cites the Guatemalan case where refugees organized and negotiated their return, achieving concessions.
3) The author aims to analyze factors enabling Guatemalan refugees' political education and independence to inform solutions to increasing displacement crises.
AN EXISTENTIAL APPROACH TO 'NOTHINGNESS': TOWARDS A GLOBAL HARMONYJohn1Lorcan
The peaceful co-existence of several societies today is fast becoming uncertain. It so appears that there is a falling apart with the possibility of the centre never to hold. This paper posits, that the global peace which is presently under threat is premised on one fundamental and salient factor. This factor as identified in this paper is known as 'nothingness'. Ontologically, 'nothingness' defines the primordial beginning and end of existence. It therefore becomes pathetic that the challenges bedeviling social institutions, religious bodies and the government of various societies, appear to be bi-products of a negative approach and use of the concept. Thus, the paper identifies the concept of 'nothingness' as a sting, if not properly handled could wrought more havoc to mankind. Undoubtedly, there are questions begging for answers from various parts of the continents on the teleos of global uprisings. Questions such as; has peace gone on exile? Why is centre not holding? Why are human induced horrors and disasters now the news of the day? Is man not supposed to plow and not to plunder the earth? and what is the future of humanity? Obviously, one can no longer deny that there seems to be a practical demonstration of "Matthew 24:6-8"(see the Holy Bible). Off course, those of the Christian faith had started tagging the current global trend in conflict as 'signs of the end time'. The obvious however is the scare that man would not through his actions and inactions make faster his end. The position of this paper is that an existential approach to 'nothingness' would help in bringing about social cohesion. The paper unveils that when 'nothingness' is viewed from an existential spectacle, man's inhumanity to man could be eradicated. Starting from the self to the group and institutions, the human person would be given the deserved regard. And man would no longer be seen by another as a means to an end, but rather as an end in itself. The methodology of this paper is analytical, reconstructive and critical. It is our submission from an existential point of view, that if 'NOTHINGNESS' is given its genuine interpretation as we shall see throughout the paper, it would turn out to be that unifying force which would bring peace and harmony to every society..
This document summarizes a study examining perspectives on manhood and masculinity among Black men. Through interviews, the study identified three central themes in how Black men define manhood: 1) identity and self-direction, with independence and perseverance as key factors; 2) connections to family, which men saw as giving their lives meaning; and 3) spirituality and humanism, including the importance of religious and community ties. Older men had more expansive views of manhood compared to younger men. The study suggests viable concepts of masculinity have failed to develop fully in Black communities.
The 2016 Human Development Report examines human development for everyone. It discusses both the progress that has been made in human development over the past 25 years, as well as the challenges that remain in ensuring opportunities for a better life are available to all. While extreme poverty and hunger have declined globally, inequalities persist and some groups remain marginalized. The Report emphasizes the need to reach universal human development as called for in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by addressing barriers faced by disadvantaged populations and adopting inclusive policies at both national and global levels.
Politics, poverty and violent conflicts exploring theirAlexander Decker
This document discusses the complex relationship between politics, poverty, and violent conflict in Nigeria, focusing on the fourth republic. It argues that when political leaders allocate resources to enrich themselves rather than the public, it increases poverty and can fuel frustration, aggression, and ultimately violent conflict. The frustration-aggression theory is used as a framework, suggesting that when basic needs and expectations are not met, people may direct their anger towards those they hold responsible. The paper examines concepts like politics, poverty, conflict, and violence, and analyzes how misused political power can entrench poverty, which has direct and indirect links to conflict in Nigeria.
In our consumption-oriented, mediated society, much of what comes .docxjaggernaoma
In our consumption-oriented, mediated society, much of what comes to pass as important is based often on the stories produced and disseminated by media institutions. Much of what audiences know and care about is based on the images, symbols, and narratives in radio, television, film, music, and other media. How individuals construct their social identities, how they come to understand what it means to be male, female, black, white, Asian, Latino, Native American—even rural or urban—is shaped by commodified texts produced by media for audiences that are increasingly segmented by the social constructions of race and gender. Media, in short, are central to what ultimately come to represent our social realities.
While sex differences are rooted in biology, how we come to understand and perform gender is based on culture.1 We view culture “as a process through which people circulate and struggle over the meanings of our social experiences, social relations, and therefore, our selves” (Byers & Dell, 1992, p. 191). Just as gender is a social construct through which a society defines what it means to be masculine or feminine, race also is a social construction. Race can no longer be seen as a biological category, and it has little basis in science or genetics. Identifiers such as hair and skin color serve as imperfect indicators of race. The racial categories we use to differentiate human difference have been created and changed to meet the dynamic social, political, and economic needs of our society. The premise [Page 298]that race and gender are social constructions underscores their centrality to the processes of human reality. Working from it compels us to understand the complex roles played by social institutions such as the media in shaping our increasingly gendered and racialized media culture. This chapter explores some of the ways mediated communication in the United States represents the social constructions of race and gender and ultimately contributes to our understanding of both, especially race.2
Although research on race, gender, and media traditionally has focused on under-represented, subordinate groups such as women and minorities, this chapter discusses scholarship on media representations of both genders and various racial groups. Therefore, we examine media constructions of masculinity, femininity, so-called people of color, and even white people.3 On the other hand, given the limitations of this chapter and the fact that media research on race has focused on African Americans, we devote greater attention to blacks but not at the exclusion of the emerging saliency of whiteness studies, which acknowledge whiteness as a social category and seek to expose and explain white privilege.4
Our theoretical and conceptual orientation encompasses research that is commonly referred to as “critical/cultural studies.” Numerous theoretical approaches have been used to examine issues of race, gender, and media, but we contend that critical/cultu.
This document discusses ethnocentrism and immigrants in the United States. It defines ethnocentrism as evaluating one's own group positively and others negatively. It classifies types of ethnocentrism like Americentrism and discusses how perceptions of cultural differences have changed over time. The document also outlines key immigration policies and acts in US history that have targeted immigration, from the 1790 census to the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. It notes how immigration has significantly influenced US diversity and ideas around ethnocentrism.
