A 75 year old has a heart murmur with a whooshing sound before the dup (2 nd heart sound). This person's stamina is reduced as they can't complete a round of golf anymore. There is frequent wheezing and coughing, with phlegm, and the ankles are enlarged (edema). The person is diagnosed with heart failure, and symptoms are due to 1. not related to the heart 2. inadequate blood ejection from the left ventricle 3. open foramen ovale 4. poorly formed bicuspid valves .