In a comprehensive literature search studies on self-rated
well-being, quality of life and health have mostly singled
out particular cohorts such as young adults or youth [1-4],
population [5-11], elderly [12-26], children [27], and
nations [28]; but none emerges that has compared factors that determine self-rated well-being for young adults and elderly in the English-speaking Caribbean, especially Jamaica.
The Relationship between Aggressive Behaviour and Social-Psychological Adjust...Rula alsawalqa
This article aims to detect the relationship between aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in students from the
Faculty of Sports Education, and to identify differences in aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in accordance with
(gender and academic level) variables. The scale of aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment were distributed to
(80) undergraduate students in the Department of Physical Education
at An-Najah National University. The study results suggest that the
average level of aggressive behaviour amongst students was (2.79),
while the level of social-psychological compatibility was high at
(3.72). Moreover, the findings reveal that there is a close relationship
between social and psychological adjustment and aggressive behaviour
in students. Additionally, the variables of gender and academic level
have no effect on the level of aggressive behaviour and socialpsychological adjustment of students.
Psychological Illness and Crime Growing in Urban life by Dr.Mahboob Khan PhdHealthcare consultant
“I believe that -Weather it is MH 370 Co-Pilot or recent thane mass murderer these people have some sort of psychological illness in common and there is greater need to do psychological assessment of every one as a mandatory test”.Public opinion surveys suggest that many people think mental illness and violence go hand in hand. A 2012 national survey found, for example, that 60% of indians thought that people with schizophrenia were likely to act violently toward someone else, while 32% thought that people with major depression were likely to do so.
This document discusses the complex relationship between mental illness and crime. While there is a clear connection between mental illness and incarceration, the link between mental illness and actual criminal behavior is more nuanced. Several studies mentioned found moderate connections between some mental illnesses like schizophrenia and crime, especially when combined with substance abuse, but many mentally ill individuals are non-violent. The document examines how factors like deinstitutionalization, homelessness, poverty, and drug use associated with mental illness can influence criminality as well.
This study analyzed data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and depression in middle-aged adults. The results showed that individuals with low socioeconomic status had higher rates of depression compared to those with medium or high socioeconomic status. When stratified by gender and race/ethnicity, the relationship was stronger for women than men and strongest among African Americans and Hispanics. Future research could involve prospective cohort studies and qualitative focus groups to better understand how socioeconomic status influences depression over time.
Mental Health Policy - Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice SystemDr. James Swartz
These slides are from a lecture on the criminal justice system and mental illness and considers factors related to the criminalization of those with mental illnesses, characteristics of those with mental illness under criminal justice supervision, and the role of drug and mental health courts.
The Relationship between Aggressive Behaviour and Social-Psychological Adjust...Rula alsawalqa
This article aims to detect the relationship between aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in students from the
Faculty of Sports Education, and to identify differences in aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment in accordance with
(gender and academic level) variables. The scale of aggressive
behaviour and social-psychological adjustment were distributed to
(80) undergraduate students in the Department of Physical Education
at An-Najah National University. The study results suggest that the
average level of aggressive behaviour amongst students was (2.79),
while the level of social-psychological compatibility was high at
(3.72). Moreover, the findings reveal that there is a close relationship
between social and psychological adjustment and aggressive behaviour
in students. Additionally, the variables of gender and academic level
have no effect on the level of aggressive behaviour and socialpsychological adjustment of students.
Psychological Illness and Crime Growing in Urban life by Dr.Mahboob Khan PhdHealthcare consultant
“I believe that -Weather it is MH 370 Co-Pilot or recent thane mass murderer these people have some sort of psychological illness in common and there is greater need to do psychological assessment of every one as a mandatory test”.Public opinion surveys suggest that many people think mental illness and violence go hand in hand. A 2012 national survey found, for example, that 60% of indians thought that people with schizophrenia were likely to act violently toward someone else, while 32% thought that people with major depression were likely to do so.
This document discusses the complex relationship between mental illness and crime. While there is a clear connection between mental illness and incarceration, the link between mental illness and actual criminal behavior is more nuanced. Several studies mentioned found moderate connections between some mental illnesses like schizophrenia and crime, especially when combined with substance abuse, but many mentally ill individuals are non-violent. The document examines how factors like deinstitutionalization, homelessness, poverty, and drug use associated with mental illness can influence criminality as well.
This study analyzed data from the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status and depression in middle-aged adults. The results showed that individuals with low socioeconomic status had higher rates of depression compared to those with medium or high socioeconomic status. When stratified by gender and race/ethnicity, the relationship was stronger for women than men and strongest among African Americans and Hispanics. Future research could involve prospective cohort studies and qualitative focus groups to better understand how socioeconomic status influences depression over time.
Mental Health Policy - Mental Illness and the Criminal Justice SystemDr. James Swartz
These slides are from a lecture on the criminal justice system and mental illness and considers factors related to the criminalization of those with mental illnesses, characteristics of those with mental illness under criminal justice supervision, and the role of drug and mental health courts.
This document provides a summary and analysis of the British government's draft Mental Health Bill of 2002. It argues that the government has not adequately proven its case for the new civil powers of detention and compulsory treatment proposed in the bill. While mental illness is positively associated with some violence, the risks are modest and other factors like age, gender, substance use, and socioeconomic status are stronger predictors of violence in society. Improving social factors, healthcare resources, and education are likely more important for protecting public safety than expanding legal powers of compulsion. The document advocates for balancing civil liberties, treatment, and public safety according to established principles of mental health law.
Domestic violence and its relationship with depression, anxiety and quality o...Dr.Nasir Ahmad
Objectives: To find out the relationship of domestic violence with depression, anxiety and quality of life
in married women in hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Methods: This co-relational study was conducted in Rawalpindi Institute of Health Sciences from January
2019 to December 2019. All the females’ patients who were the victim of domestic violence were the
population of the study. Consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used for selection of sampling
from the target population. The inclusion criterion for this study was diagnosed case of domestic violence.
DASS 21 (The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) and Quality of life (WHO) scales were administered to
116 patients.
Results: The study’s key results were that domestic abuse has positive relationship with depression,
anxiety, and stress. It was also found that domestic abuse has a negative relationship with quality of life of
those who have been subjected to domestic violence of this sort.
Conclusion: It was concluded that domestic violence whether verbal, physical, emotional or sexual has
strongly effects the mental health and quality of life of abused women
Despite many barriers that exist, physicians and nurses become the most important players in the space where MSM navigate their health and HIV needs. MSM face significant stigma and discrimination, which increases their vulnerability to poor health outcomes like HIV and mental health issues. Providers have an important role and responsibility to deliver compassionate and non-judgmental care to MSM. Overcoming biases, ensuring privacy and confidentiality, and addressing the specific health needs of MSM are crucial for encouraging MSM to seek the care they need.
1 suicidejocelyn s. barrioseh1020patti smithsmile790243
This document summarizes the pedagogical aids used in most chapters of the textbook "Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice, Fifth Edition" to drive student comprehension and engagement. It lists learning aids such as chapter objectives, key terms, case studies, and critical thinking questions. The purpose is to address different learning styles and ensure mastery of concepts. Additionally, it provides publishing information for Jones & Bartlett Learning including contact details.
23 introduction to social worksecond edsmile790243
This document provides an introduction to the second edition of the textbook "Introduction to Social Work: An Advocacy-Based Profession" by Lisa E. Cox, Carolyn J. Tice, and Dennis D. Long. It includes information about the authors, a brief contents section, and details on ordering and copyright. The introduction to social work textbook covers topics such as understanding the social work profession, history of social work, generalist practice, advocacy, responding to needs like poverty and health challenges, and working in changing contexts.
The efficacy of elderly caring among nursesGlance Ruiz
The document discusses theories of aging and perspectives on caring for elderly patients from a nursing perspective. It covers biological and psychosocial theories of aging, including theories around stress, DNA mutations, and disengagement from society. It also discusses nursing theories around caring, including Watson's theory emphasizing dignity and uniqueness of patients. The document emphasizes the importance of caring attitudes from nurses and developing close relationships with elderly patients to provide both physical and emotional support.
Sociology of health and illness wk 18 gender shi (1)Anthony Lawrence
Gender inequalities exist in health outcomes. Women generally live longer than men but have higher rates of illness. This complex picture is explained by biological, social, and structural factors. Biologically, male and female bodies differ but cannot fully explain changing gaps over time and place. Socially, gender roles shape health behaviors, work, care responsibilities, and medical experiences. Structurally, women often face disadvantage due to unequal power, resources, and the feminization of poverty.
Medical sociology and health service research - Journal of Health and social ...Jorge Pacheco
This document summarizes key findings from medical sociology research on health services and systems over the past 50 years. It discusses three main findings: 1) Health services in the US are unequally distributed based on gender, socioeconomic status, and race, contributing to health inequalities. 2) Social institutions reproduce these inequalities by enabling or constraining actions of providers and consumers. 3) The structure and dynamics of health care organizations shape quality, effectiveness and outcomes for different groups in communities. The authors conclude by discussing implications for future health policy and reform efforts.
The document discusses the relationship between crime and mental illness from a psychological perspective. It defines several mental illnesses including schizophrenia, delusional disorders, and depressive disorder. It notes that schizophrenia can manifest in bizarre behaviors and delusional disorders involve persistent non-bizarre delusions. Depressive disorders involve depressed mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks. The document also discusses antisocial personality disorder which involves violating the rights of others. It concludes that education and helping those without mental illness understand it may help the mentally ill better cope in society and reduce criminal behaviors associated with their conditions.
Gender, Mental health and Violence Against Women Ranjani K.Murthy
This presentation looks at the inter-linkages between gender, mental health, violence against women and girls. It argues that it is only recently that International Conventions and Declarations have started looking at three variables together.
The presentation calls for strategies to address the linkages at the policy, protocol development, capacity building (of service providers), programmes (for women's empowerment) and at the level of understanding perpetrators.and engaging with men and boys.
Evaluating Female Experiences of Electronic Dating Violence in Jordan: Motiva...Rula alsawalqa
Gender stereotypes can influence electronic dating violence (EDV) because the victims’ experiences with abusers depict crucial social mechanisms concerning relational dependency and unequal power relations between men and women, making it difficult for women to resist, report, or escape cyber abuse. In the Arab context, cyber abuse in romantic relationships has not been sufficiently examined. This study investigated female experiences of EDV through a qualitative exploratory descriptive approach. Participants experienced several short- and long-term negative psychological and emotional behavioral responses. Our findings validate that EDV heightened the probability of intimate partner violence definitively via psychological, emotional, verbal, and physical abuse. Their resistance strategies differed according to the extent and nature of the abuse. None of the participants sought help from family due to fear of being killed or forced out of university, and realizing that they would continue to experience multiple forms of abuse. Rather, they either sought help from female professors at the university or paid the abuser to be left alone. Further, they engaged in protective behaviors to block their abusive partner’s access to them, consulted an Information Technology expert, and secretly requested assistance from the police. Preference for controlling and dominant roles, gaining monetary benefits, sexual exploitation, peer pressure, and revenge and anger due to abandonment were the leading motivations for abuse. Female students in their first year of university, those who lived in a disjointed family environment, or those who suffered abuse from their families were particularly susceptible to being victimized. Moreover, passwords shared with others or accounts left open on others’ devices also enabled EDV. Hence, universities must conduct awareness sessions, for female students, on how to manage emotions and safe communication on social media and build healthy friendships and relationships. Curricula, seminars, workshops, and courses in the Jordanian educational sector should include programs and interventions that challenge perceived gender norms. These results have significant practical and clinical implications that help understand EDV in a poorly understood context and provide the groundwork for further research on the EDV problem in Jordan, addressing a lacuna in the literature on violence against Jordanian women.