This document summarizes a research article that explores women's engagement in politics and water management in the Darjeeling Himalaya region of India. It finds that in reality, women are a diverse group with varying motivations for political involvement, in contrast to stereotypes of inherent female solidarity and connection to the environment. The region has faced decades of identity-based political conflicts between Gorkha and Bengali groups, with women involved both in supporting the struggle for a separate state as well as experiencing its impacts differently based on class, ethnicity and other divides. How these dynamics influence approaches to the region's water challenges is also examined.
This introduction summarizes the special issue which highlights issues in youth development research and practice over the past century. It provides historical context for the evolution of youth work from the early 1900s. The introduction then previews the 10 articles which examine how youth development has been studied and measured over time as well as how practice has evolved to support young people. The editors reflect on key themes discussed in the articles, including divergent perspectives on definitions and accountability, the value of translational research, and leveraging systems support. Overall, the special issue offers a retrospective look at the field to inform conversations going forward.
The dissertation analyzes recurring civil conflicts in Africa between 1989-2014 to evaluate the impact of state characteristics, peace operations, and foreign aid on conflict patterns. Econometric analysis and dynamic systems modeling are combined with a case study of Somalia. Key findings are that observed conflict patterns scale from micro to macro levels and are strongly correlated with state characteristics proxying for conflict-balancing mechanisms, but weakly correlated with UN/regional peace operations and humanitarian aid. Policy implications suggest interventions need to simultaneously increase transparency, promote inclusivity, and empower local involvement at multiple levels to reduce conflict persistence.
Hidden Tribes Report: A Study of America’s Polarized LandscapeJonathan Dunnemann
This document summarizes the findings of a large-scale survey on political polarization in America. It identifies seven "hidden tribes" with distinct core beliefs that predict views more accurately than demographics. The tribes range from Progressive Activists to Devoted Conservatives. While the wings disagree strongly, the Exhausted Majority in the middle is fatigued by division and more ideologically flexible. This segmentation provides insights into polarization's roots in divergent worldviews rather than just partisan differences.
IMAGINING CULTURAL CHINA - An Analysis of Chinese National Identity Formation...Pieter van Sloten
This document is a thesis submitted by Pieter van Sloten to Leiden University's China Studies program. The thesis analyzes how Chinese national identity is formed in the era of social media, particularly the popular microblogging platform Sina Weibo. It focuses on three main arguments: 1) how microblogs have decentralized information and allowed netizens to subvert official state narratives, 2) how microblogging stimulates personal and abstract imagined communities, and 3) how this leads to an imagined community of "cultural China" that diverges from the state's goals of "cultural reform" and "national cultural security". The thesis uses literature reviews, analysis of 100 ego networks on Sina Weibo, and profiles of
This document discusses whether the partition of India and accompanying violence was inevitable. It argues that while there were socioeconomic differences between Hindu and Muslim communities, political elites accentuated and manipulated these differences to the point that the divisions became seen as irreconcilable. As nationalism spread in India, it allowed communal differences to be articulated on a larger scale, and the introduction of democratic reforms and separate electorates further entrenched religious divisions. Therefore, while the communal divide was partly a political construction, it was at the point that the divisions became seen as irreconcilable that partition and violence became inevitable outcomes.
Soc 320 explain why it is important/tutorialoutletBinksz
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
Black feminism remains important because U.S. Black women constitute an oppressed group. As a
collectivity, U.S. Black women participate in a dialectical relationship linking African-American women’s
oppression and activism.
Aaron Wildavsky (1930-1993) was an American political scientist known for his work on budgeting processes and policy analysis. He received his PhD from Yale University and taught at UC Berkeley for over 30 years. Wildavsky published over 200 articles and 40 books on topics including federalism, foreign policy, risk analysis, and cultural theory. Some of his most influential works examined incremental decision-making in government budgets and how cultural values shape preferences and policy choices. Wildavsky's "radical incrementalism" approach embraced adaptive, learning-based reforms over comprehensive plans. He argued policy analysis should value responsiveness, civic participation, and emergent problem-solving over rigid control and predetermined outcomes.
How National Identities Are Built: An Empirical Test of the Theory of “Image...Qingjiang (Q. J.) Yao
This study is an empirical test of Anderson's (2006) theory of "imagined communities" among the BRICS nations and the U.S. Using data collected through the fifth wave of the World Values Survey from Brazil, China, India, India, South Africa, and US, the study confirmed the argument of Anderson who believes that mass media have been the major channel for citizens of nation-states to construct their national identities. Religion’s impacts on the constriction of national identity, national proudness, and global identity is complex. Interestingly, the data revealed that national identity does not lessen global identity, which is positively associated with the postmaterialist value that is prevalent among the younger generations.
Identity in flux_ Clinical implications of working with global nomads and thi...Jennifer T. Young, PsyD
This article explores identity development in global nomads and third culture kids who regularly navigate between multiple cultures. It discusses how globalization and increased mobility have led to more people having cross-cultural experiences that impact their sense of self. The author aims to understand identity development in this population and provide clinical implications and directions for future research. Suggestions are offered for working with global nomads and third culture kids to address how cultural transitions can influence identity and relationships.
[Ambassador Hassan] Speech: Presentation by Ambassador S. Azmat Hassan (Ret.)...GlobalPeaceFoundation
Date: Dec. 6th 2013
Session: Interfaith Partnerships: Faith and Diversity: Toward a Global Ethic for Inclusive and Moderate Societies
Speaker: Ambassador S. Azmat Hassan; Former Pakistani Ambassador to Malaysia, Syria and Morrocco, Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Design vs. Doubt: Design Thinking + Science CommunicationJennifer Briselli
Design thinking and human-centered design approaches may help address challenges with science communication and public perceptions of scientific issues. Framing information in an empathetic and identity-affirming manner for different cultural groups could make the information less threatening or polarizing. A study found that priming participants with a story aligned with their cultural values led them to be more open to information about climate change presented later, whereas a misaligned story increased polarization. Effective communication requires understanding cultural cognition and how people form perceptions based on their social identities and values.
