This document provides an overview of chapter 9 from the textbook "Memmler's The Human Body in Health and Disease" on the nervous system, spinal cord, and spinal nerves. It discusses the organization and structure of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the anatomy and function of neurons, neuroglia cells that support neurons, how nerve impulses are conducted, and the role of synapses in transmitting signals between neurons. It also describes the structure of the spinal cord including its gray and white matter.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system controls functions of the body by analyzing stimuli and integrating internal and external responses. It is composed of neurons which transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body and is divided into the sensory division, which sends stimuli to the central nervous system, and the motor division, which carries signals from the central nervous system to the body's tissues.
A synapse is a gap that is present between two neurones. Action potentials are propagated across the synapse by synaptic transmission, also known as neurotransmission. The neurone that sends the signal is the presynaptic neurone, whilst the postsynaptic neurone receives the signal.Neurotransmission starts with the release of a readily available neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neurone, followed by its diffusion and binding to the postsynaptic receptors. Then the postsynaptic cell responds according to the neurotransmitter. Following this, the neurotransmitter is removed or deactivated, allowing the entire cycle to occur again.Synthesis and Storage of Neurotransmitters
This is the first step of synaptic transmission. Some neurotransmitters (eg acetylcholine, ACh) are synthesised in the axon, while others (eg neuropeptides) are made in the cell body.Acetylcholine – This is synthesised within the synaptic terminal of the axon. Its precursors (choline, acetate) are taken into the cell by membrane channels or created as byproducts of other processes. Enzymes (such as choline acetyltransferase) convert precursors into the neurotransmitter.
Endogenous opioids (eg. enkephalins) – These are an example of neuropeptides. These large neurotransmitters are produced within the cell body via transcription in the nucleus and translation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesised precursors are then packaged into secretory granules and sent to the axonal terminal. Importantly, proteases present in the granules cleave the precursors into their mature neuropeptide form during this journey.Once synthesised, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within the synaptic terminal until an action potential arrives, causing their release. Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine are stored within the small synaptic vesicles, whereas neuropeptides reside within large dense-core vesicles.Once the post-synaptic membrane has responded to the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft; it is either inactivated or removed. This can be done in several ways:
Re-uptake – serotonin is taken back into the pre-synaptic neurone by the transporter proteins in the neuronal membrane. These neurotransmitters are subsequently either recycled by re-packaging into vesicles or broken down by enzymes.
Breakdown – acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase present in the synaptic cleft, inactivating the neurotransmitter.
Diffusion – into surrounding areasAction potentials depolarising the synaptic terminal lead to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. This allows an influx of calcium in the terminal and fusion of the synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane (exocytosis). Consequently, the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.The neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft diffuses across the gap to the post-synaptic membrane. Here, they can bind to two types of post-synaptic receptors.Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are a class of drug that inhibits the activity of
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system including:
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves).
- Neurons are the basic functional units and have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and axons that conduct signals. Myelin sheaths surround some axons and allow for faster signal conduction.
- Neuroglia include Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells which support and protect neurons.
- Signals move between neurons via electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which involve sodium and potassium ion exchanges to create voltage
The document discusses the nervous system and nervous tissue. It describes how the nervous system is composed of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors outside of the CNS. Within the nervous system there are two main cell types - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia, which provide support and nutrition to neurons.
Images.com/Corbis
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss the differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
• Identify the major organelles in a neuron.
• Describe how neurons differ from other cells in the body.
• Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and between motor neurons,
sensory neurons, and interneurons.
• List the functions of astroglia, microglia, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
• Draw a picture of an action potential and describe the actions of sodium and potassium during an action
potential.
• Define summation and explain its role in the production of an action potential.
• Compare excitation and inhibition of neurons.
2
Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camille’s physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
In this chapter we will examine the nervous system and the important cells, called neurons and
glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, let’s focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: “Systems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, ...
Images.com/Corbis
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss the differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
• Identify the major organelles in a neuron.
• Describe how neurons differ from other cells in the body.
• Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and between motor neurons,
sensory neurons, and interneurons.
• List the functions of astroglia, microglia, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
• Draw a picture of an action potential and describe the actions of sodium and potassium during an action
potential.
• Define summation and explain its role in the production of an action potential.
• Compare excitation and inhibition of neurons.
2
Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camille’s physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
In this chapter we will examine the nervous system and the important cells, called neurons and
glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, let’s focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: “Systems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, .
This document discusses muscle relaxants and their use and mechanisms. It covers different types of spinal reflexes and fibers that control muscle movement. Muscle spasm and spasticity are described as being caused by changes in the central nervous system. Most muscle relaxants work in the brain and spinal cord by interfering with reflexes causing spasm. Direct-acting relaxants enter muscle fibers and interfere with calcium release and contraction. Centrally-acting relaxants are absorbed and metabolized quickly while direct-acting ones have a longer half-life. Common side effects and drug interactions are provided. Nursing considerations for the different types of relaxants are also mentioned.
Sistem saraf adalah sistem yang berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasikan tubuh manusia. Ada 2 sistem regulatorik yang berperan: sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin (hormon). Perbedaan dari sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dilihat dari responnya: Sistem saraf:cepat,singkat,spesifik. Sistem endokrin: Lambat,lebih lama, spesifik.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system controls functions of the body by analyzing stimuli and integrating internal and external responses. It is composed of neurons which transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body and is divided into the sensory division, which sends stimuli to the central nervous system, and the motor division, which carries signals from the central nervous system to the body's tissues.
A synapse is a gap that is present between two neurones. Action potentials are propagated across the synapse by synaptic transmission, also known as neurotransmission. The neurone that sends the signal is the presynaptic neurone, whilst the postsynaptic neurone receives the signal.Neurotransmission starts with the release of a readily available neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neurone, followed by its diffusion and binding to the postsynaptic receptors. Then the postsynaptic cell responds according to the neurotransmitter. Following this, the neurotransmitter is removed or deactivated, allowing the entire cycle to occur again.Synthesis and Storage of Neurotransmitters
This is the first step of synaptic transmission. Some neurotransmitters (eg acetylcholine, ACh) are synthesised in the axon, while others (eg neuropeptides) are made in the cell body.Acetylcholine – This is synthesised within the synaptic terminal of the axon. Its precursors (choline, acetate) are taken into the cell by membrane channels or created as byproducts of other processes. Enzymes (such as choline acetyltransferase) convert precursors into the neurotransmitter.
Endogenous opioids (eg. enkephalins) – These are an example of neuropeptides. These large neurotransmitters are produced within the cell body via transcription in the nucleus and translation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Synthesised precursors are then packaged into secretory granules and sent to the axonal terminal. Importantly, proteases present in the granules cleave the precursors into their mature neuropeptide form during this journey.Once synthesised, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within the synaptic terminal until an action potential arrives, causing their release. Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine are stored within the small synaptic vesicles, whereas neuropeptides reside within large dense-core vesicles.Once the post-synaptic membrane has responded to the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft; it is either inactivated or removed. This can be done in several ways:
Re-uptake – serotonin is taken back into the pre-synaptic neurone by the transporter proteins in the neuronal membrane. These neurotransmitters are subsequently either recycled by re-packaging into vesicles or broken down by enzymes.
Breakdown – acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase present in the synaptic cleft, inactivating the neurotransmitter.
Diffusion – into surrounding areasAction potentials depolarising the synaptic terminal lead to the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels. This allows an influx of calcium in the terminal and fusion of the synaptic vesicles with the cell membrane (exocytosis). Consequently, the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft.The neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft diffuses across the gap to the post-synaptic membrane. Here, they can bind to two types of post-synaptic receptors.Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are a class of drug that inhibits the activity of
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system including:
- The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves).
- Neurons are the basic functional units and have a cell body, dendrites that receive signals, and axons that conduct signals. Myelin sheaths surround some axons and allow for faster signal conduction.
- Neuroglia include Schwann cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells which support and protect neurons.
