A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

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This document outlines a two-part course on Bayesian approaches to data compression. Part I on July 17th will cover data compression for known and unknown sources over 90 minutes, including a 45-minute exercise. Part II on July 24th will focus on learning graphical models from data based on the concepts from Part I.

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression
Joe Suzuki
July 17, 2017

Road Map
PART-I: July 17, 2017
1. Data Compression for Known Source (30 mins)
2. Data Compression for Unknown Source (15 mins)
3. Exercise (45 mins)
PART-II: July 24, 2017
Learning a graphical model from data
(based on PART-I)

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

A Bayesian Approach to Data Compression

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Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate Pathway

AADYARAJPANDEY1

Normal Cell Metabolism: Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function. Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released. Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP. The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process. Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP. The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos). It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation. If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use. IN CANCER CELL: Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful. Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation. This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive. Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful. Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation. This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive. introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA: WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside. Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme. WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.

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aishnasrivastava

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