This summary analyzes scholarly theories on the influence of Western media on developing nations. Early theories like Modernization Theory praised Western media's potential to aid development. However, Dependency Theory argued Western corporations created dependencies that maintained underdevelopment. Structural Imperialism and Cultural Imperialism described unequal global power structures. More recent theories argue for asymmetrical interdependence and the influence of local entrepreneurs. Ultimately, the dominance of transnational capitalist media corporations shapes global culture by promoting consumerism and individualism to reinforce capitalist ideology and relationships. Reform requires publicly-funded media as an alternative to serve democratic goals.
1) The document examines the repatriation of Guatemalan refugees who fled during the country's civil war and genocide in the 1980s. It discusses two perspectives on how displacement impacts social solidarity.
2) One perspective argues displacement undermines solidarity, while another cites the Guatemalan case where refugees organized and negotiated their return, achieving concessions.
3) The author aims to analyze factors enabling Guatemalan refugees' political education and independence to inform solutions to increasing displacement crises.
AN EXISTENTIAL APPROACH TO 'NOTHINGNESS': TOWARDS A GLOBAL HARMONYJohn1Lorcan
The peaceful co-existence of several societies today is fast becoming uncertain. It so appears that there is a falling apart with the possibility of the centre never to hold. This paper posits, that the global peace which is presently under threat is premised on one fundamental and salient factor. This factor as identified in this paper is known as 'nothingness'. Ontologically, 'nothingness' defines the primordial beginning and end of existence. It therefore becomes pathetic that the challenges bedeviling social institutions, religious bodies and the government of various societies, appear to be bi-products of a negative approach and use of the concept. Thus, the paper identifies the concept of 'nothingness' as a sting, if not properly handled could wrought more havoc to mankind. Undoubtedly, there are questions begging for answers from various parts of the continents on the teleos of global uprisings. Questions such as; has peace gone on exile? Why is centre not holding? Why are human induced horrors and disasters now the news of the day? Is man not supposed to plow and not to plunder the earth? and what is the future of humanity? Obviously, one can no longer deny that there seems to be a practical demonstration of "Matthew 24:6-8"(see the Holy Bible). Off course, those of the Christian faith had started tagging the current global trend in conflict as 'signs of the end time'. The obvious however is the scare that man would not through his actions and inactions make faster his end. The position of this paper is that an existential approach to 'nothingness' would help in bringing about social cohesion. The paper unveils that when 'nothingness' is viewed from an existential spectacle, man's inhumanity to man could be eradicated. Starting from the self to the group and institutions, the human person would be given the deserved regard. And man would no longer be seen by another as a means to an end, but rather as an end in itself. The methodology of this paper is analytical, reconstructive and critical. It is our submission from an existential point of view, that if 'NOTHINGNESS' is given its genuine interpretation as we shall see throughout the paper, it would turn out to be that unifying force which would bring peace and harmony to every society..
This document summarizes a study examining perspectives on manhood and masculinity among Black men. Through interviews, the study identified three central themes in how Black men define manhood: 1) identity and self-direction, with independence and perseverance as key factors; 2) connections to family, which men saw as giving their lives meaning; and 3) spirituality and humanism, including the importance of religious and community ties. Older men had more expansive views of manhood compared to younger men. The study suggests viable concepts of masculinity have failed to develop fully in Black communities.
The 2016 Human Development Report examines human development for everyone. It discusses both the progress that has been made in human development over the past 25 years, as well as the challenges that remain in ensuring opportunities for a better life are available to all. While extreme poverty and hunger have declined globally, inequalities persist and some groups remain marginalized. The Report emphasizes the need to reach universal human development as called for in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by addressing barriers faced by disadvantaged populations and adopting inclusive policies at both national and global levels.
Politics, poverty and violent conflicts exploring theirAlexander Decker
This document discusses the complex relationship between politics, poverty, and violent conflict in Nigeria, focusing on the fourth republic. It argues that when political leaders allocate resources to enrich themselves rather than the public, it increases poverty and can fuel frustration, aggression, and ultimately violent conflict. The frustration-aggression theory is used as a framework, suggesting that when basic needs and expectations are not met, people may direct their anger towards those they hold responsible. The paper examines concepts like politics, poverty, conflict, and violence, and analyzes how misused political power can entrench poverty, which has direct and indirect links to conflict in Nigeria.
In our consumption-oriented, mediated society, much of what comes .docxjaggernaoma
In our consumption-oriented, mediated society, much of what comes to pass as important is based often on the stories produced and disseminated by media institutions. Much of what audiences know and care about is based on the images, symbols, and narratives in radio, television, film, music, and other media. How individuals construct their social identities, how they come to understand what it means to be male, female, black, white, Asian, Latino, Native American—even rural or urban—is shaped by commodified texts produced by media for audiences that are increasingly segmented by the social constructions of race and gender. Media, in short, are central to what ultimately come to represent our social realities.
While sex differences are rooted in biology, how we come to understand and perform gender is based on culture.1 We view culture “as a process through which people circulate and struggle over the meanings of our social experiences, social relations, and therefore, our selves” (Byers & Dell, 1992, p. 191). Just as gender is a social construct through which a society defines what it means to be masculine or feminine, race also is a social construction. Race can no longer be seen as a biological category, and it has little basis in science or genetics. Identifiers such as hair and skin color serve as imperfect indicators of race. The racial categories we use to differentiate human difference have been created and changed to meet the dynamic social, political, and economic needs of our society. The premise [Page 298]that race and gender are social constructions underscores their centrality to the processes of human reality. Working from it compels us to understand the complex roles played by social institutions such as the media in shaping our increasingly gendered and racialized media culture. This chapter explores some of the ways mediated communication in the United States represents the social constructions of race and gender and ultimately contributes to our understanding of both, especially race.2
Although research on race, gender, and media traditionally has focused on under-represented, subordinate groups such as women and minorities, this chapter discusses scholarship on media representations of both genders and various racial groups. Therefore, we examine media constructions of masculinity, femininity, so-called people of color, and even white people.3 On the other hand, given the limitations of this chapter and the fact that media research on race has focused on African Americans, we devote greater attention to blacks but not at the exclusion of the emerging saliency of whiteness studies, which acknowledge whiteness as a social category and seek to expose and explain white privilege.4
Our theoretical and conceptual orientation encompasses research that is commonly referred to as “critical/cultural studies.” Numerous theoretical approaches have been used to examine issues of race, gender, and media, but we contend that critical/cultu.