Depressive Symptoms, Hostility, and HopelessnessSavannah Kalman
The document describes a study that examined depressive symptoms, hostility, and hopelessness in 246 adolescent patients at an inner-city health clinic. The researchers hypothesized that the factors would form a single construct and be associated with demographic characteristics. Confirmatory factor analysis found the factors were best characterized as three separate constructs. General linear modeling showed hopelessness was significantly higher in White males, accounting for 6% of the variance. The study provides insight into negative psychological factors in urban teens but notes gaps in understanding how the factors relate and are affected by demographics.
The document summarizes research on mental health care integration between traditional spiritual healers and mental health providers in the United Arab Emirates. It finds that UAE citizens are reluctant to seek professional mental health services due to religious and cultural views, stigma, and lack of awareness/confidence in providers. It recommends efforts to deconstruct views of mental illness in Islamic jurisprudence, develop culturally sensitive care models, liaise between imams and providers, launch pilot programs, and promote awareness through community events and education.
(HEPE) Introduction To Social Determinants Of Health (Hepe) 1antz505
Many youth leaders are compelled to do work with community based non-profit and local public health agencies as both a service learning and philanthropic component in their development as young professionals. However, despite invaluable experiential learning, students often don\'t comprehend key overarching issues such as health disparities, social determinants of health, health policy and community organizing. To address this gap and optimize their community based work, the Health Disparities Student Collaborative (HDSC), a Boston-based student group under Critical MASS for eliminating health disparities and the Center for Community Health Education Research and Service Inc. (CCHERS), developed a curriculum for students designed to broaden their perspectives while working with local public health, non-profit/community organizations and to develop their interest and ability to visualize the power of their collective voice as students and contributors to social justice work. The curriculum utilizes peer education and webinar software and covers three main topics: Current State of Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Youth Activism on Health Disparities/Social Determinants of Health. HDSC has collaborated with local partners CCHERS/Critical MASS and the Community Based Public Health Caucus (CBPHC) Youth Council to develop this comprehensive “Health Equality Peer Education” training.
This document provides an introduction to medical sociology. It defines key concepts like sociology, society, group, community, role, culture, and social control mechanisms. Medical sociology studies the medical profession, relationship between medicine and the public, and role of social factors in disease. A society is a system of social relationships with compulsory membership and cooperation/conflict. Culture refers to learned behaviors acquired in a society through customs, beliefs and skills. Acculturation describes the diffusion of cultures with contact between groups. Social problems can threaten community welfare when affecting many individuals.
Caregivers’ perspective on non-fatal deliberate self harmiosrjce
This document summarizes a study examining caregivers' perspectives on non-fatal deliberate self-harm. Fifty patients who engaged in deliberate self-harm and were admitted to a hospital were evaluated. Caregivers of these patients were interviewed using a 15-item questionnaire to assess their attitudes. Common characteristics of the self-harm incidents were that they occurred when someone else was present and no suicide notes were left. The most common psychiatric diagnosis among patients was major depressive disorder. Most caregivers reported feeling shock, anger, and a need to overprotect the individual after the self-harm incident. A significant association was found between caregivers perceiving an unsympathetic family attitude and repetition of deliberate self-harm.
The Socioeconomic Consequences and Costs of Mental IllnessMika Truly
The document summarizes several socioeconomic consequences and costs of mental illness. It discusses how approximately half of adults with severe mental illnesses also have a substance abuse disorder, but only a small percentage receive treatment for both. It also examines how substance abuse and lack of medication adherence in the mentally ill have been associated with increased violence. Additionally, the document outlines how treating the mentally ill with co-occurring substance abuse disorders results in significantly higher psychiatric care costs. Lastly, it explores the high rates of incarceration and homelessness among the mentally ill population and the financial costs these issues impose on society.
This document is an honors thesis analyzing factors that may contribute to the decline in teen birth rates in the United States. The author uses data from 2000, 2005, and 2008 on 11 factors from all 50 states and DC, including rape rates, abortion rates, education levels, income, religion, and beer consumption. Through linear regression analysis, the author finds rape rates, the percentage of Baptists in the population, and beer consumption rates have statistically significant positive relationships with teen birth rates. While abortion rates also showed significance, the positive relationship does not make logical sense, likely due to omitted variables. The author concludes these three significant factors may be contributing to the overall decline in teen birth rates in recent decades as the variables decrease. However,
Independent study -danika tynes--analysis of indicator well-being gapDanika Tynes, Ph.D.
This document summarizes and analyzes a research paper that explores whether shifting the focus of institutions from economic growth to individual well-being and happiness could provide a more sustainable way to create global stability. The document reviews literature on factors that influence development and analyzes the role of institutions. It discusses how institutions set priorities and influence healthcare systems. Results from comparing global happiness, GDP, and UN Millennium Development Goals reveal that individual well-being is a significant predictor of development outcomes, pointing to the need to re-evaluate priorities in institutional policies.
Personality Profile and Suicidal Behaviour among College Studentspaperpublications3
This study investigated the relationship between personality traits and suicidal ideation among 100 college students in Manipur, India. The results found that 11% of students reported suicidal ideation. High neuroticism, low extraversion, and low conscientiousness were positively correlated with suicidal ideation. Openness to experience and agreeableness were not significantly related to suicidal ideation. The study highlights that personality traits are key contributing factors to suicidal thoughts among college students.
This document analyzes health data from Jamaica to examine chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) among working-aged and retirement-aged cohorts. It finds that between 47-51% of all deaths in Jamaica from 2002-2008 were due to CNCDs, with the majority (55-65%) occurring among those aged 60+. Specifically, the retirement-aged cohort (ages 60+) had a CNCD prevalence rate of 37.6%, compared to 8.2% for the working-aged cohort. Comorbidity (multiple conditions) affected 27.4% of the retirement cohort and 15.6% of the working cohort. The study aims to inform policies that address CNCDs in a targeted manner based
This document provides a summary and analysis of the British government's draft Mental Health Bill of 2002. It argues that the government has not adequately proven its case for the new civil powers of detention and compulsory treatment proposed in the bill. While mental illness is positively associated with some violence, the risks are modest and other factors like age, gender, substance use, and socioeconomic status are stronger predictors of violence in society. Improving social factors, healthcare resources, and education are likely more important for protecting public safety than expanding legal powers of compulsion. The document advocates for balancing civil liberties, treatment, and public safety according to established principles of mental health law.
Domestic violence and its relationship with depression, anxiety and quality o...Dr.Nasir Ahmad
Objectives: To find out the relationship of domestic violence with depression, anxiety and quality of life
in married women in hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Methods: This co-relational study was conducted in Rawalpindi Institute of Health Sciences from January
2019 to December 2019. All the females’ patients who were the victim of domestic violence were the
population of the study. Consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used for selection of sampling
from the target population. The inclusion criterion for this study was diagnosed case of domestic violence.
DASS 21 (The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) and Quality of life (WHO) scales were administered to
116 patients.
Results: The study’s key results were that domestic abuse has positive relationship with depression,
anxiety, and stress. It was also found that domestic abuse has a negative relationship with quality of life of
those who have been subjected to domestic violence of this sort.
Conclusion: It was concluded that domestic violence whether verbal, physical, emotional or sexual has
strongly effects the mental health and quality of life of abused women
Despite many barriers that exist, physicians and nurses become the most important players in the space where MSM navigate their health and HIV needs. MSM face significant stigma and discrimination, which increases their vulnerability to poor health outcomes like HIV and mental health issues. Providers have an important role and responsibility to deliver compassionate and non-judgmental care to MSM. Overcoming biases, ensuring privacy and confidentiality, and addressing the specific health needs of MSM are crucial for encouraging MSM to seek the care they need.
1 suicidejocelyn s. barrioseh1020patti smithsmile790243
This document summarizes the pedagogical aids used in most chapters of the textbook "Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice, Fifth Edition" to drive student comprehension and engagement. It lists learning aids such as chapter objectives, key terms, case studies, and critical thinking questions. The purpose is to address different learning styles and ensure mastery of concepts. Additionally, it provides publishing information for Jones & Bartlett Learning including contact details.
23 introduction to social worksecond edsmile790243
This document provides an introduction to the second edition of the textbook "Introduction to Social Work: An Advocacy-Based Profession" by Lisa E. Cox, Carolyn J. Tice, and Dennis D. Long. It includes information about the authors, a brief contents section, and details on ordering and copyright. The introduction to social work textbook covers topics such as understanding the social work profession, history of social work, generalist practice, advocacy, responding to needs like poverty and health challenges, and working in changing contexts.
The efficacy of elderly caring among nursesGlance Ruiz
The document discusses theories of aging and perspectives on caring for elderly patients from a nursing perspective. It covers biological and psychosocial theories of aging, including theories around stress, DNA mutations, and disengagement from society. It also discusses nursing theories around caring, including Watson's theory emphasizing dignity and uniqueness of patients. The document emphasizes the importance of caring attitudes from nurses and developing close relationships with elderly patients to provide both physical and emotional support.
Sociology of health and illness wk 18 gender shi (1)Anthony Lawrence
Gender inequalities exist in health outcomes. Women generally live longer than men but have higher rates of illness. This complex picture is explained by biological, social, and structural factors. Biologically, male and female bodies differ but cannot fully explain changing gaps over time and place. Socially, gender roles shape health behaviors, work, care responsibilities, and medical experiences. Structurally, women often face disadvantage due to unequal power, resources, and the feminization of poverty.
Medical sociology and health service research - Journal of Health and social ...Jorge Pacheco
This document summarizes key findings from medical sociology research on health services and systems over the past 50 years. It discusses three main findings: 1) Health services in the US are unequally distributed based on gender, socioeconomic status, and race, contributing to health inequalities. 2) Social institutions reproduce these inequalities by enabling or constraining actions of providers and consumers. 3) The structure and dynamics of health care organizations shape quality, effectiveness and outcomes for different groups in communities. The authors conclude by discussing implications for future health policy and reform efforts.
The document discusses the relationship between crime and mental illness from a psychological perspective. It defines several mental illnesses including schizophrenia, delusional disorders, and depressive disorder. It notes that schizophrenia can manifest in bizarre behaviors and delusional disorders involve persistent non-bizarre delusions. Depressive disorders involve depressed mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks. The document also discusses antisocial personality disorder which involves violating the rights of others. It concludes that education and helping those without mental illness understand it may help the mentally ill better cope in society and reduce criminal behaviors associated with their conditions.
