A comparison made between individuals who have a specified health condition and individuals who do not have that health condition, and differences in possible exposure or risk factors are examined. A group of individuals who share an exposure or risk factor are followed over time to assess the development of the health condition An observational epidemiological study in which those with an without the study factor are selected at the start of the study and then followed over a number of years by various methods. A variable is manipulated a drug or vaccine is given or education is provided), and its effect on a disease or health condition is studied. Also known as experimental studies. An observational epidemiological study that looks back in time (10-30 years) to select the study groups and then traces them to the present by various methods. Studies that involve a research design in which the factor under study is merely observed an not manipulated in any way. and there is no random assignment of the participation. Also known as a concurrent cohort study. The factor under study (drug, vaccine, community or public health intervention etc.) is manipulated, but there s no random assignment between experimental and control conditions. Also known as a noncncurrent cohort study. .