This document provides an outline for a paper that will investigate how media outlets cover stories about female suicide bombers. The paper aims to examine how western media reports on female suicide bombers compared to male bombers, and to understand discrepancies in coverage. The methodology will involve reviewing secondary sources on the topic, gathering primary source news articles from western and alternative outlets like Al Jazeera, and analyzing patterns in how gender influences portrayal. The paper acknowledges limitations like potential bias in some Arab news sources and the large volume of articles to review.
Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16160–179, 2011 Copyright # Taylor .docxcroysierkathey
Journal of Loss and Trauma, 16:160–179, 2011
Copyright # Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1532-5024 print=1532-5032 online
DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2010.519281
PAGE 160
When Veterans Return: The Role of Community in Reintegration
ANNE DEMERS
Health Science Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
Experiences of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans were explored to understand the challenges of reintegrating into civilian life and the impact on mental health. Respondents completed preliminary electronic surveys and participated in one of six focus groups. High levels of distress exist among veterans who are caught between military and civilian cultures, feeling alienated from family and friends, and experiencing a crisis of identity. Narrative is identified as a means of resolution. Recommendations include development of social support and transition groups; military cultural competence training for clinicians, social workers, and college counselors; and further research to identify paths to successful reintegration into society.
War is widely acknowledged as a public health issue, and there is a growing body of literature documenting the negative health effects of war on military personnel who have served in either the Iraq or Afghanistan wars. According to the Department of Defense (2010), over 5,500 military service members have died and approximately 38,650 have been physically wounded since March 19, 2003. Tanielian and Jaycox (2008) report that 31% of veterans overall have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and combat experience itself is related to increased risk for anxiety, depression, and anger symptomology. Suicides among troops have been well-publicized, and soldiers without comorbid diagnoses report high levels of stress and the use of alcohol as a coping mechanism (Miles, 2004). Additionally, several studies (Cascardi & Vivian, 1995; Gelles & Cornell, 1985; Riggs, Caulfield, & Street,
Received 16 April 2010; accepted 10 July 2010. Address correspondence to Anne Demers, Assistant Professor and MPH Fieldwork Coordinator, Health Science Department, San Jose State University, 1 Washington Square, San Jose, CA 95192-0052, USA. E-mail: [email protected]
PAGE 161
2000; Seltzer & Kalmuss, 1988; Strauss, 1990) have found that stress brought about by economic strains, chronic debt, and income shortfalls increases the likelihood of engaging in interpersonal violence upon return from deployment. These stressors are all common to the challenges of readjustment for veterans. Research on veterans’ readjustment has focused primarily on psychosocial adjustment within the context of PTSD (King, King, Fairbank, Keane, & Adams, 1998; Koenen, Stellman, Stellman, & Sommer, 2003; Mazeo, Beckham, Witvliet, Feldman, & Shivy, 2002), adult antisocial behavior (Barrett et al., 1996), and physical injury (Resnik & Allen, 2007; Resnik, Plow, & Jette, 2009), and social support appears to act as either a protective factor against devel ...
Attention Getters Diaspora Support For Ethno Political Organizations In The ...Jeff Nelson
This document summarizes a research article that examines why some ethnopolitical organizations receive support from their diaspora groups while others do not. It reviews previous literature that generally views diasporas as potentially destabilizing forces that can exacerbate conflicts in their homelands. However, some recent studies have found that diasporas can also play positive roles in conflict resolution. The authors analyze data on 112 minority political organizations in the Middle East from the Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior dataset to identify factors that influence whether an organization receives diaspora support or not, such as the organization's power, ideology, political behavior, and treatment by the government. Preliminary evidence suggests that organizations that are most effective at gaining attention through
Exploring cases of ethnic and racial disparities in theAlexander Decker
This document summarizes research on theories of ethnicity and race and perspectives on inequalities based on ethnicity and race. It discusses three main theoretical approaches to understanding ethnicity and race: primordialist theories which see ethnic identity as fixed at birth, instrumental theories which view ethnicity as something that can be manipulated for political or economic ends, and constructivist theories which see ethnic identity as fluid and constructed in social contexts. It also examines functionalist and conflict perspectives on inequalities, with functionalism focusing on assimilation and pluralism, and conflict theory emphasizing how dominant groups use power to divide groups along racial and ethnic lines for their own benefit.
Stanford Law Review Mapping the Margins Intersection.docxsusanschei
This document summarizes Kimberle Crenshaw's article "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color". It discusses how identity politics in feminism and antiracism have failed to consider intersectional identities like women of color. Specifically, it explores how violence against women of color, such as battering and rape, is often shaped by both racism and sexism. The author argues these experiences are marginalized within dominant resistance discourses and calls for a framework that acknowledges the intersecting race and gender dimensions of violence against women of color.
This paper deals with the representation of ethnic minorities in the media,
focusing mainly on the role of the journalist. It approaches news stories through the
prism of the media construction of reality and the cultural concept of representation.
Using critical discourse analysis, the study describes the nature of the social reality
constructed by the TV news series “Where Others Fear to Tread.” The paper reflects
the general attributes of the representation of the Roma minority in the news, pointing
out methods and signs used for emphasizing the stereotypes shared by the majority.
The analysis shows that the media discourse of news stories could potentially confirm
prejudices towards the Roma minority, forming the image of Roma people as essentially maladjusted, dangerous and suspicious individuals.