Gender, Mental health and Violence Against Women Ranjani K.Murthy
This presentation looks at the inter-linkages between gender, mental health, violence against women and girls. It argues that it is only recently that International Conventions and Declarations have started looking at three variables together.
The presentation calls for strategies to address the linkages at the policy, protocol development, capacity building (of service providers), programmes (for women's empowerment) and at the level of understanding perpetrators.and engaging with men and boys.
Evaluating Female Experiences of Electronic Dating Violence in Jordan: Motiva...Rula alsawalqa
Gender stereotypes can influence electronic dating violence (EDV) because the victims’ experiences with abusers depict crucial social mechanisms concerning relational dependency and unequal power relations between men and women, making it difficult for women to resist, report, or escape cyber abuse. In the Arab context, cyber abuse in romantic relationships has not been sufficiently examined. This study investigated female experiences of EDV through a qualitative exploratory descriptive approach. Participants experienced several short- and long-term negative psychological and emotional behavioral responses. Our findings validate that EDV heightened the probability of intimate partner violence definitively via psychological, emotional, verbal, and physical abuse. Their resistance strategies differed according to the extent and nature of the abuse. None of the participants sought help from family due to fear of being killed or forced out of university, and realizing that they would continue to experience multiple forms of abuse. Rather, they either sought help from female professors at the university or paid the abuser to be left alone. Further, they engaged in protective behaviors to block their abusive partner’s access to them, consulted an Information Technology expert, and secretly requested assistance from the police. Preference for controlling and dominant roles, gaining monetary benefits, sexual exploitation, peer pressure, and revenge and anger due to abandonment were the leading motivations for abuse. Female students in their first year of university, those who lived in a disjointed family environment, or those who suffered abuse from their families were particularly susceptible to being victimized. Moreover, passwords shared with others or accounts left open on others’ devices also enabled EDV. Hence, universities must conduct awareness sessions, for female students, on how to manage emotions and safe communication on social media and build healthy friendships and relationships. Curricula, seminars, workshops, and courses in the Jordanian educational sector should include programs and interventions that challenge perceived gender norms. These results have significant practical and clinical implications that help understand EDV in a poorly understood context and provide the groundwork for further research on the EDV problem in Jordan, addressing a lacuna in the literature on violence against Jordanian women.
Depressive Symptoms, Hostility, and HopelessnessSavannah Kalman
The document describes a study that examined depressive symptoms, hostility, and hopelessness in 246 adolescent patients at an inner-city health clinic. The researchers hypothesized that the factors would form a single construct and be associated with demographic characteristics. Confirmatory factor analysis found the factors were best characterized as three separate constructs. General linear modeling showed hopelessness was significantly higher in White males, accounting for 6% of the variance. The study provides insight into negative psychological factors in urban teens but notes gaps in understanding how the factors relate and are affected by demographics.
The document summarizes research on mental health care integration between traditional spiritual healers and mental health providers in the United Arab Emirates. It finds that UAE citizens are reluctant to seek professional mental health services due to religious and cultural views, stigma, and lack of awareness/confidence in providers. It recommends efforts to deconstruct views of mental illness in Islamic jurisprudence, develop culturally sensitive care models, liaise between imams and providers, launch pilot programs, and promote awareness through community events and education.
(HEPE) Introduction To Social Determinants Of Health (Hepe) 1antz505
Many youth leaders are compelled to do work with community based non-profit and local public health agencies as both a service learning and philanthropic component in their development as young professionals. However, despite invaluable experiential learning, students often don\'t comprehend key overarching issues such as health disparities, social determinants of health, health policy and community organizing. To address this gap and optimize their community based work, the Health Disparities Student Collaborative (HDSC), a Boston-based student group under Critical MASS for eliminating health disparities and the Center for Community Health Education Research and Service Inc. (CCHERS), developed a curriculum for students designed to broaden their perspectives while working with local public health, non-profit/community organizations and to develop their interest and ability to visualize the power of their collective voice as students and contributors to social justice work. The curriculum utilizes peer education and webinar software and covers three main topics: Current State of Health Disparities, Social Determinants of Health, and Youth Activism on Health Disparities/Social Determinants of Health. HDSC has collaborated with local partners CCHERS/Critical MASS and the Community Based Public Health Caucus (CBPHC) Youth Council to develop this comprehensive “Health Equality Peer Education” training.
This document provides an introduction to medical sociology. It defines key concepts like sociology, society, group, community, role, culture, and social control mechanisms. Medical sociology studies the medical profession, relationship between medicine and the public, and role of social factors in disease. A society is a system of social relationships with compulsory membership and cooperation/conflict. Culture refers to learned behaviors acquired in a society through customs, beliefs and skills. Acculturation describes the diffusion of cultures with contact between groups. Social problems can threaten community welfare when affecting many individuals.
Caregivers’ perspective on non-fatal deliberate self harmiosrjce
This document summarizes a study examining caregivers' perspectives on non-fatal deliberate self-harm. Fifty patients who engaged in deliberate self-harm and were admitted to a hospital were evaluated. Caregivers of these patients were interviewed using a 15-item questionnaire to assess their attitudes. Common characteristics of the self-harm incidents were that they occurred when someone else was present and no suicide notes were left. The most common psychiatric diagnosis among patients was major depressive disorder. Most caregivers reported feeling shock, anger, and a need to overprotect the individual after the self-harm incident. A significant association was found between caregivers perceiving an unsympathetic family attitude and repetition of deliberate self-harm.
The Socioeconomic Consequences and Costs of Mental IllnessMika Truly
The document summarizes several socioeconomic consequences and costs of mental illness. It discusses how approximately half of adults with severe mental illnesses also have a substance abuse disorder, but only a small percentage receive treatment for both. It also examines how substance abuse and lack of medication adherence in the mentally ill have been associated with increased violence. Additionally, the document outlines how treating the mentally ill with co-occurring substance abuse disorders results in significantly higher psychiatric care costs. Lastly, it explores the high rates of incarceration and homelessness among the mentally ill population and the financial costs these issues impose on society.
This document is an honors thesis analyzing factors that may contribute to the decline in teen birth rates in the United States. The author uses data from 2000, 2005, and 2008 on 11 factors from all 50 states and DC, including rape rates, abortion rates, education levels, income, religion, and beer consumption. Through linear regression analysis, the author finds rape rates, the percentage of Baptists in the population, and beer consumption rates have statistically significant positive relationships with teen birth rates. While abortion rates also showed significance, the positive relationship does not make logical sense, likely due to omitted variables. The author concludes these three significant factors may be contributing to the overall decline in teen birth rates in recent decades as the variables decrease. However,
Independent study -danika tynes--analysis of indicator well-being gapDanika Tynes, Ph.D.
This document summarizes and analyzes a research paper that explores whether shifting the focus of institutions from economic growth to individual well-being and happiness could provide a more sustainable way to create global stability. The document reviews literature on factors that influence development and analyzes the role of institutions. It discusses how institutions set priorities and influence healthcare systems. Results from comparing global happiness, GDP, and UN Millennium Development Goals reveal that individual well-being is a significant predictor of development outcomes, pointing to the need to re-evaluate priorities in institutional policies.
Personality Profile and Suicidal Behaviour among College Studentspaperpublications3
This study investigated the relationship between personality traits and suicidal ideation among 100 college students in Manipur, India. The results found that 11% of students reported suicidal ideation. High neuroticism, low extraversion, and low conscientiousness were positively correlated with suicidal ideation. Openness to experience and agreeableness were not significantly related to suicidal ideation. The study highlights that personality traits are key contributing factors to suicidal thoughts among college students.
This document analyzes health data from Jamaica to examine chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) among working-aged and retirement-aged cohorts. It finds that between 47-51% of all deaths in Jamaica from 2002-2008 were due to CNCDs, with the majority (55-65%) occurring among those aged 60+. Specifically, the retirement-aged cohort (ages 60+) had a CNCD prevalence rate of 37.6%, compared to 8.2% for the working-aged cohort. Comorbidity (multiple conditions) affected 27.4% of the retirement cohort and 15.6% of the working cohort. The study aims to inform policies that address CNCDs in a targeted manner based
Understanding health and health measurement in jamaicapaulbourne12
Paul A. Bourne is the Director of Socio-Medical Research Institute, Kingston, Jamaica. He is the author of Growing Old in Jamaica: Population Ageing and Senior Citizens’ Wellbeing, and A Simple Guide to the Analysis of Quantitative Data. An Introduction with hypotheses, illustrations and references, and coauthored Probing Jamaica’s Political Culture, volume 1: Main Trends in the July – August 2006 Leadership and Governance Survey, and A landscape Assessment of Political Corruption in Jamaica
An examination of the Bill Johnson Public Opinion Pollpaulbourne12
- The document analyzes poll data from 2011-2014 on Jamaicans' preferences for the leaders of the two major political parties, Andrew Holness of the JLP and Portia Simpson-Miller of the PNP.
- It finds that in 2014, the ratio of Jamaicans preferring Holness to Simpson-Miller was 1.8:1, while Holness' popularity increased 9.5% in the past 3 years and Simpson-Miller's declined 33.3%.
- However, the author concludes the data does not support claims by Lloyd Waller that Holness is seen as more visionary or competent, but rather indicates Jamaicans' desire for a change in governance due to economic conditions under the P
An examination of the Bill Johnson Public Opinion Pollpaulbourne12
This document summarizes the findings of the Bill Johnson Public Opinion Poll on the leadership of Andrew Holness and Portia Simpson-Miller, the heads of Jamaica's two major political parties. The poll found that approximately twice as many Jamaicans believe Holness would make a better leader than Simpson-Miller. While Holness' popularity increased slightly over three years, Simpson-Miller's approval ratings dropped significantly. However, the statistical analysis in this document could not confirm Lloyd Waller's assertion that Holness is seen as more visionary and competent, as Waller's view was based on personal biases rather than facts.
Sexual Expressions in Jamaica evaluates particular reproductive health matters in Jamaica. All the chapters are cogently selected in keeping with the general purpose of a comprehensive proposition to forward an understanding of sexual expressions of Jamaicans aged 15-49 years old. Sex education in Jamaica has been, for years, seeking to address lowered aged of sexual debut to no avail, and the consequences of this reality is such that they open socioeconomic challenges for the populace. The sexual expressions of youth may result in cervical cancers, teenage pregnancies and STIs, and these tabs must be borne by the society. It is not the resultant cost of the health and reproductive health matters that is of concern in this book, but the sexual expressions of Jamaicans aged 15-49 years. Many of the sexual expressions that are enlisted in this book are placed herein because they contribute to the broad-spectrum in understanding Jamaicans’ sexual choices, by forwarding peoples’ perspectives these will allow policy makers a better understanding of those issues from the vantage point of the target population and thereby policies can be institute to address particular issues from a research focus
By Dr. Paul A. Bourne
Ageism, Healthy Life Expectancy and Population.pdfFULYAENAYAVCI
1) Using data from 57 countries, the study classified individuals into three categories of ageist attitudes - low, moderate, and high. 44% of individuals were classified as having low ageist attitudes, 32% moderate, and 24% high.