- Signals move between neurons via electrochemical pulses called action potentials, which involve sodium and potassium ion exchanges to create voltage
The document discusses the nervous system and nervous tissue. It describes how the nervous system is composed of two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS contains nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors outside of the CNS. Within the nervous system there are two main cell types - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia, which provide support and nutrition to neurons.
Images.com/Corbis
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss the differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
• Identify the major organelles in a neuron.
• Describe how neurons differ from other cells in the body.
• Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and between motor neurons,
sensory neurons, and interneurons.
• List the functions of astroglia, microglia, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
• Draw a picture of an action potential and describe the actions of sodium and potassium during an action
potential.
• Define summation and explain its role in the production of an action potential.
• Compare excitation and inhibition of neurons.
2
Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camille’s physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
In this chapter we will examine the nervous system and the important cells, called neurons and
glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, let’s focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: “Systems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, ...
Images.com/Corbis
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Discuss the differences between the central and peripheral nervous systems, the somatic and autonomic
nervous systems, and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Give examples of body changes associated with activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
• Identify the major organelles in a neuron.
• Describe how neurons differ from other cells in the body.
• Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neurons and between motor neurons,
sensory neurons, and interneurons.
• List the functions of astroglia, microglia, radial glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
• Draw a picture of an action potential and describe the actions of sodium and potassium during an action
potential.
• Define summation and explain its role in the production of an action potential.
• Compare excitation and inhibition of neurons.
2
Introduction to the Nervous System
PASIEKA/Science Photo Library/Corbis
wiL81028_02_c02_031-074.indd 31 7/10/13 12:23 PM
CHAPTER 2Section 2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
Camille, a psychology major, was a junior in college when she began to experience some troubling
symptoms. Sometimes she had trouble lifting her legs when climbing stairs, and sometimes her hands
and arms stiffened when she was typing on the computer keyboard. Most troubling was the double
vision that Camille experienced when she tried to read for long periods. The words on the pages of her
textbook would swim around when she studied, making it difficult for her to focus on her reading.
During winter break, Camille made an appointment to see her doctor in her hometown. She told her
physician about her symptoms, including the intermittent weakness in her arms and legs and her
double vision. Camille’s physician ordered a number of tests for her. Before she returned to spring
semester classes, Camille learned that she had developed multiple sclerosis, a disorder in which the
covering on her nerves progressively deteriorates. When the nerves lose their protective covering,
information cannot be transmitted effectively from the brain to muscles. Thus, Camille was slowly
losing control of the muscles in her arms, legs, and head.
In this chapter we will examine the nervous system and the important cells, called neurons and
glial cells, that make up the nervous system. We will look at the function of neurons and glial cells,
and we will discuss how information is transmitted within a neuron. Later in the chapter, we will
come back to the topic of multiple sclerosis and examine the cause of this devastating disorder.
First, let’s focus on the organization of the nervous system.
2.1 The Organization of the Nervous System
My son, Tony, came home from school one day and shared with me a tidbit that he had learned in his fourth-grade science class: “Systems are made of organs, organs are made of
tissues, .
This document discusses muscle relaxants and their use and mechanisms. It covers different types of spinal reflexes and fibers that control muscle movement. Muscle spasm and spasticity are described as being caused by changes in the central nervous system. Most muscle relaxants work in the brain and spinal cord by interfering with reflexes causing spasm. Direct-acting relaxants enter muscle fibers and interfere with calcium release and contraction. Centrally-acting relaxants are absorbed and metabolized quickly while direct-acting ones have a longer half-life. Common side effects and drug interactions are provided. Nursing considerations for the different types of relaxants are also mentioned.
Sistem saraf adalah sistem yang berfungsi untuk mengatur dan mengkoordinasikan tubuh manusia. Ada 2 sistem regulatorik yang berperan: sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin (hormon). Perbedaan dari sistem saraf dan sistem endokrin dilihat dari responnya: Sistem saraf:cepat,singkat,spesifik. Sistem endokrin: Lambat,lebih lama, spesifik.