Religion versus Ethnicity as a Source of Mobilisation: Are There Differences?African Affairs
This document provides an overview of the debate around whether religious or ethnic identities are more potent sources of mobilization for violent conflict. It discusses similarities and differences between mobilization along religious versus ethnic lines. Some key points made include:
- Both religious and ethnic identities are used instrumentally by leaders to mobilize people, but are also "essentialized" and genuinely believed in by followers.
- For mobilization to occur, leaders must cultivate in-group identity and an "other" out-group to induce violence.
- Religious organization and external support networks may be stronger than ethnic ones, but there is no evidence religious conflicts are inherently more deadly.
- In conflicts with overlapping religious and
Framing Theory and Gang Culture- Comparing At-Risk Youths’ Perception of Gang...Anakaren Cárdenas Ureño
This document discusses framing theory and how gang culture is portrayed in media versus how at-risk youth perceive gangs. It reviews literature on how media frames issues and events using techniques like episodic framing. Media coverage of gangs often focuses on criminal acts and portrays gang members as violent through headlines and images. However, this framing may not accurately capture the human experiences and contexts of gang involvement. The paper aims to compare at-risk youth perspectives on gangs to media depictions by conducting interviews.
The document discusses media representations of collective identity, using Black British collective identity as a case study. It addresses key questions around how media represent various groups, how representations have changed over time, and the social implications of different representations. The document discusses identity as something that is socially constructed through relationships and media portrayals, and how media shapes concepts of identity through the representations it chooses. Specifically, it suggests media often relies on stereotypical portrayals of ethnic minorities that reinforce dominant ideological views and help maintain social hierarchies.
Muslims in the Media: Room for Moderation?Heather Risley
This document summarizes research on media representations of Muslims. It discusses qualitative research that argues Western media often depicts Muslims and Islam negatively through stereotypes. It reviews literature on how increased engagement with the Muslim world after 9/11 has not changed public opinion, which remains skeptical of Islam. The document also summarizes quantitative content analysis studies that empirically examined news coverage, generally finding it to be more negative and focused on crises. It discusses the need for more quantitative research to test assumptions from qualitative studies.
This document discusses intersectionality and the complex nature of identity. It summarizes key concepts from several scholars, including Crenshaw's definition of intersectionality and how it allows for a better understanding of differences within groups to construct inclusive politics. Gordon's concept of complex personhood is discussed, recognizing people as multidimensional rather than victims or agents. Collins' matrix of domination describes how intersecting oppressions develop within social systems and locations. Sandoval explores the democratization of oppression and differential consciousness. Somerville critiques analogies between race and gender and calls for intersectional analysis of how racial and sexual identities are mutually constituted in law and policy. Yuval-Davis advocates for intersectional analysis that separately examines how social divisions
Respond to another student’s post by reiterating what they have saidmickietanger
Respond to another student’s post by reiterating what they have said (not just “I agree!” or “great point” but a substantive response). Your response should be courteous as well. If you disagree, state why politely.
The first post;
1) Kellner said “Cultural studies shows how media culture articulates the dominant values, political ideologies, and social developments and novelties of the era.”pg. 8.Kellner defines cultural studies as the ability to identify media manipulation and to analyze how the media forms society. Being able to analyze the impact of media on society is valuable Kellner said on page 8, because it allows individuals to understand and interpret culture critically. Kellner discusses the components of analyzing cultural studies which he names the threefold project, production and political economy of culture, cultural texts, and the audience reception. My definition is cultural studies is analyzing how media shapes the way of what society thinks, acts, and dresses.
2) Kellner says Political economy has to do with the cultural texts when referring to cultural studies because of the production and distribution cycle. Political economy can control what will be produced, what will be shown, who will be shown to and how it will be shown. Political economy is important when discussing cultural studies and the media because it has a lot of power over the media. Kellner uses the example of media corporate business like twitter, twitter only lets you type a certain amount of words in a post which is limiting the users. He also gives the examples of radio stations, the music that is distributed is always three - five minutes. Political economy controls the media.
3a) Radway writing has to do with cultural studies because of the messages of manipulation and gender ideology that is being put out. The main points that stuck to me while reading Radways writing was the women felt like they were escaping from the real world and rebelling against their current lives while reading. We can identify the impact of the romance books and how the political economy has so much power over the female audience that are reading them to make them feel they are escaping and rebelling. The messages that are being put out in the romance books are important but the focusing on who is buying the books are as well.
3b) Radways findings were that the women reading the romance novels were just trying to escape their lives for the moments they were reading. “the cultural value attached to books permits them to overcome the guilt they feel about avoiding their responsibilities” (Radway, 59). Radway discussed her findings by saying that the women were unhappy about their lives and that is why the romance books let them escape from reality. The women when reading feelings had changed even towards their husbands because they felt their husbands were more sensitive to their feelings. In all reality they were just reading the romance book.
The second post ...
This document discusses two groups that emerged in the 1980s - UFO abductees and ritual abuse survivors. Both groups focused on recovering memories of supernatural victimization through psychotherapeutic techniques like hypnosis. The author surveyed 55 UFO abductees and 51 ritual abuse survivors to compare their demographics to the general population based on hypotheses from research on new religious movements. The surveys found that both groups mirrored other NRMs in having a majority of female, white, educated members from professional occupations.
This document provides an introduction to critical race theory. It outlines some of the key concepts, history, theorists, and themes of CRT. The document discusses how CRT developed out of the civil rights era to examine the relationship between law and racial power. It presents enduring understandings of CRT, such as the idea that racism is endemic in American society and legal neutrality is skeptical. The document also introduces several influential critical race theorists and their areas of expertise and research focusing on issues like intersectionality, counterstorytelling, and examining power dynamics around dialogue and narrative.
Slavomir Redo, Visiting Lecturer of the Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology, University of Vienna made a presentation linking Environmental justice, crime prevention and intergenerational learning on the second day of the Big Foot conference
Stereotyping, Muslim Stereotyping & Islamophobia by Abid ZafarAbid Zafar
This presentation is related to the Stereotyping, Muslim Stereotyping and Islamophobia Factors which are specifically designed for Muslims in the Western Media by the great help of American Right wing Politicians and Think Tanks as well...
