This document discusses probability and games of chance like coin tosses, dice rolls, and lotteries. It explains that in these games, outcomes are random and unpredictable because they involve chance without patterns. The probabilities of outcomes do not change over time. For example, the chance of picking a specific lottery number now is the same as in the future. When calculating probability, it is the number of desired outcomes divided by the total possible outcomes. In roulette, the probability of landing on an odd number is 18/37 since there are 18 odd numbers out of 37 total numbers on the wheel. Understanding probabilities can help people make sensible decisions about gambling by recognizing the risks involved.

1. PROBABILITY
• Why can't you know beforehand what the outcomes in games of chance,
like coin tossing, dice throwing or the Lotto, will be?
• In games of chance the outcomes are uncertain because the games are
based on random processes. Random processes mean that there is no
pattern or system in the outcomes. That means that a player cannot
control the outcome. To think that you can, is to have an illusion of
control.
• Do you think that the more you played the Lotto and studied the numbers,
the better your chances of predicting the winning numbers?
• In games of chance the outcomes are independent events. That means
that each Lotto number is as likely to come up now as in any time in the
future. Your chance of predicting the winning numbers stays exactly the
same.
• The general rule for calculating the probability of an event (like picking a
card, or throwing a number) where the chance of each outcome is the
same is:
p = n/t
(where p stands for probability, n for the number of favourable or desired
outcomes making up the event, and t for the total number of possible
outcomes.)
• What is the probability of throwing the number “4” with a die?
• What is the probability of winning the jackpot on a slot machine (assuming
that only one unique combination constitutes the jackpot)?
There is only a 1 in 52 521 875 chance of hitting the jackpot in any one play!
Grade 9 | Unit 9.3 | Page 9
Unit 9.3
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2. Roulette tables and roulette wheels
A roulette wheel has 37 numbers, from 0 through to 36.
Black and red numbers:
18 of these numbers are black; 18 of these numbers are red, and the “0”
is green.
Even and odd numbers:
Also, 18 of these numbers are even (i.e. 2, 4, 6, 8, ... ,36), and 18 of these
numbers are uneven or odd (i.e. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, …,35). “0” is neither even
nor odd.
• What is the probability that the roulette wheel will stop on an odd number?
(Answer: There are 18 odd numbers and 37 numbers in total. Thus the
probability of getting an odd number in roulette is 18/37.)
• How does being able to calculate the probability of the outcome and of
winning help you make sensible decisions about getting involved in risky
gambling?
Grade 9 | Unit 9.3 | Page 10
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