2) Individuals in low- and middle-income countries were more likely to have high ageist attitudes, while individuals in high-income countries were more likely to have low ageist attitudes.
3) The study also classified countries into three categories based on aggregated individual responses - highly ageist, moderately ageist, and minimally ageist. 34 of the 57 countries were classified as moderately or highly ageist.
An Epidemiological Investigation of Age-Related Determinants of Anxiety and M...Wally Wah Lap Cheung
This study used data from the CAMH Monitor survey conducted between 2001-2009 to examine the prevalence and predictors of anxiety and mood disorders (AMD) across three age groups (18-30 years old, 31-54 years old, and 55+ years old) in Ontario, Canada. The study found that the prevalence of AMD was highest in the youngest age group (10.8%) and lowest in the oldest age group (6.5%). Logistic regression analysis showed that for the youngest group, being female, never married, lower income, and poor physical/mental health increased odds of AMD. For the middle-aged and older groups, the same factors as well as cannabis and alcohol problems increased odds of AMD. The study suggests
LuciousDavis1-Research Methods for Health Sciences-01-Unit9_AssignmentLucious Davis
This document discusses health disparities faced by minority groups in the United States. It focuses on disparities experienced by African Americans, such as higher rates of homicide, heart disease, and cancer. These disparities are linked to socioeconomic factors like low income and lack of access to quality healthcare. The author proposes investigating connections between race, economic status, access to healthcare and treatment. A quantitative and qualitative research approach will be used to understand disparities and how socioeconomic status impacts health outcomes in minority communities.
Factors affecting psychological stress of elderly in urban BangladeshBRNSSPublicationHubI
- The study assessed psychological stress among 390 elderly people living in urban areas of Sylhet district, Bangladesh from February to April 2016.
- 58.2% of elderly reported experiencing psychological stress. Females, non-Muslims, older age groups, and those with lower income reported higher levels of stress.
- A logistic regression found that sex, religion, age, income, blood pressure, physical exercise, and sleep patterns were significant factors associated with psychological stress among the elderly.
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
Towards a Critical Health Equity Research Stance: Why Epistemology and Method...Jim Bloyd, DrPH, MPH
Qualitative methods are not intrinsically progressive. Methods are simply tools to conduct research. Epistemology, the justification of knowledge, shapes methodology and methods, and thus is a vital starting point for a critical health equity research stance, regardless of whether the methods are qualitative, quantitative, or mixed. In line with this premise, I address four themes in this commentary. First, I criticize the ubiquitous and uncritical use of the term health disparities in U.S. public health. Next, I advocate for the increased use of qualitative methodologies—namely, photovoice and critical ethnography— that, pursuant to critical approaches, prioritize dismantling social–structural inequities as a prerequisite to health equity. Thereafter, I discuss epistemological stance and its influence on all aspects of the research process. Finally, I highlight my critical discourse analysis HIV prevention research based on individual interviews and focus groups with Black men, as an example of a critical health equity research approach.
This document discusses understanding the perceptions of sex workers regarding sexually transmitted diseases using the Health Belief Model as a theoretical framework. It begins by introducing sexually transmitted diseases and their risks. It then discusses health ontology/epistemology and the perceptions of sex workers. The Health Belief Model is examined, including its key constructs of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy. Finally, it proposes how these constructs can be applied to understand sex workers' perceptions and design health programs to reduce sexually transmitted diseases.
2 mental health and disorders mental health and dismile790243
This document discusses a rising trend of mental health disorders among individuals on Chicago's south side. It notes that African Americans have higher rates of mental health disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder and schizophrenia. The document proposes a research study called Project IMPACT that would survey adults in south side Chicago neighborhoods about their mental health using questionnaires. The expected result is an increased risk of mental health disorders among African Americans in those areas. It concludes that decreasing this risk is important for improving the overall health of the African American population.
Mental Health Status and Drug Use Pattern among Pensioners in Ekiti State Nig...inventionjournals
Retirement is a major phase in the life of an individual affecting the social and economic aspect, and if not well managed may have implication on the mental health of the individuals involved.The study examined the mental health status of pensioners and their pattern of drug use in relation to the mode of retirement. 262 pensioners consisting of159 males and 103 females drawn from Ekiti State participated in the study. General health questionnaire and Drug use Scale were employed to collect data. One Way ANOVA and Independent t-test were used to test the three hypotheses stated. Result showed that, retirement type has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction, but not on depression. Results showed thatalcohol consumption has a significant influence on somatic symptoms, anxiety and depression, but not on social dysfunction. Results also showed how the pensionersvary in their mental health status relating to somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression and social dysfunction. A significant sex difference was also reported in drug and alcohol use but not in their mental health.
Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue -Crimson Pub...CrimsonpublishersDIDD
Social Isolation in the Elderly; Physical Activity to the Rescue by Ogundiran Opeyemi Olufemi* in
Degenerative Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities
Porque determinantes sociales oct 2010 okRoger Zapata
This document summarizes evidence that social factors profoundly influence children's health. It notes that children are especially sensitive to social determinants, particularly in early years. Adverse early social exposures can become biologically programmed, setting off chains of risk that lead to chronic illness later in life. However, positive influences can promote better long-term health trajectories. Effectively addressing social determinants requires both direct social policies to reduce poverty and inequality, and indirect strategies that disrupt links between social risks and poor health, such as transforming child health systems to promote collaboration.
The document discusses the high economic costs of mental illness and various interventions to reduce these costs. It notes that almost half of Americans will experience a mental health issue in their lifetime. Left untreated, mental illness leads to lost productivity from absenteeism and presenteeism, lower earnings, poverty, physical health issues, and suicide. Several interventions show promise such as increasing access to therapy, tailoring treatments, and addressing childhood mental health issues. However, more research is needed to determine the most effective and efficient solutions, yet research funding remains disproportionately low compared to the economic burden. Workplace reforms and greater access to mental healthcare, especially on college campuses, could also help address rising costs from mental illness.
This document summarizes a webinar on co-occurring risk behaviors during adolescence. The webinar objectives were to describe how youth risk behaviors are correlated, identify factors that place youth at risk for multiple outcomes, consider how teen pregnancy programs address overlapping risk factors, and discuss implications for partnerships and sustainability. The webinar included an overview of youth risk behaviors, lessons from a teen pregnancy prevention program in New Orleans that addressed trauma and mental health needs, and implications for considering common and unique risk factors in programming.
ARTICLE REVIEW
10
Why do people discriminate and stigmatize the mentally ill youths and how can this behavior be dealt with?
Toshia R. Hardman
UMUC
BEHS 495 Advance Seminar in Social Science
21 April 2019
Running head: ARTICLE REVIEW III
2
Gordon, l. R., Krieger, N., Okechukwu, C. A., Haneuse, S., Samnaliev, M., Charlton, B. M., & Austin, S. B. (2017). Decrements in health-related quality of life associated with gender nonconformity among U.S. adolescents and young adults. Quality of Life Research, 2129-2138.
The journal represent psychology by studying changes in the mind and psychology through exploration of health worsening and quality of life. Gender nonconformity refers to a scenario where individuals exhibit characteristics that are common with the opposite gender. Gender nonconforming persons complain of discrimination from both sides of gender. The study identified everyday stressors facing gender non-conforming persons, which were compared to health-related quality of life (HRQRL) while focusing on young people as respondents.
Research findings revealed that gender nonconformity was directly related to several social problems such as discernment that may lead to the development of mental illnesses. Respondents identified; depression, discomfort, unusual activity, and mobility obstinacy as common problems they go through. The study recommended an aggregated initiative from all social quarters to put up efforts focused awareness on gender nonconformity. In relation to the research question, gender non-conformity on of the reasons why young people are discriminated. To deal with stigma and discernment, aggregated efforts are required to promote awareness and change a social behavior.
Corrigan, P. W., Bink, A. B., Fokuo, J. K., & Schmidt, A. (2015). The public stigma of mental illness means a difference between you and me. Psychiatry Research, 226(1), 186-191.
The article studies human behaviors, human culture and functioning of the mind, touching on three disciplines; anthropology, psychology and sociology. People with a mental health condition suffer from discrimination from the public a vice that bumps their road to recovery. Upon recovery, the society offer a cold shoulder hampering their repatriate to social status. The study inspected the psychometrics of several assessments of supposed transformation from an individual through mental illness. A comparison of mental illness and other ailments was done and basis of supposed dissimilarity scale were likened.
The results revealed a positive relationship between differential scores and stereotypes and a negative correlation with affirming attitudes. In conclusion, the study showed an efficient ration of stigma change where individuals have gone through mental illness as their perception shift following their experience. Outcomes from the experiment offer remedy the research question. Human form discriminating tendencies based on accounts they have not experien.
This study examined the relationship between state-level mental health treatment capacity and suicide rates among adolescents and young adults aged 10-24 from 2002-2017. The study found a statistically significant inverse relationship between nonfirearm suicide rates and mental health treatment capacity, such that a 10% increase in a state's mental health workforce was associated with a 1.35% reduction in nonfirearm suicide rates. However, no significant relationship was found between mental health treatment capacity and firearm suicide rates. The findings suggest greater access to mental health treatment has a protective effect against nonfirearm suicide but that firearm suicide prevention may require firearm safety and storage policies.
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how thShainaBoling829
For each of the learning objectives, provide an analysis of how the course supported each objective.
1. Discriminate among the mechanisms of action for the major classes of drugs/medications
2. Critique evidence that supports proposed pharmacotherapeutic protocols for appropriateness of application across the lifespan
3. Integrate the teaching-learning needs of clients across the lifespan when proposing pharmacotherapies
4. Propose prescriptive therapies for selected clients evaluating safety factors while utilizing knowledge of how current health status, age, gender, culture, genetic factors, ethical concerns and prescriptive authority impact decision making
Explain how the material learned in this course, based upon the objectives, will be applicable to professional application.
Provide evidence (citations and references) to support your statements and opinions.
All references and citations should in APA format.
14
Mental Health and Social Work
Shanae Hampton
Cal Baptist University
Introduction
How well a person is able to live a full life, build and maintain relationships and pursue their education, profession or other pursuits requires them to maintain their well-being ranging from physical to mental health. When assisting others to achieve good and self-motivated changes, social workers draw on their relationship-based abilities and emphasize personalization and rehabilitation. A key issue is, "What components and obstacles of an assessment are there in order to reach these outcomes?" When it comes to health promotion and public involvement, social workers are well-suited for this role since primary care is all about these things. Social workers who deal with mental health have unique challenges in assessment, which necessitates them learning and using psychiatric principles. Identifying the need for mental health care requires an understanding of assessment principles.
For this research, the focus is on urban youth's increase in mental health cases which is more influenced by lack of access to mental health care as a result of poverty that affects many children and families in the US. Young people are the most impacted by poverty, accounting for 33% of the total number of individuals in poverty. Children who live in "high risk neighborhoods" are more likely to lack access to the mental health supports they need to manage their symptoms. Stabilization, individual treatment, and symptom management are all important aspects of aftercare for children who have been hospitalized for behavioral difficulties by the time they are six years old (Hodgkinson, 2017).