The document discusses the neural basis of emotion and aggression. It describes theories of emotion and research on the limbic system, amygdala, hypothalamus, and neurotransmitter serotonin. Studies with animal models and human patients with brain lesions helped identify the roles of these structures in processing fear, aggression, and other emotions. Brain imaging techniques have provided new insights into the widespread neural networks involved in emotional experience and expression.
Neuroanatomy and neuroscience_at_a_glance_2012_barker_revision_notesElsa von Licy
The document provides an overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system. It discusses the development of the nervous system and organization of the central nervous system, including the brainstem, spinal cord, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. It also covers the cells of the nervous system including neurons and glial cells, as well as the physiology of neurons including ion channels, action potentials, neurotransmission, and sensory systems.
The document summarizes key aspects of nervous tissue and the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes all nervous tissue outside the CNS. It discusses the histology of nervous tissue including neurons, neuroglia, myelination, and different types of neurons. It also covers action potentials, synaptic transmission, and important neurotransmitters.
The document discusses a female patient who is scheduled to undergo bilateral occipital neuroplasty surgery for occipital neuralgia. Two specialists have recommended this procedure, but the insurance carrier has denied coverage, finding the procedure experimental/investigational and not medically necessary. The carrier sent the patient a letter explaining their denial of coverage for the specified procedures.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system and its components. It discusses the key divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), somatic nervous system (SNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), and enteric nervous system (ENS). It also describes the main cell types, neurons and neuroglia. Neurons detect and transmit signals using electrical impulses while neuroglia provide support and insulation. The document classifies neurons based on their structure and function and discusses how electrical signals are generated and propagated in the nervous system.
This document provides information about the Human Anatomy and Physiology course for the B.Sc. MLT program. It includes details about the course code, faculty, topics covered, program structure, course objectives, outcomes, syllabus overview divided into six units, and materials to be used. The second unit focuses on the muscular skeletal system, respiratory system, and cardiovascular system. It provides learning objectives and an overview of topics to be covered including the structure and function of these three body systems.
The human body contains five main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous, and vascular. Epithelial tissues line surfaces and glands. Connective tissues include bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Muscular tissues allow for movement. Nervous tissues transmit electrochemical signals. Vascular tissues include the blood and lymph vessels that circulate nutrients and waste. The document focuses on the characteristics and functions of these elementary tissues.
The document discusses the evolution and development of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system evolved from single-celled organisms to more complex multicellular organisms with specialized nerve cells. It then discusses the development of the nervous system in human embryos, including the formation of the neural tube, development of the spinal cord, encephalization to form the brain and spinal cord, and organization of different brain regions.
The document discusses the nervous system and its components. It describes the nervous system as having two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The document also describes the basic types of cells that make up the nervous system - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia or glial cells, which support neurons. It provides details on the structure and function of neurons and how nerve impulses are conducted.
The document discusses the nervous system, including its two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes the basic anatomy and functions of neurons and neuroglia. Key points covered include:
- Neurons are the basic functional units and come in three main types - sensory, motor, and interneuron. Neuroglia provide structure and support.
- The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS connects to receptors and effectors.
- An action potential is generated when a neuron's membrane potential changes from its resting state due to ion channel openings.
- Action potentials propagate along axons via continuous or saltatory conduction.
This document outlines chapter objectives and content for a textbook on human form and function. It introduces key concepts such as the difference between anatomy and physiology, the levels of organization in the human body from cells to organisms, and characteristics of living things. It also discusses the importance of gradients and homeostasis in maintaining the internal environment, and how the external environment provides necessary features for life like oxygen, nutrients, heat and pressure.
This document outlines the chapter objectives for a textbook on human anatomy and physiology. It covers topics such as the difference between anatomy and physiology, the building blocks of life from cells to atoms, environmental factors necessary for life, gradients in the body, homeostasis, and anatomical terminology. The objectives are to explain key concepts in each area, provide examples, and be able to use anatomical language to describe body positions and structures. Maintaining homeostasis through feedback loops and the contributions of body systems are also objectives.