Similar to A critical discourse analysis of newsworthiness in english and (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
A critical discourse analysis of newsworthiness in english and
1. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.24, 2014
60
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Newsworthiness in English and
Urdu Newspaper Headlines In Pakistan
Khurram Yasmeen (Department of Applied Linguistics, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan)
Muhammad Asim Mahmood (Associate Professor, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan)
Rashid Mahmood (Associate Professor, King Khalid University, KSA)
Aleem Shakir (Assistant Professor, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan)
Ansa Sattar (Department of Applied Linguistics, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan)
Abstract
This research is a comparative study of Newsworthiness (importance of news items) in English and Urdu
newspapers. This research is a qualitative study that explores the impact of the placement of news items in the
newspapers. The data has been collected from three Urdu and their counterpart English newspapers from the
same groups. The placement of same news items in different newspapers will help to know about the policies
and ideologies of newspapers. The research investigates how the readership influences the newsworthiness of
news items. The language of the news items is studied to discover the relation between the placement and the
language used in the same news items inter and intra newspaper groups. The results are not only interpreted on
the basis of frequencies of news but also on the basis of lexical choices made by newspaper editors through
qualitative method of research.
Keywords: CDA, Newspaper, Headlines, Newsworthiness
Introduction
News is defined as something new, surprising, unexpected, counterintuitive, first, biggest, or that raises new
issues or problems. But what makes something ‘newsworthy’? Tuchman (1976) referred to the news as “a
constructed reality” (p. 97), while Cohen and Young (1973) suggested that the news is “manufactured by
journalists”( p. 97). In the same vein, Schudson (1989, p. 265) pointed out that “news items are not simply
selected but constructed” [emphasis added]. So, rather than objectively reporting events and facts, newsmakers
engage in a highly subjective and selective process of news production based on socially and culturally
constructed criteria. Notably, decisions about who/what is newsworthy are filtered through a predominantly
Western, White, heteronormative, middle‐class, male lens (Henry & Tator 2006).
Newsworthiness is defined as “what makes a story worth telling” (Jiwani 2006, p. 38). The specific criteria of
newsworthiness can change depending on the individual reporter or news organization (Chermak 1995).
However, generally speaking, newsworthy events are those considered to be dramatic, unusual, or fit with a
continuing news theme. Additional features such as conflict, action, and deviance increase the likelihood of an
event being deemed newsworthy (Ericson, Baranek & Chan 1987, 1991).
CDA is a field of study which has paved the ways for the linguists to find out the hidden ideologies
behind seemingly simple and plain words. Language is no longer seen as merely reflecting out reality, but as
central to creating the reality (Taiwo 2007). Newspapers play a vital role in depicting social issues according to
their own ideology. Newspapers are particularly known to lead in the initiation of discourse on the national
issues by picking on statements or reactions of prominent national figures. News headlines are the greatest
source of providing information to all, especially to people who are too busy to read the whole of the news
articles or stories. These headlines are description of social, cultural and national representations circulating in a
society at a specific time. The following study analyzes the differences of the various headlines with their
respective ideologies.
Literature Review
Newsworthiness is defined as “what makes a story worth telling” (Jiwani 2006, p. 38). The specific criteria of
newsworthiness can change depending on the individual reporter or news organization (Chermak 1995).
However, generally speaking, newsworthy events are those considered to be dramatic, unusual, or fit with a
continuing news theme. Additional features such as conflict, action, and deviance increase the likelihood of an
event being deemed newsworthy (Ericson, Baranek & Chan 1987, 1991).
According to Greer (2003), over and above these criteria, what makes an event eminently reportable is
its spatial and cultural proximity to the audience. Spatial (or geographic) proximity suggests that events ‘close
by’ will be more newsworthy than events far away. In other words, readers react most strongly to events
2. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.24, 2014
61
happening near them (Greer 2003, p. 53). Cultural proximity is closely related and refers to the extent to which
events are seen as culturally meaningful and resonate with readers' values, beliefs, and concerns (Greer 2003, pp.
47-48).
Greer further noted that, in the context of sex crimes, proximity adds additional ‘shock value’ as such
crimes are being committed ‘on our streets’ by offenders ‘on the loose’ in the same area as a substantial portion
of readers (2003, p. 73).
Hall (1973) argued that, of the millions of events that occur daily across the world, only a very tiny
fraction will actually become part of the daily news landscape. Along the same lines,
Meyers (1997) identified a hierarchy of crime operating in the news media, meaning that not all crimes are seen
as equally newsworthy (see also Jewkes 2004). Severe violence, especially murder, is seen as most newsworthy,
and young and elderly White females in particular receive considerable attention (Dowler 2004a, pp. 575–576).
Sexually motivated homicides perpetrated by someone unknown to the victim will “invariably receive
substantial, often sensational attention” (Jewkes 2004, p. 48). Previous literature has indicated that news stories
exaggerate the risks of violent crimes faced by high‐status White women (Reiner [1995] 2003, p. 386).
Carter (1998) and Jewkes (2004) have drawn attention to how particular forms of violence against
women are deemed too routine or ordinary by newsmakers to be considered newsworthy. For instance, physical
and sexual violence committed in the home, by acquaintances, and/or that is non‐fatal, tends to fall at the bottom
of the hierarchy of crime and is left off the news agenda. It is also useful to consider that the news media
perpetuate a hierarchy of female victims, meaning that not all women who have experienced violence are treated
equally. Media representations of violence against women often emphasize binary categories that differentiate
“good” from “bad” woman. “ Good” women are seen as innocent and worth saving or avenging, whereas “bad”
women are positioned as unworthy victims and beyond redemption (Jiwani 2008). Like social relations in
general, this binary is deeply tied to race and class. Traditionally, it has been middle‐class White women who
have been constructed as “innocent” and “good” (Collins, 2000). The idealization, or placing of certain bodies in
higher regard, subordinates and relegates bodies—in particular “raced” or racialized female bodies—to the status
of “Others” (Crenshaw 1991; Mclaughlin 1991). What must be underscored is that binaries of good/bad,
worthy/unworthy, pure/impure, and the like, are relational and mutually dependent on one another. In other
words, these binaries develop in the context of each other and each is inextricably bound to the other (Collins
1998). In order for there to be a “bad,” “unworthy,” “impure,” “disreputable” woman/victim there must
simultaneously be a “good,” “worthy,” “pure,” and “respectable” woman/victim against whom she is judged.