Literature Review
Inequality based on race and class has been shown to be associated with a variety of negative health outcomes, including poor mental health. Increased financial disparity is associated with an increase in the prevalence of mental illness along a social gradient in mental health. However, psychiatric and psychological approaches have dominated ment ...
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Understanding health and health measurement in jamaicapaulbourne12
Paul A. Bourne is the Director of Socio-Medical Research Institute, Kingston, Jamaica. He is the author of Growing Old in Jamaica: Population Ageing and Senior Citizens’ Wellbeing, and A Simple Guide to the Analysis of Quantitative Data. An Introduction with hypotheses, illustrations and references, and coauthored Probing Jamaica’s Political Culture, volume 1: Main Trends in the July – August 2006 Leadership and Governance Survey, and A landscape Assessment of Political Corruption in Jamaica
Understanding health and health measurement in jamaicapaulbourne12
Paul A. Bourne is the Director of Socio-Medical Research Institute, Kingston, Jamaica. He is the author of Growing Old in Jamaica: Population Ageing and Senior Citizens’ Wellbeing, and A Simple Guide to the Analysis of Quantitative Data. An Introduction with hypotheses, illustrations and references, and coauthored Probing Jamaica’s Political Culture, volume 1: Main Trends in the July – August 2006 Leadership and Governance Survey, and A landscape Assessment of Political Corruption in Jamaica
Understanding health and health measurement in jamaicapaulbourne12
Paul A. Bourne is the Director of Socio-Medical Research Institute, Kingston, Jamaica. He is the author of Growing Old in Jamaica: Population Ageing and Senior Citizens’ Wellbeing, and A Simple Guide to the Analysis of Quantitative Data. An Introduction with hypotheses, illustrations and references, and coauthored Probing Jamaica’s Political Culture, volume 1: Main Trends in the July – August 2006 Leadership and Governance Survey, and A landscape Assessment of Political Corruption in Jamaica
Understanding health and health measurement in jamaicapaulbourne12
Paul A. Bourne is the Director of Socio-Medical Research Institute, Kingston, Jamaica. He is the author of Growing Old in Jamaica: Population Ageing and Senior Citizens’ Wellbeing, and A Simple Guide to the Analysis of Quantitative Data. An Introduction with hypotheses, illustrations and references, and coauthored Probing Jamaica’s Political Culture, volume 1: Main Trends in the July – August 2006 Leadership and Governance Survey, and A landscape Assessment of Political Corruption in Jamaica
Sexual Expressions in Jamaica evaluates particular reproductive health matters in Jamaica. All the chapters are cogently selected in keeping with the general purpose of a comprehensive proposition to forward an understanding of sexual expressions of Jamaicans aged 15-49 years old. Sex education in Jamaica has been, for years, seeking to address lowered aged of sexual debut to no avail, and the consequences of this reality is such that they open socioeconomic challenges for the populace. The sexual expressions of youth may result in cervical cancers, teenage pregnancies and STIs, and these tabs must be borne by the society. It is not the resultant cost of the health and reproductive health matters that is of concern in this book, but the sexual expressions of Jamaicans aged 15-49 years. Many of the sexual expressions that are enlisted in this book are placed herein because they contribute to the broad-spectrum in understanding Jamaicans’ sexual choices, by forwarding peoples’ perspectives these will allow policy makers a better understanding of those issues from the vantage point of the target population and thereby policies can be institute to address particular issues from a research focus.
Author: Dr. Paul A. Bourne
This document is a book titled "Sexual Expressions in Jamaica" edited by Paul A. Bourne. It contains 19 chapters that cover a wide range of topics related to sexuality and reproductive health in Jamaica through comprehensive analyses and cross-sectional surveys. The chapters examine sociodemographic factors related to age of sexual debut, contraceptive use, sexual partnerships, condom use, attitudes towards HIV testing and more. The book aims to provide insights into reproductive health matters in Jamaica through empirical research findings.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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A comparative analysis of the health status of men aged 60 74 years and those older in jamaica
1. Journal of Behavioral Health
www.scopemed.org
DOI: 10.5455/jbh.20140430071717
Original Research
A comparative analysis of psychosocial
determinants of self-rated well-being
for elderly citizens and young adults:
Factor diff erentials
Paul Andrew Bourne1, Charlene Sharpe-Pryce2,
Angela Hudson-Davis3, Ikhalfani Solan4
1Director, Socio-Medical
Research Institute,
Kingston, Jamaica, West
Indies, 2Chair, Department
of History, Northern
Caribbean University,
Mandeville, Jamaica,
West Indies, 3Public
Health, Capella University,
Capella Tower, South
Sixth Street, Minneapolis,
4Department of
Mathematics and
Computer Science,
South Carolina State
University, USA
Address for correspondence:
Paul Andrew Bourne,
Director, Socio-Medical
Research Institute,
66 Long Wall Drive,
Stony Hill, Kingston 9,
Kingston, Jamaica,
West Indies.
E-mail: paulbourne1@
yahoo.com
Received: October 12, 2012
Accepted: April 30, 2014
Published: June 04, 2014
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The literature on social determinants of health has never been disaggregated by age cohort
differentials, young adults, and aged people. Objective: The aims of this research are to build separate age
cohort self-rated well-being models, examine the contribution of each factor to the different age cohort
models and determine the factor differentials between the two age cohort models. Method: The current
study uses secondary stratified probability cross-sectional national data collected by two reputable statistical
organizations in Jamaica between June and October 2002. The population for this study is 9,525 Jamaicans:
6,516 young adults and 3,009 elderly. Multiple regressions are used to determine factors for each age cohort
model, after which stepwise multiple regression is used to examine the contribution of each factor to the
respective parsimonious models. Findings: In general, at least 80% of the variability in self-rated well-being
in each model can be explained by particular predisposed psychosocial factors. Money is the single largest
determinant of well-being in this study, contributing 49% to the aged model and 45% to the young adult model.
In the aged model, loneliness played a significant role, contributing 7%; but it plays a minor role in the young
adult model. This was also the case for household crowding, negative and positive affective psychological
conditions. In both the young adult and the elderly well-being models, people who dwell in rural areas have
the least self-rated well-being. Conclusion: The findings provide pertinent information for policy direction as
well as the interpretation of social determinants of health.
KEY WORDS: Elderly, health, quality of life, self-rated wellbeing, social determinants, young adults
INTRODUCTION
In a comprehensive literature search studies on self-rated
well-being, quality of life and health have mostly singled
out particular cohorts such as young adults or youth [1-4],
population [5-11], elderly [12-26], children [27], and
nations [28]; but none emerges that has compared factors that
determine self-rated well-being for young adults and elderly in
the English-speaking Caribbean, especially Jamaica. Why is
this important? The answer to the aforementioned question is
a multifaceted one as both groups are in the vulnerable cohorts
and secondly, current quality of life of young adults: That is
happiness [10,11,29], life satisfaction [1,5] or an individual’s
perception of his/her status in life within the context of his/her
cultural expectation, value system, standards and concerns in
life [25], will determine future enjoyment or satisfaction in life
and influence many things in the wider society.
Crime in Jamaica is a young adult phenomenon (ages
15-34 years old). The extent of the vulnerability of the young
populace is embedded in the alarming rates of attempted
suicide; increasing crimes committed by and against them as
well as the high rates of school-based violence [30]. Those issues
are a result of lowered psychological well-being of many young
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2. Bourne, et al.: A comparative analysis of self-rated well-being of young adults and elderly people
people; then there are the socio-economic challenges caused by
the strains of socio-economic deprivation and marginalization
as well as the separation of their parents. The socio-economic
realities are so adverse that the level of desperation can be
proxy by the crime statistics (committed and arrested), suicide
and the high-degree of deviance in schools as well as on the
nation’s streets. Other realities of young adults in Jamaica are
that unemployment is highest for this group, suggesting the
low rate of economic opportunities available to them. With
less economic opportunities, many young adults experience
socio-economic and psychological strains that explain their
involvement into acts of social deviance [31].
The social dilemmas that the nation face lie herein as these are
expressed in the crime statistics. Statistics reveal that single
female headed households have lower access to economic
resources compared to dual parent households as well as
male headed family units. This provides an explanation of
the economic hardship experienced by young people in single
headed households [32,33], and explain the pull factors into
criminality for young adults, especially males. Agnew’s strain
theory explains the pull factors into criminality among young
people [32,34-36] that include unemployment, negative
psychological conditions, socio-economic deprivation, and
well-being issues.
This paper will not delve into a discourse on the aged men,
elderly and their social responsibility in protecting the young
adults; instead, we will examine the socio-economic realities of
elderly people in an effort to provide a basis for a comparative
analysis of their health status and that of young people. The
Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ) and the Statistical
Institute of Jamaica (STATIN)[33] reveal that hospitalization
for aged Jamaicans outstripped any other age cohort, and this
is concurred by reports from the Ministry of Health (MoH).
Hospitalization in this case does not suggest preventative
care, but curative care and offers some explanation for the
yearly increased hospitalization expenditure. The PIOJ [33]
postulates that “Chronic diseases are a major threat to the
health of a population and a drain on the resources of the
health sector”. Data from the MoH’s Healthy Lifestyle Survey
2000 indicate that hypertension and diabetes accounted for
31.0% of curative visits to hospitals, and we should note here
that hypertension and diabetes are substantially an elderly
phenomenon. Furthermore, the PIOJ [33] publishes that the
elderly accounts for 60% of admissions to hospital for chronic
dysfunctions and the majority of young people are brought into
for injuries resulting from gun shots, knife wounds, and other
instruments.
Theoretical Framework
Robert Agnew’s general strain theory
Agnew’s general strain theory (GST) is developed around
redefining strain concept, operationalizing strain, which arises
because of negative emotions and how this influences deviant
acts and including conditional factors (such as religion) to
describe personal differences in adaptations to strain. He
conceptualized strain as “negative or aversive relations with
others” [34]. Agnew continues that “strain as the actual or
anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals, strain as
the actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli,
and strain as the actual or anticipated presentation of negative
stimuli” [35]. Jang and Johnson contend that “GST posits that
strain generates negative emotions that provide motivation for
deviance as a coping strategy because such emotional forces
create pressure for corrective action” [36].
Agnew’s GST purports that negative emotions influence
delinquency and crime [37]. This means that emotions like
anger and aggression positively affect deviance and crime.
Agnew believes that internal (self-esteem and self-efficacy) and
external (interpersonal relations among people) directedness
of negative emotions do influence deviant coping as well as
crime [34]. If strain increases negative emotions, then we
can extrapolate from Agnew’s forwards that the most critical
emotional reaction to strain is negative emotions, which offers
an insight into how strain decreases well-being, explain the
cyclical result of negative emotions on health and its effect on
social deviance as well as crime. Those who suffer frequently
from minor health problems and lack resources to afford proper
medical care are expected to experience elevated levels of health-related
strain, negative emotional affect, and report engaging
in more delinquent acts” [38].