The document describes the structure and function of the human nervous system. It explains that the nervous system detects stimuli through receptors and transmits signals through neurons to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The CNS coordinates responses by muscles or glands. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to the CNS, relay neurons connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS, and motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to effectors. Neurons transmit signals across synapses using neurotransmitters. Reflex actions provide rapid automatic responses through a reflex arc pathway without involving consciousness.
1. Coordination of movement involves the interaction of multiple body systems working together, including the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.
2. The nervous system plays a key role in coordination through pathways that transmit signals from sensory neurons detecting stimuli to the central nervous system and then to motor neurons initiating responses.
3. These pathways involve afferent neurons carrying signals to the central nervous system, efferent neurons carrying signals from the central nervous system to effectors like muscles, and association neurons linking the afferent and efferent neurons.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structural and functional organization, cell types, neuron structure and classification, glial cells, myelination, synapses, and neural integration. Key points include that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It contains two main cell types - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells, which support neurons. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axon. Myelination insulates axons and facilitates faster impulse conduction. Communication occurs at synapses using neurotransmitters.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structural and functional organization, cell types, neuron structure and classification, glial cells, myelination, synapses, and neural integration. Key points include that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It contains two main cell types - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells, which support neurons. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axon. Myelination insulates axons and facilitates faster impulse conduction. Communication occurs at synapses using neurotransmitters.
The document provides an introduction to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the ANS as the involuntary or visceral nervous system that regulates internal body functions. The ANS works closely with the endocrine system and has a narrow range of normal function. The document outlines the main components and divisions of the ANS, including its role in regulating bodily functions like blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion. It also describes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, their differences, and their roles in the "fight or flight" response.
The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands to the body. Neuroglial cells provide support and homeostasis for neurons. The document describes the main cell types of the peripheral and central nervous system, including Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and how they function. It also discusses the blood brain barrier, which regulates movement between the bloodstream and brain.
The document discusses the neural basis of emotion and aggression. It describes theories of emotion and research on the limbic system, amygdala, hypothalamus, and neurotransmitter serotonin. Studies with animal models and human patients with brain lesions helped identify the roles of these structures in processing fear, aggression, and other emotions. Brain imaging techniques have provided new insights into the widespread neural networks involved in emotional experience and expression.
Neuroanatomy and neuroscience_at_a_glance_2012_barker_revision_notesElsa von Licy
The document provides an overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system. It discusses the development of the nervous system and organization of the central nervous system, including the brainstem, spinal cord, cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. It also covers the cells of the nervous system including neurons and glial cells, as well as the physiology of neurons including ion channels, action potentials, neurotransmission, and sensory systems.
The document summarizes key aspects of nervous tissue and the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes all nervous tissue outside the CNS. It discusses the histology of nervous tissue including neurons, neuroglia, myelination, and different types of neurons. It also covers action potentials, synaptic transmission, and important neurotransmitters.
The document discusses a female patient who is scheduled to undergo bilateral occipital neuroplasty surgery for occipital neuralgia. Two specialists have recommended this procedure, but the insurance carrier has denied coverage, finding the procedure experimental/investigational and not medically necessary. The carrier sent the patient a letter explaining their denial of coverage for the specified procedures.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system and its components. It discusses the key divisions of the nervous system including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), somatic nervous system (SNS), autonomic nervous system (ANS), and enteric nervous system (ENS). It also describes the main cell types, neurons and neuroglia. Neurons detect and transmit signals using electrical impulses while neuroglia provide support and insulation. The document classifies neurons based on their structure and function and discusses how electrical signals are generated and propagated in the nervous system.
This document provides information about the Human Anatomy and Physiology course for the B.Sc. MLT program. It includes details about the course code, faculty, topics covered, program structure, course objectives, outcomes, syllabus overview divided into six units, and materials to be used. The second unit focuses on the muscular skeletal system, respiratory system, and cardiovascular system. It provides learning objectives and an overview of topics to be covered including the structure and function of these three body systems.