Simplistic binaries produce/reproduce hegemonic assumptions about acceptable and deviant expressions of
femininity (Madriz 1997). Idealized depictions of heterosexual, able-bodied, middle‐class, attractive White
women have become metaphors for “innocence”, both in news discourse and society more generally (Jewkes
2004; Wilcox 2005). The ideologies of human superiority and inferiority underlying these binaries encourage the
valuing of some lives over others and act as powerful justifications for continued racial, gender, and class‐based
oppression (Collins [1990] 2000).
Dyer (1997) explored how over time idealized notions of White womanhood have positioned the White
female body as the epitome of purity, cleanliness, vulnerability, and virginity. Dyer traced these notions to
Christian traditions of identifying whiteness and blondness with the heavens and angels. The emphasis placed on
romanticized images of White womanhood, he argued, connects the White body to that which is both
angelic/forbidden, morally superior unavailable. Wilcox similarly contended that Western thought associates.
White middle‐class women “with a lack of sexual knowledge and hence with being childlike” (2005, p. 527).
She added that Western cultural images of the “good” and “innocent” woman are often conflated with passivity,
monogamy, and fragility.
According to Shome, White femininity does not lie in a specific physical body, but rather is “an
ideological construction through which meanings about White women and their place in the social order is
naturalized . . . and as sites through which otherness; racial, sexual, classed, gendered, and nationalized [identity]
is negotiated” (2001, p. 323). Within this ideology poor and/or racialized women are pre‐packaged as “bad”
women, regardless of their actual behaviour (Collins [1990] 2000; Crenshaw 1991; Mukhopadhyay 2008). The
devaluation of poor and/or racialized women serves to simultaneously affirm the boundaries of appropriate
femininity. According to Collins ([1990] 2000, p. 132) the “devalued jezebel makes pure White womanhood
possible.”
Meyers (1997) argued that compared with high‐status White women, poor and/or racialized crime
victims are often depicted in the news as more blameworthy for their victimization. To illustrate, in sexual
assault and sexual homicide cases, if a victim is judged to have deviated from patriarchal notions of appropriate
feminine behavior by drinking/using drugs, dressing provocatively (or not conservatively), and especially if she
engages in sex for money, she is likely to be constructed as, at least partially, responsible for violence against her
(Ardovi‐ Brooker & Caringella‐Macdonald 2002; Jiwani & Young 2006; Madriz 1997). Likewise, Mclaughlin
3. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.24, 2014
62
(1991) found that television representations of prostitution tended to align the dangers of sex work with the sex
worker herself, and accordingly assigned victims rather than offenders blame for violence. As pointed out by
Wilcox (2005, p. 529), the presumption in the news media is that male offenders are guilty only to the extent that
their female victims are innocent.
Previous literature showed some differences on news content between traditional news media and
online news media. Leon Sigal (1973) found that the traditional news sites prominently present government
official news. For example, about 60% of news articles deal with government official routines in Washington
Post and New York Times. Also, the result of Herbert Gans’ study (1979) showed that prominent news deals
with events that people already know. However, current research study of the characteristics of news content on
the online media showed that alternative online journalism develops the user-oriented news; the topics of news
broaden to everyday life (Mussi, 2003).
Methodology
The data for this study has been collected from three newspaper groups along with their Urdu newspapers. From
the selected samples, headlines of the front and back pages have been selected for research. These have been
further divided into upper and lower half and are presented in tabular form. Newspapers of one month have been
selected. Newspapers of one month, March 2013, have been selected for current research. From the selected
newspapers front and back pages have been selected. The front and back pages of the newspaper has a special
significance. Data is analyzed through critical discourse analysis. Selected news headlines have been analyzed
on the basis of their placement in the newspaper and then these are compared with other newspapers.
Newsworthiness is determined on the basis of these results. News headlines have been categorized on the basis
of important issues. News headlines have been compared within the news group and with other news groups.
News headlines of important issues are written in tables. These are analyzed manually to check the
newsworthiness on news items. The hidden ideology of the newspaper editors is analyzed on the basis of
placement of news item, place/columns allocated to each news item and the use of language.
Results and Discussion
Newspaper plays a vital role in the lives of human beings as it conveys information related to all fields of life.
Moreover, newspapers remain active in changing the minds of the readers. The same aspect is analyzed in the
present research. The analysis focuses on the issues discussed during the month of March 2013 in the
newspapers. The main and prominent issues are taken into account like, IP Project, Karachi attacks, Musharraf
return, Pak Afghan relationship and the issue of load shedding. All the major news headlines are included in the
discussion and the frequencies of related news headlines’ frequencies and place/columns allocated to each news
item are given in the tables. The frequencies are also shown in graphic form. The main issue of the month is IP
project.
Comparison of # of headlines discussing IP project
Newspapers # of headlines
about written case
# of
columns
Newspapers # of headlines
about written
case
# of
columns
The News 13 20 Jang 11 19
The Nation 11 11 Nawa-e- Waqt 14 15
Tribune 17 19 Express 18 21
The news headlines are analyzed based on the total number of headlines and number of columns, allocated to a
specific event. This is a national issue presented in all newspaper groups with less change. Jang group has
allocated more space and columns as compared to other groups. The main point of difference is identified in
English and Urdu newspapers. IP project is more discussed in Urdu newspapers as compared to English
newspapers. The difference is clearly shown in column.
Comparison of # of headlines discussing attacks
Newspapers # of headlines
about written
case
# of
columns
Newspapers # of headlines
about written
case
# of
columns
The News 11 17 Nawa_e_ Waqt 21 24
The Nation 09 15 Jang 21 24
Tribune 08 17 Express 18 22
As it is local news, it is not mentioned in English newspapers in bulk. This issue covers more space in Urdu
newspapers and almost same columns are allocated. In English newspapers this allocation is almost same, but as
compared to Urdu newspapers, it is less. This shows that Urdu newspapers consider this news more newsworthy.