Health function
The framework that fosters this interpretation of data and
allows for the structuring of hypotheses of this study is a
model developed by Bourne [23] which is a modification of
works done by Grossman [9], Smith and Kington [26] and
Hambleton et al. [22]. Studies on health prior to Michael
Grossman’s work are primarily exploratory as well as basic in
how researchers analyzed data. Grossman, on the other hand,
using data collected for the world’s population establishes a
model that was multifactorial, which with the number of factors
were found to simultaneous determinant the health status of
people [9]. This is embodied in equation (Eq. 1):
Ht = ƒ (Ht-1, Go, Bt, MCt, ED) (1)
In which the Ht – current health in the time period t, stock
of health (Ht-1) in previous period, Bt – smoking and excessive
drinking, and good personal health behaviors (including
exercise - Go), MCt, – use of medical care, education of each
family member (ED), and all sources of household income
(including current income). Grossman’s model was further
expanded upon by Smith and Kington to include socio-economic
variables [9,26](Eq. 2).
Ht = H* (Ht-1, Pmc, Po, ED, Et, Rt, At, Go) (2)
Equation 2 expresses current health status Ht as a function of
stock of health (Ht-1), price of medical care Pmc, the price of
other inputs Po, education of each family member (ED), all
sources of household income (Et), family background or genetic
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3. Bourne, et al.: A comparative analysis of self-rated well-being of young adults and elderly people
endowments (Go), retirement related income (Rt), asset income
(At). Notwithstanding the potency of Grossman’s work and the
addition done by Smith and Kington, Ian Hambleton et al.
believe that a model that was applicable to world population
does not necessarily fit the experiences of elderly and so the
contribution of modernization was again evident, and this was
accomplished in 2005 in a Pan American Health Organization
study on elderly Barbadians (ages 65 years and older)[9,26].
In a nationally representative survey of 1,508 elderly Barbadians,
Hambleton et al., [22] found that 38.2% of the variation in well-being
of aged Barbadians can be explained by historical socio-economic
indicators, current socio-economic indicators, current
lifestyle risk factors and disease. Lifestyle behaviors (including
exercise, conditions relating to smoking, or non-smoking)
account for 7.1% of the variability in well-being; historical
conditions (such as, socio-economic experiences early in life),
5.2%; current diseases, 33.5%; and current socio-economic
conditions (e.g. education of the family members, household
room density, all sources of income-including pensions and
retirements, social networks) accounted for 4.1%. Although
Hambleton et al. did not write a mathematical equation to
establish their study [22], careful examination of the research
findings reveal that it can be expressed general as:
Ht = f(S, H, L, D) (3)
Ht is the function of current socio-economic conditions,
historical background of the person, current lifestyle variables
and current diseases experienced by the individual.
We observe that the dependent variable in Hambleton et al.
work is similar as they measure health status as self-rated
health status, suggesting that although there are multifactorial
components, the dependent variable was uni-dimensional,
subjective health status. This delimitation is rectified by
Bourne [24], when he measures well-being from a dual level
approach by using material resources and health conditions of
the elderly. He expresses this as follows (Eq. 4):
Wi = ƒ(lnPmc, ED, Ai, En, G, MS, AR, P, N, ln O, H, T, V) (4)
Where Eq. 1 is Wi is well-being of the Jamaican elderly i,
is a function of logged cost of medical (health) care (Pmc),
the educational level of the individual, age (Ai, where i is the
individual), the environment (En), gender of the respondents
(G), marital status (MS), area of residents (AR), positive
affective conditions (P), negative affective conditions (N),
logged household crowding (i.e. average occupancy per room)
(O), home tenure (H), property ownership (T), crime and
victimization (V).
Like all models on examination, Bourne’s work [23], the
researcher realizes that some pertinent and germane variables
are omitted by the model, and so we hereby will further modify
that model, to derive:
Wi = ƒ (ED, Ai, En, G, MS, AR, P, N, lnO, H, T, V, lnC, SS,
HSB, L, R) (5)
Where lnC denotes logged household consumption
expenditure per person; SS represents social support; HSB
identifies health seeking behavior; loneliness (proxy by living
alone), (L); and R indicates retirement income. Equation
4 is applicable to the elderly, and using the principle of not
allow a variable that is being used to have a non-response
rate of more than 15%, the well-being model for the young
adult was modified to reflect the specification of particular
variables. Given that the income variable, Y, had more than
40% of missing cases for the elderly it was omitted from Eq.
5; however, this was not the case for young adult, however
for young adults the non-response rate for social support
(SS), was high (30%), we modified Eq. 5 to reflect the socio-economic
and psychological realities of this age cohort, which
excluded retirement income, R, marital status, MS, as 97% of
the age cohort were single and 3% distributed over the other
categories. Hence, Eq. 6 will be the function what will be
tested for young adults:
Wi = ƒ(ED, Ai, En, G, AR, P, N, lnO, H, T, V, MS, lnY, lnC, L,
HSB) (6)
METHOD AND MEASURE
The current study uses a cross-sectional survey administered
by the PIOJ and the STATIN between June and October 2002.
The survey is a national stratified random of Jamaicans. Data
are collected using a self-administered questionnaire, and this
is collected from heads of households on all members within
a household unit. The instrument is a modified version of
the World Bank’s living standard survey. The Jamaica Survey
of Living Conditions Survey (JSLC) began in 1988, and its
emphasis is to collected data that will assess government
policies. The JSLC on a yearly basis add different modules to
the instrument in order to evaluate certain issues, which are
significant to government policy [32].
This study has a population of 9,525 Jamaicans from an
initial sample of 25,018 respondents. This research examines
two separate social determinants model for (1) young
adults and (2) elderly. The current study used a sampled
population of 6,516 young adults (ages 15-30 years) and
3,009 elderly respondents. Data were stored and retrieved
using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for
Windows 21.0 program. Descriptive statistics were used to
provide information on socio-demographic characteristics of
the sampled population, and the entry method in multiple
regressions were used to test the general hypotheses after
which two separate models were established that explains
subjective well-being for the two levels - young adults and
elderly Jamaicans. We used multiple regression analysis to
determine predictors of well-being of each level – young
adults and elderly – because this can assess many variables
simultaneously. The stepwise technique in multiple
regressions was used to determine the contribution of each
factor to the explanatory power of each level (i.e. model) as
we were concerned about explanatory factors and not mere
variables, which cannot significantly contribute to the overall
models.
130 J Behav Health ● Apr-Jun 2014 ● Vol 3 ● Issue 2
4. Bourne, et al.: A comparative analysis of self-rated well-being of young adults and elderly people
Measure
Crime Index = Σ kiTj, where Ki in the equation represents the
frequency with which an individual witnessed or experience
a crime, where i denotes 0, 1 and 2, in which 0 indicates not
witnessing or experiencing a crime, 1 means witnessing 1-2, and
2 symbolizes seeing 3 or more crimes. Ti denotes the degree
of the different typologies of crime witnessed or experienced
by an individual (where j=1…4, which 1 = valuables stolen,
2 = attacked with or without a weapon, 3 = threatened with
a gun, and 4 = sexually assaulted or raped). The summation
of the frequency of crime by the degree of the incident ranges
from 0 to a maximum of 51.
Well-being index = ½ [Σ material resources]− ½ [Σ health
conditions], where higher values denote more well-being. The
index ranges from a low of –1 to a high of 14. Scores from 0-3
denotes very low, 4-6 indicates low, 7-10 is moderate, and 11-14
means high well-being.
Elderly (i.e. aged, or seniors, older adults): This terminology
refers to the chronological age beginning at 60 years and beyond.
Elderly cohort: This is a non-dichotomous variable, with three
categories. These are as follows: (1) Young elderly (60-74 years);
(2) old elderly (75-84 years), and (3) oldest elderly (85+ years).
Negative affective psychological conditions: The summation
of the number of responses from a person on having loss a
breadwinner and/or family member, loss of property, made
redundancy, failure to meet household and other obligations.
The negative affective psychological conditions index ranges
from 0 to 15.
Positive affective psychological conditions: The summation
of the number of responses with regards to being hopeful,
optimistic about the future and life generally. The positive
affective psychological conditions index ranges from 0 to 8.
Household crowding: (Proxy by the average occupancy of
persons per room). Total number of individuals living in a
household (household size-all members) divided by the number
of the room occupied by that household (excluding the kitchen
and bathroom(s)).
Loneliness (or lonely elderly): This is a dummy variable proxy
by living alone.
SS: This variable is conceptually defined as not having living
child/(ren) and/or grandchild/(ren).
Findings
In this paper, we will examine the two models established in
the theoretical framework, which are the two distinct levels of
analyses that will allow us to ascertain factors that determine
well-being of each level and make us able to examine the
importance of particular factors to each level from which a
critique will emerge on the similarities and dissimilarities of
each level of analysis.
Level 1 An examination of factors that determine self-rated
well-being of elderly
The model that will be tested is as follows:
Wi =ƒ (ED, Ai, En, G, MS, AR, P, N, lnO, H, T, V, lnC, SS,
HSB, L, R) (5.1)
Using the principle of parsimony, the final model will
constitute only those variables that are statistically significant
(i.e., P < 0.05). Thus, we found that 13 of the 17 predisposed
variables were found to be factors of well-being of aged
Jamaicans. The 13 factors accounted for 65% of the variability
in well-being (i.e., adjusted R2)[Table 1]. The final model is as
follows; −75.4% of the data was used to establish this model
(n = 2,270):
Wi = ƒ (ED, Ai, MS, AR, P, N, H, T, V, lnC, SS, L, R) (5.2)
Table 1: Well-being of elderly Jamaicans by some
socio-demographic, psychological, and environmental variables,
N=2,270
Coefficients Beta P Lower Upper
Constant –14.797 <0.0001 –16.552 –13.042
Lnhousehold
1.802 0.578 <0.0001 1.706 1.898
consumption per person
Retirement income 0.659 0.129 <0.0001 0.525 0.794
Divorced, separated,
0.276 0.056 0.001 0.119 0.433
widowed
Married
Referent group is never
married
0.226 0.050 0.003 0.075 0.377
Area of residence –
other towns
0.799 0.143 <0.0001 0.654 0.944
Area of residence –
cities
Reference group - rural
areas
1.060 0.127 <0.0001 0.844 1.277
Secondary level
education
0.012 0.002 0.850 –0.108 0.131
Tertiary level education
Referent group is
primary and below
education
0.877 0.072 <0.0001 0.563 1.191
Dummy gender
(1=males)
0.044 0.010 0.459 –0.073 0.161
Lnhousehold crowding –0.010 –0.003 0.865 –0.120 0.101
Physical environment 0.030 0.005 0.705 –0.126 0.186
Negative affective –0.056 –0.079 <0.0001 –0.076 –0.037
Positive affective 0.069 0.075 <0.0001 0.045 0.092
Landownership 0.291 0.054 <0.0001 0.154 0.427
Crime index 0.014 0.037 0.003 0.005 0.023
Age of individual –0.014 –0.051 <0.0001 –0.021 –0.007
Health seeking
behavior
–0.531 –0.084 <0.0001 –0.687 –0.376
House tenure – rented 2.004 0.019 0.181 –0.936 4.944
House tenure – owned
0.618 0.013 0.358 –0.699 1.935
Referent group is
squatted
Social support 0.114 0.025 0.047 0.001 0.226
Loneliness –1.340 –0.229 <0.0001 –1.521 –1.159
R=0.809; R2=0.655; Adjusted R2=0.651; ANOVA [21, 2248]=202.96,
P=0.001
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5. Bourne, et al.: A comparative analysis of self-rated well-being of young adults and elderly people
For the current study, in descending order, the five most
significant factors are household consumption per person,
loneliness, retirement income, area of residence, and positive
affective psychological conditions. To understanding the
influence of each of the five factors of Eq. 5.2, we will
disaggregate the explanatory power of the overall model,
65%. Household consumption per person accounted for
48.8% of the explanatory power of the model followed by
loneliness (i.e. 7%), retirement income (2.5%), living in cities
(1.8%), living in other towns (1.5%), and positive affective
psychological conditions (1%) [Table 2]. Of importance to
note in this study is the fact that marital status was the least
impacting on well-being of aged Jamaica. Continuing, the
role of SS and crime played a minimal role in determining
well-being of the elderly population.
Level 2 Examining factors that determine self-rated well-being
of young adults
Wi = ƒ (ED, Ai, En, G, AR, P, N, lnO, H, T, V, lnY, lnC, L, HSB)
(6.1)
Of the sampled population for this study, 69.8% of the data are
used to test the hypothesis (n = 4,549). Of the 15 predisposed
variables that were tested in the hypothesis (Eq. 6.1), 10 of them
were found to be statistically significant ones (P < 0.05). These
factors account for 65% (i.e. adjusted R2) of the variability in
subjective well-being of young adults [Table 3]. What is the
contribution of particular factors to the explanatory power of the
model (i.e. well-being of young adult Jamaicans)? Using the R2
change [Table 4], 45.4% of the explanatory power is accounted
for by household consumption per person, 8.6% by household
income per person, 5.7% by household crowding, and 1.3% by
negative affective psychological conditions.
The data revealed that there was no statistical difference in the
self-rated well-being of males and females, as well as age and
crime. Moreover, we found that loneliness, positive affective
psychological conditions, tertiary level education, physical
environment, and heath seeking behavior of young adults play a
secondary role to five aforementioned variables [Table 4]. Thus,
the final model for level 2 is as follows (Eq. 6.2):
Wi = ƒ (ED, En, AR, P, N, lnO, H, T, V, lnY, L, HSB) (6.2)
Limitation of Study and the Model
Well-being is a multifactorial construct, and so any measure
of this variable must include non-economic indicators as
Table 2: Disaggregation the explanatory power of factors in
elderly well-being model
Factors of wellbeing model R R2 Adjusted R2 R2 change
Household consumption 0.699 0.488 0.488 0.488
Loneliness 0.748 0.559 0.558 0.070
Retirement income 0.764 0.584 0.584 0.025
Area of residence – other towns 0.774 0.599 0.598 0.015
Area of residence – cities 0.785 0.617 0.616 0.018
Positive affective conditions 0.792 0.627 0.626 0.010
Health seeking behavior 0.797 0.635 0.634 0.008
Tertiary level education 0.800 0.641 0.639 0.005
Negative affective conditions 0.803 0.645 0.644 0.004
Property ownership 0.805 0.648 0.647 0.003
Age 0.806 0.650 0.649 0.002
Crime 0.807 0.651 0.650 0.001
Social support 0.808 0.652 0.650 0.001
Divorced, separated widowed 0.808 0.653 0.651 0.001
Married 0.809 0.654 0.652 0.002
Table 3: Subjective well-being of young adults by some explanatory variables, N=4,549
Unstandardized
coefficients
Standardized
coefficients
t P 95% confidence
interval
B Std. error Beta Lower Upper
Constant –15.878 0.379 –41.863 <0.0001 –16.622 –15.135
Negative affective –0.059 0.006 –0.102 –10.504 <0.0001 –0.070 –0.048
Composite crime index –0.001 0.002 –0.005 –0.511 0.609 –0.005 0.003
Logged the average occupancy per room –0.917 0.037 –0.294 –24.828 <0.0001 –0.989 –0.845
Loneliness* –0.567 0.090 –0.069 –6.321 <0.0001 –0.743 –0.391
Dummy gender (1=male) –0.011 0.035 –0.003 –0.321 0.748 –0.081 0.058
Total positive affective 0.029 0.008 0.034 3.625 <0.0001 0.013 0.045
Lnhousehold consumption per person 0.499 0.047 0.182 10.546 <0.0001 0.406 0.592
Lnhousehold income per person 1.284 0.043 0.442 30.110 <0.0001 1.200 1.368
Health seeking behavior# –0.843 0.096 –0.078 –8.796 <0.0001 –1.031 –0.655
Area residence – other towns 0.520 0.042 0.118 12.488 <0.0001 0.438 0.602
Area residence – cities 0.717 0.055 0.126 13.021 <0.0001 0.609 0.825
Reference group – rural areas
Home tenure – household rented dwelling 0.116 0.057 0.023 2.016 0.044 0.003 0.228
Home tenure – household owned dwelling 0.107 0.047 0.027 2.286 0.022 0.015 0.200
Secondary education 0.208 0.112 0.029 1.867 0.062 –0.010 0.427
Tertiary education 0.577 0.137 0.066 4.202 <0.0001 0.308 0.846
Age of individual 0.006 0.004 0.014 1.511 0.131 –0.002 0.015
Physical environment$ –0.215 0.037 –0.053 –5.779 <0.0001 –0.289 –0.142
R=0.804; R2=0.647; Adjusted R2=0.645; ANOVA [17, 4,531]=487.51, P=0.001. *This is a dummy variable, where 1=living alone, 0=otherwise.
#This is a dummy variable, where 1=seeking health care by visits both private and public health facility, 0=otherwise. $This is a dummy variable, where
1=being affected by landslide, dust, etc., 0=otherwise
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6. Bourne, et al.: A comparative analysis of self-rated well-being of young adults and elderly people
Table 4: Disaggregation the explanatory power of factors in
young adults well-being model
Factors of well-being model R R2 Adjusted
R2
R2
change
Lnhousehold consumption per person 0.674 0.454 0.454 0.454
Lnhousehold income per person 0.735 0.540 0.540 0.086
Lnhousehold crowding 0.772 0.596 0.596 0.057
Dummy negative affective 0.781 0.610 0.609 0.013
Area residence – cities 0.786 0.618 0.617 0.008
Area residence – other towns 0.794 0.630 0.630 0.013
Health seeking behavior 0.798 0.636 0.636 0.006
Loneliness 0.800 0.640 0.639 0.004
Physical environment 0.802 0.643 0.642 0.003
Tertiary education 0.803 0.645 0.644 0.002
Dummy positive affective 0.803 0.646 0.645 0.001
well as economic indicators; because a coalesce of these two
components capture many areas of life than a single one. This
study measures well-being using material resources and health
conditions, suggesting a leniency toward economic resources
and health conditions and exclude circumstances, aspiration,
comparisons with others, a baseline dispositional outlook on
life. Another limitation to the study is the use of secondary
cross-sectional survey data as it did not allow us to examine
fundamental variables that affect well-being based on the
literature. With respect to model, it illustrates that well-being
is continuous over one’s lifetime as people are moving from one
state of life to another depending on circumstances, comparison
with others, the wider society’s climate and their aspiration.
Hence, we are proposing a variable time, t, parameter in the
mode-αt. Despite the limitations of the study and the model,
an advantage that it has is its external validity-the ability to
generalize base on the study’s research design-as well as its high
reliability, because the same instrument was used to collected
data from young adults and the elderly.
DISCUSSION
Self-rated well-being of young adults is primarily driven by
the same factor as that of elderly’s well-being, household
consumption (or income). This finding has concurred with the
literature as it reveals that income or consumption is a critical
determinant of well-being [8,9,28,39-41]. Embedded in this
finding is the importance of money (or consumption) in quality
of health, well-being or health status determinations. Money
(or consumption), therefore, matters in present as well as future
well-being of people; however, there are some dissimilarities of
social determinants between the two model, young adults, and
elderly people.
The literature has shown that there is a direct association
between education and health, subjective well-being and/or
self-rated well-being [9,19,28], and some scholars have refined
the education variable by examining the quality of education
and the typology of education’s role on well-being. Marmot [8]
posits that it is not general education that affects health or
well-being, but that it is quality of education and the type of
education. He argues that college students have a higher health
or well-being compared to other indicators and that the type
of college they attend also has an added influence on well-being.
In this study, we did not examine the type of college or
the quality of education received by different persons of the
particular college; but, we concurred with Marmot’s work as the
only college (tertiary) education affect the self-rated well-being
of both elderly and young adults. This is a similarity between
the two age cohorts in regard to educational attainment as
college education in reference to primary and below education
contributes marginally more to well-being of the elderly
(adjusted R2 = 0.5%) compared to young adults (adjusted
R2 = 0.2%). Another similarity exists between the cohorts as
there is no statistical difference between the well-being of those
with secondary level education with reference to primary and
below education (P > 0.05).
There was some fundamental dissimilarity between the factors
that determine well-being in each level as loneliness accounted
for 7% of elderly’s well-being compared to 0.4% for young adults,
suggesting that loneliness is aged phenomenon. One of the
reasons for this disparity is embedded in the fact that young
adults have a wider social network and so loneliness will not
play such a dominant role in their existence compared to elderly
people. Another rationale for the importance of loneliness in
the quality of life of elderly is due to happenings of time on
the life of this age cohort. The longer someone lives he/she is
likely to lose partner(s), associates, and close relatives. Because
of the biological conditions associated with ageing as well as
the restrictions with ageing, social networking and loss of loved
ones severely influence their quality of life or well-being unlike
young people who have not transcend through those challenges
and experiences.
Martin [42] forwarded the position that in developing countries,
“family support” plays a significant role “to represent the
best form of care for the elderly…” a point concurred on by
Anthony [43] and Stecklov [44]. Anthony commented that
the aged is sometimes felt alone because of death of the other
partner, which may result in depression or “even low self-esteem”
[43]. It is important, then, to comprehend how social
isolation impacts the well-being of the elderly. Steckklov, on the
other hand, in his thesis notes that “evaluating the economic
returns to childbearing in Cote d’lvoire” sought to prove (or
disprove) the claim that children are economic assets to their
parents and affirms with other studies that this is so. He finds
that on an average, the additional child increases the elderly
parent’s material possessions with time [44].
Eldemire [14] in a study titled “The elderly and family: The
Jamaican Experience” sampled 1,329 seniors (60 years and over)
using stratified sample of which 659 were males and 666 females
found that 65.5% of the elderly supported themselves, with
males reporting a higher self-supported (82.6%) compared to
47.7% for females. This is supported by a study carried out by
Franzini and others [45] in Texas where the sampled group
was natives of Mexico. They find that SS is directly related
to self-reported health, which is concurred by Okabayashi
et al.’s [46] study. An important finding was that children
provided significant financial support to mentally incompetent
parents. Approximately 71% of children were willing to accept
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7. Bourne, et al.: A comparative analysis of self-rated well-being of young adults and elderly people
responsibility for their parents, with seniors who were older than
75 years being likely to need support. “… the family continues
to be the mainstay of care for the elderly” [14].
DaVanzo and Chan [47], using data from the Second Malaysian
Family Life Survey - which includes 1,357 respondents of age
50 years and older living in private households, noted that
some benefits of co-residence range from emotional support,
companionship, physical, and financial assistance [48], which
have increasing influence on the quality-of-life of the widowed
person. Paradoxically the findings of that research are that
among unmarried seniors, there was no statistical association
between health and co-residence [46].
Studies carried out by Uchino et al. [49] found that a relationship
exists between SS and beneficial effects on cardiovascular,
endocrine, and immune systems. Another study revealed that
perceived SS was associated with lowered blood pressure [49].
Lindren et al.’s Research showed that working women’s who
had a particular perceived SS were able to go through [50].
The Gerontology Association of London argued that the family
provides a significant role in the life of the aged [51]. This either
is through normal domestication or is undertaken through care
during the illness phase of life. According to the International
Gerontology Association, the shouldering of the socio-economic
responsibility of age may be long or short term, and this may
reach a state of “emotional sensitization,” that lead to the
overwhelming feeling by the elderly that they are robbed of
the essence of life. The behavior of the aged may be such that
young adults and other family members consider the task of
care a tedious, difficult and an overburdened one. This reality
arises in an event of the aged becoming mentally incapacitated
or the severity of the physical illness unbearable. As senility may
become challenging for the family despite the spirit, particularly
when the difference in years between the young and the aged
is many years apart in a small household [51].
An important observation in the current work is the importance
of household crowding on the well-being of the young. We found
that crowding in a household inversely affects the well-being of
young adults, suggesting the influence of poverty on the quality-of-
life of young adults. This is further supported by the dominant
nature of household income on young adults’ well-being. The
three primary factors that determine the self-rated well-being
of young adults are all economic variables - consumption,
income and fertility from which comes household crowding
(or lack of). Marmot [8] opined that poverty means deprivation
from social participation, opportunities, ignorance of issues,
poor conditions, and overcrowding that directly influence the
well-being of people, suggesting a challenge faced by young poor
adults and unemployed/unprivileged young people.
Negative affective psychological condition is more critical to
the self-rated well-being of young adults than for elderly people.
On the other hand, positive affective psychological conditions
are important to the elderly, but not young adults, suggesting
that the socio-economic realities including the physical and
social milieu are internalized by the young that is the make for
social deviance and not the least is self-esteem, actualization,
and social opportunities. The elderly, on the other hand, have
accumulated particular things in their younger years that allow
them to a certain degree of self-esteem and actualization;
which frames a different outlook and expectation of the
world. The young people are looking for opportunities and
self-actualization, which are building around socio-economic
conditions, and so the value place on those things are the driving
force behind the emphasis that they place on negative affective
psychological conditions.
An individual’s psychological state is a multifactorial construct
that influence crime as well as well-being. Agnew’s GST provides
an explanation for the association between psychological
factors and crime [34,35]. He contends that unfulfilled goals,
expectations and socio-economic position in life provide a
basis for strain and legitimatized people’s engagement into
criminal activity. The current study finds that psychological
conditions are correlated with well-being. We went further to
demonstrate that negative affective psychological conditions
inversely relate to well-being and positive affective psychological
conditions directly influence well-being. The contribution of
each psychological condition on well-being differs based on the
age differentials (young adults or elderly).
We found that crime determines the self-rated well-being of
Jamaica elderly, but that its effect when coalesce with other
factors is very small. The latter finding disagrees with the
theoretical work of GST and Robert Agnew theorizes that
crime influences well-being [34,35]. On the other hand, the
young adults who are ones with the highest rates of arrest and
crime perpetrated against, their self-rated well-being is not
affect by crime and violence. This suggests that the perceived
impact of crime on well-being of the vulnerable age cohorts is
substantially lower than people think it is. Moreover, it should
be noted here that crime’s impact on well-being may not be
direct, but that it indirectly affects the ability of people to work,
which affect consumption, opportunities and these will impede
self-actualization of people.
We can conclude that HSB (or demand for health care) of two
age cohorts impacts on their self-rated well-being, which concurs
with the literature [9,24,28,29]. There are two crucible matters
relating to the health demand of the studied population. Firstly,
we found that HSB is secondary to factors such as consumption,
retirement income, income, crowding, and area of residence for
both groups. Secondly, health demand for elderly is marginally
higher, 0.8% of the explained variance, than that of young adults,
0.6% of the explained variance.
Young adults and elderly share many similarities and
dissimilarities in respect to self-rated well-being. One of the
similarities between the two aforementioned age cohorts is the
primary importance of household-income and consumption;
in addition to the area in which they live and health demand.
Notwithstanding the fact that both models explain 65%
of the variance in self-rated well-being, particular affective
psychological condition plays a different role. In general, we
observed that positive affective psychological condition is
an important factor for the elderly, but not for young adult.
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8. Bourne, et al.: A comparative analysis of self-rated well-being of young adults and elderly people
Diener has extensively studied psychological conditions [10,11]
and these did not include age differentials of the matter. This
research broadens the literature by showing that the affective
psychological conditions differently affect the young compared
to elderly people. The negative affective psychological condition
plays a crucible role in determining well-being of young adults,
but this is not the case for the elderly. The opposite holds true
for the positive affective psychological conditions, highlighting
the importance of age differentials in examining issues.
The negative psychological conditions measure the psychological
state of the individual who has experienced the loss a primary
breadwinner or close family member, separation, divorce,
bullying, stress, death of a love one and can account for the
crimes committed by people. Robert Agnew’s GST explains
the correlation between negative affective conditions such as
anger, stress, depression, moral outrage, break up, and aggression
on crime. The GST offers insights into how the psychological
state of the individual can result in crimes [52]. Males having
a lower degree of self-control, they are more likely to respond
to strain by committing crimes than females [53]. This allows
us to understand how young adult males internalize strain
and why crimes are higher among this age cohort. While the
breadth of the impact of crime on young people is explained by
GST, it does little to shed light on the no statistical correlation
between crime and well-being among this cohort. However,
GST offers an explanation for the association between affective
psychological conditions and crime and loneliness being a
negative psychological condition can be added to the well-being
discourse.
The elderly, on the other hand, would have lost love ones,
separation from friends, made redundant, and other social
isolation would have increased loneliness, making it more
important to well-being than it does for young people. Bog
feels that social isolation increases with ageing [54] and this
study links loneliness to lowered well-being. The present
findings concur with the literature on loneliness and well-being
among elderly peoples as well as the direction of the two
phenomena [55-60]. Loneliness is a negative affective condition
as such unhappiness. Those who are unhappy are likely to enjoy a
lower quality of life than someone is who facing positive affective
conditions such as happiness [58-60]. Anthony declares that
“many elderly persons who live alone are affected by loneliness
as a result of the loss of a spouse, family members or close
friend” [43], which can be equally applied to young people and
explain the negative correlation of loneliness and well-being in
this study of young adults as well as elderly people. The issue
of loneliness goes beyond explaining lowered well-being among
people to self-harm. Rhodes et al. [56] argues that the state
of loneliness can be a resultant factor for future physiological
harm to oneself, which broadens the loneliness discourse from
psychological state and well-being to criminal activities.
When Marmot [8] writes that money can buy health status,
it appears overly enthusiastic, and a normative position; but,
there are some truths to that proposition. The literature on
health status while it did not forward a similar argument
like Marmot does show directly association between income
and health and goes further to indicate that income plays a
crucial role to health development [1,8,9,24-26,28]. On careful
examination of Marmot’s proposition, there are some validity
and truths to the pronouncement. Money (or income) affords
nutritional intake, social environment, and medical care that
are paramount to health maintenance and development. Money
goes beyond health to happiness and well. Easterlin [40] finds
a direct statistical correlation of income and happiness, which
provides an explanation of how money (or the lack of it) changes
psychological well-being and general health status.
In this study, income (money) was the most significant
determinant in well-being for both the age differentials. In fact,
income accounts for 48.8% of well-being among the elderly
compared to 45.4% for young adults. It can be extrapolated from
the present findings that money to more important to the well-being
of aged people than young adults, indicating that money
is critical to well-being as well as health. It is within this reality
that we can make sense of the World Health Organization’s
(WHO) findings that four of every five people with chronic
illnesses were in developing countries [61], which supports the
lack of money and poorer health and more money and better
health status. With income (or money) contributing highly well-being,
it goes to show that lack of money can easily create strain
for people and provides a justification for their engagement into
criminality as is explained by GST as well as explain changes
in health among the poor, vulnerable (including elderly), and
unemployed peoples.
This study establishes that there are variations in the
psychosocial determinants of health. The WHO is the first to
begin a discourse on the social determinants of health. The
discourse identifies social factors of health. Bourne begins
another discourse on the variations in the social determinants
of health, when he uses national data for Jamaica and found
differences in health determinants [62]. He finds that the social
determinants of health are somewhat different for the genders
as well as for the area of residence, indicating that factors of
health cannot be overlooked in policy formulations even for a
singular geographical space. The discourse on the variations
in social determinants continues when Bourne and Eldemire-
Shearer [63] find that even among a single gender, there are
variations in social determinants of health. Their works reveal
that when data for men is disaggregated by social class (poor
and wealth people); differences in social factors of health are
identified between the two cohorts.
Variation in the social determinants of health emerges again
when Bourne [64] varies the definitions of health from self-reported
illness to self-rated health status. The variations in
social determinants of health did not cease there as again
evidence emerges that highlights the differences in factors
of health across municipalities for aged men (60+ years
old) [65]. The differences in the social determinants of health
are not consistent across the various constructs and income
(or consumption) is the only factor that emerges as the leading
social determinant of health. Another factor which is consistent
across all the cohorts (or constructs) is area of residence
as people who reside in rural zones had the least health or
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9. Bourne, et al.: A comparative analysis of self-rated well-being of young adults and elderly people
well-being, and it is no different in this study. Irrespective of
how health is measured - self-reported illness, self-rated health
status, or self-reported well-being - consumption (or income)
is a primary factor, which offers insight into the value of money
in determining the outcome of peoples’ health.
The current findings and those of the literature are in keeping
with Marmot’s work [8] that money (or income) is a crucial
determinant in health or well-being of people. However, some
modifications are needed to the income-health paradigm as a
study conducted by Bourne et al. [66] on rural aged people did
not find income to be a determinant of self-rated health status.
Such a finding aids in a better understanding of income-health
paradigm as income has no effect on health (or well-being)
among aged people who dwell in particular geographical zones,
rural communities.
CONCLUSION
Successful ageing means ageing well [61,67-70] and so this
study provides answers to those factors that determine self-rated
well-being of elderly as well as young adults. Consumption is a
critical factor that improves (or otherwise) people’s well-being.
Irrespective of the age differentials of people (young adults
or elderly), consumption contributes almost the same degree
of importance to well-being. The findings provide pertinent
information that there are factor differentials of determinants
for the young adults and the elderly, which can guide policy
direction and the interpretation of social determinants in the
future.
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