The human body contains five main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous, and vascular. Epithelial tissues line surfaces and glands. Connective tissues include bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Muscular tissues allow for movement. Nervous tissues transmit electrochemical signals. Vascular tissues include the blood and lymph vessels that circulate nutrients and waste. The document focuses on the characteristics and functions of these elementary tissues.
The document discusses the evolution and development of the nervous system. It describes how the nervous system evolved from single-celled organisms to more complex multicellular organisms with specialized nerve cells. It then discusses the development of the nervous system in human embryos, including the formation of the neural tube, development of the spinal cord, encephalization to form the brain and spinal cord, and organization of different brain regions.
The document discusses the nervous system and its components. It describes the nervous system as having two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system. The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system contains nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. The document also describes the basic types of cells that make up the nervous system - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia or glial cells, which support neurons. It provides details on the structure and function of neurons and how nerve impulses are conducted.
The document discusses the nervous system, including its two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It describes the basic anatomy and functions of neurons and neuroglia. Key points covered include:
- Neurons are the basic functional units and come in three main types - sensory, motor, and interneuron. Neuroglia provide structure and support.
- The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS connects to receptors and effectors.
- An action potential is generated when a neuron's membrane potential changes from its resting state due to ion channel openings.
- Action potentials propagate along axons via continuous or saltatory conduction.
This document outlines chapter objectives and content for a textbook on human form and function. It introduces key concepts such as the difference between anatomy and physiology, the levels of organization in the human body from cells to organisms, and characteristics of living things. It also discusses the importance of gradients and homeostasis in maintaining the internal environment, and how the external environment provides necessary features for life like oxygen, nutrients, heat and pressure.
This document outlines the chapter objectives for a textbook on human anatomy and physiology. It covers topics such as the difference between anatomy and physiology, the building blocks of life from cells to atoms, environmental factors necessary for life, gradients in the body, homeostasis, and anatomical terminology. The objectives are to explain key concepts in each area, provide examples, and be able to use anatomical language to describe body positions and structures. Maintaining homeostasis through feedback loops and the contributions of body systems are also objectives.
The document describes the structure and function of the human nervous system. It explains that the nervous system detects stimuli through receptors and transmits signals through neurons to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). The CNS coordinates responses by muscles or glands. There are three main types of neurons - sensory neurons carry signals from receptors to the CNS, relay neurons connect sensory and motor neurons in the CNS, and motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to effectors. Neurons transmit signals across synapses using neurotransmitters. Reflex actions provide rapid automatic responses through a reflex arc pathway without involving consciousness.
1. Coordination of movement involves the interaction of multiple body systems working together, including the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.
2. The nervous system plays a key role in coordination through pathways that transmit signals from sensory neurons detecting stimuli to the central nervous system and then to motor neurons initiating responses.
3. These pathways involve afferent neurons carrying signals to the central nervous system, efferent neurons carrying signals from the central nervous system to effectors like muscles, and association neurons linking the afferent and efferent neurons.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structural and functional organization, cell types, neuron structure and classification, glial cells, myelination, synapses, and neural integration. Key points include that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It contains two main cell types - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells, which support neurons. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axon. Myelination insulates axons and facilitates faster impulse conduction. Communication occurs at synapses using neurotransmitters.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its structural and functional organization, cell types, neuron structure and classification, glial cells, myelination, synapses, and neural integration. Key points include that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It contains two main cell types - neurons, which transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells, which support neurons. Neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axon. Myelination insulates axons and facilitates faster impulse conduction. Communication occurs at synapses using neurotransmitters.
The document provides an introduction to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It describes the ANS as the involuntary or visceral nervous system that regulates internal body functions. The ANS works closely with the endocrine system and has a narrow range of normal function. The document outlines the main components and divisions of the ANS, including its role in regulating bodily functions like blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion. It also describes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, their differences, and their roles in the "fight or flight" response.
The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglial cells. Neurons transmit sensory information to the brain and motor commands to the body. Neuroglial cells provide support and homeostasis for neurons. The document describes the main cell types of the peripheral and central nervous system, including Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and how they function. It also discusses the blood brain barrier, which regulates movement between the bloodstream and brain.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.