Same news groups have presented this news differently. Frequencies are different within news groups. Urdu
newspapers of each group allocate more space and more columns to these news items.
4. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.24, 2014
63
Comparison of # of headlines discussing issue of load shedding
Newspapers # of headlines
about written
case
# of
columns
Newspapers # of headlines
about written
case
# of
columns
The News 08 15 Nawa_e_ Waqt 22 29
The Nation 06 17 Jang 20 22
Tribune 08 14 Express 25 24
In the table frequencies of the occurrences are given. In English newspapers the frequency is less than the half of
Urdu news. The reason behind this difference is the readership of these newspapers: Urdu and English
newspapers have different readerships.
Parvez Musharraf , the former president of Pakistan, returns Pakistan after more than four years. His
arrival to Pakistan remains in the news before his coming. It was a controversy among different newspapers.
Comparison of # of headlines discussing Parvez Musharraf return
Newspapers # of headlines
about written
case
# of
columns
Newspapers # of headlines
about written
case
# of
columns
The News 12 15 Nawa_e_ Waqt 42 48
The Nation 16 21 Jang 38 43
Tribune 21 25 Express 49 53
Very clear difference is seen in the frequencies of English and Urdu newspapers. The frequencies in the English
newspapers are less than half of the Urdu newspapers. This difference clearly shows the policy of news groups.
The local news is mostly published in Urdu newspapers for the common man of the country, but the same news
is not placed in English newspapers. The readership in the minds of the news editors is different. Frequencies
also differ in intra groups. Overall, it may be concluded that Jang group gives less importance to such news as
compared to other two newspapers.
Conclusion
This research has analyzed the newsworthiness on the basis of allocation of columns and space to one news item.
The main objective of the research was to explore the difference in the projection of news items in English and
Urdu newspapers as well as in the same news groups. It is concluded from the research that differences exist in
the placement of news items. English newspapers pay less focus on the projection of local issues as compared to
Urdu newspapers. This study has explored so many reasons behind this difference; English newspapers are
mostly read by elite class who are mostly interested in foreign issues.
This study has observed how ideology works in the construction of newspaper headlines. According to
critical discourse analysis, findings have shown that the headlines of the newspapers not only have universal
metaphorical and graphological characteristics but behind the apparently different news items, different
ideologies are working behind. Local newspapers editors construct the news items which are considered for the
national and international news readers as the issues related to our society. These are a very good source of
conveying information to the readers who are not informed about these issues. On the other hand, English
newspapers present those news items which are presented and meant for the foreigners. From a nationalistic
perspective, such news items are produced to make other people aware of the defence strategies so they can think
hundred times before looking towards the country with bad intentions. Newspaper headlines also present
different ideologies and certain point of views. But the selection of the language used in headlines shows the
political inclinations of the newspaper editors, who select either those speeches intentionally which may make
readers annoyed towards certain leader, or those which may shape the thinking of the readers as the editors want
them to perceive. On some points of time all the newspapers have the same view. This can be concluded that
single news is presented in different papers in different perspectives keeping their political inclinations in view.
CDA has successfully laid all these newspaper ideologies transparent which were opaque previously for a
common reader.
REFERENCES
Brookes, H.J. (1995) The Ideological Construction of Africa: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News on
Africa in the British Press. Discourse Society, vol. 6 no. 4 461-494.
Chermak, S.M. (1995). Victims in the News: Crime in American News Media, Boulder: Westview.
Collins, R., Curran, J. Garnham, N., Scannell, Schlesinger, P., & Sparks, C. (1986). Media, Culture, and Society.
London.
Ericson, R. (1991). Mass Media, Crime, Law, and Justice, British Journal of Criminology, 31, 3: 219– 49.
5. New Media and Mass Communication www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3267 (Paper) ISSN 2224-3275 (Online)
Vol.24, 2014
64
Greer, C. (2003). Sex Crime and the Media: Sex Offending and the Press in a Divided Society, Willan,
Cullompton.
Hall, S. (1973).The determination of news photographs, in The Manufacture of News: A Reader, eds Stanley
Cohen & Jock Young, Sage, Beverly Hills, pp. 176–190.
Henry, F., &Tator, C. (2006). Understanding Recist Discourse in the Media through Critical Discourse Analysis,
Space and theory. Mcgill Queess Press.
Jewkes, Y. (2004). Media & Crime, Sage, London.
Jiwani, Y. (2006). Missing and murderd women: Reproduncing marginality in news discourse. Canadian Journal
of Communication, 31, 4, 895-917.
Madriz, E. (1997). Nothing Bad Happens to Good Girls: Fear of Crime in Women’s Lives, The University of
California Press, Berkeley.
Mussi, S. (2003). Automatic personalized news-recommendation: a new service of the CILEA
supercomputing portal, Bollettino Del CILEA, 88, 5-9.
Schudson, D. (1989). The sociology of news production Media, Culture & Society, 11: 263-282.
Sigal, L. (1973). Reporters and officials-the organization and politics of newsmaking. Lexington, MA: D.C.
Heath & Company.
Taiwo, R.(2007). Speech as Headline in Nigerian Newspapers, in Segun Awonusi and E. A. Babalola, eds
The Domestication of English in Nigeria. Lagos: University of Lagos Press. 323 –335.
Tuchman, G. (1976). Telling stories, Journal of Communication, vol. 26, fall, pp. 93–97.
Wilcox, P. (2005). Beauty and the beast: gendered and raced discourse in news, Social & Legal Studies, vol. 14,
no. 4, pp. 515–532.
6. The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event
management. The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS
There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting
platform.
Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the
following page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available
online to the readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers
other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version
of the journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
MORE RESOURCES
Book publication information: http://www.iiste.org/book/
Recent conferences: http://www.iiste.org/conference/
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar