The document discusses the impact of contemporary technology on daily life, highlighting both its advantages, such as enhanced communication and access to information, and disadvantages, including social isolation and technology dependence. It covers various technological advancements, including artificial intelligence, virtual reality, mobile computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing, along with their respective benefits and drawbacks. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of e-governance in improving government services and the challenges it faces.

2. Contemporary Technology
Chapter 6

3. Introduction
 These days technology has become a part of our life.
 Contemporary Technology has created amazing tools and resources,
putting useful information at our fingertips.
 Modern technology has covered the way for multi-functional devices
like the smart watch and smartphone.
 We can’t imagine a life without Internet and Smartphones in urban
areas and even in rural environments.
 Most of the services like Email, Social Network, E-Commerce, Chats,
on-demand videos, live streaming etc. are becoming omnipresent and
helping human beings to get connected with each other and get their
work done efficiently and effectively.
 Behind all these services, there are many integrated technologies
working together like Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence, Virtual
Reality, IoT, etc.

4. Modern Technology
 Modern technology is simply an advancement of old technology in the
form of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the
production of goods or services.
Advantages:
1. Artificial Intelligence technology
2. Technology for disabled people to make them able
3. Technology used in transportation
4. Technology used for communication
5. Technology saves our precious time
6. Easy access to information
7. Technology used for education

5. Modern Technology
Disadvantages:
1. Reduce the creativity of people
2. Causes distraction from work and study
3. Causes social isolation of the people
4. Waste of time
5. Addiction to technology of the people
6. Causes health problems in people
7. Wastage of money
8. People dependency on technology
9. Security issues in using the technology

6. Artificial Intelligence
 Artificial Intelligence is the study and research of developing
software that can learn and, work like human brain.
 In other words, Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to systems or
machines that mimic human intelligence to perform tasks and
can iteratively improve themselves based on the information they
collect.
 Some of the examples of AI are speech recognition (like Siri,
Microsoft Cortana, Amazon Echo, Google Home etc.), Robots,
spam email filter, self-driving cars, face recognition etc.

7. Virtual Reality
 Virtual reality is an artificial environment created using
multimedia technology including computer system in such a way
that the user feels everything around her/him is real.
 It is the use of computer technology to create simulated
environment.
Advantages:
1. It provides live experience.
2. Things can be presented to the user in realistic way.
3. Make games much more realistic and interesting.
4. It helps to conduct virtual training especially in the clinical field
like surgery
5. Minimize the high risks of stunts for movies

8. Virtual Reality
 Virtual reality is an artificial environment created using
multimedia technology including computer system in such a way
that the user feels everything around her/him is real.
 It is the use of computer technology to create simulated
environment.
Advantages:
1. It provides live experience.
2. Things can be presented to the user in realistic way.
3. Make games much more realistic and interesting.
4. It helps to conduct virtual training especially in the clinical field
like surgery
5. Minimize the high risks of stunts for movies

9. Virtual Reality
Disadvantages:
1. May lead user to live in an imaginary world
2. It may cause severe eye problems
3. It is expensive
4. Some time it is possible to impart faulty knowledge and concept
5. It may lead to motion sickness

10. Equipment's used for Virtual Reality
 When setting up a virtual reality one would need to connect
sensors which will be used to monitor the persons movements.
 The VR devices always come with two monitors, touch/body
perceptions, and a sound system.
Other hardware equipment used in VR are:
i. Immersive rooms
ii. Data gloves
iii. Handheld virtual reality controller
iv. Head- mounted displays (HMDs)

11. E-Governance
 E-Governance is a set of services provided by the government to
public via electronic media especially using Internet.
 E-governance expands to electronic governance, is the integration of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in all the
processes, with the aim of enhancing government ability to address the
needs of the general public.
 Examples of such services include paying their taxes online,
requesting various services from government through governmental
websites, providing information to public via government’s websites.
 The basic purpose of e-governance is to simplify processes for all, i.e.
government, citizens, businesses, etc. at National, State and local
levels.
 Types: G2C G2B G2G

12. E-Governance
Benefits of E-governance:
1. Increased convenience for public and businesses to services of
government
2. Increased transparency
3. Reduced corruption
4. Increased accountability
5. It makes the government activities more speedy
6. It expands government approach to different sectors.

13. E-Governance
Disadvantages of E-governance:
1. Highly expensive infrastructure is required
2. Skilled manpower is required
3. Implementation of E-government is not possible in the areas
where there is no internet connectivity
4. Powerful cyber laws can only implement E-governance

14. E-Government Vs Traditional Government
Ministry of education Science and technology www.moe.gov.np
Ministry of Finance www.mof.gov.np
Department of Custom www. customs.gov.np
E-Government Traditional Government
1. It is paperless government
system.
1. It is paper based government
system.
2. It is fast and reliable in service
delivery.
2. It is slow in service delivery
and unreliable.
3. It control and reduces the
corruption
3. It increases the corruption.

15. Mobile Computing
 Mobile computing is a generic term that refers to a variety of devices that
allow people to access data and information from wherever they are.
 Mobile computing transports data, voice, and video over a network via a
mobile device.
Advantages:
1. Portability
2. Entertainment
3. Cloud Computing
4. Increase in productivity
Disadvantages:
1. Quality of connectivity
2. Power consumptions
3. Security Concerns

16. Internet of Things (IoT)
 IoT refers to the various physical devices around the world that
are now connected to the internet to collect and share data.
 Internet of Things is a recent technology that creates a global
network of machines and devices that are capable of
communicating and exchanging data with each other through the
Internet.
 Examples: connected security system, electronic appliances,
lights in household etc.

17. Internet of Things (IoT)
Advantages of IoT:
1. Efficient resource utilization
2. Minimize human effort
3. Save time
4. Enhance Data Collection maintains the accuracy
5. Improve security
Disadvantages of IoT:
1. Security
2. Privacy
3. Complexity

18. Cloud Computing
CLOUD:
 The cloud refers to servers that are accessed over the internet, and the
software and database that run on those servers.
CLOUD COMPUTING:
 Cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over
the internet instead of users own computers hard drive.
OR
 Cloud computing is the use of remote servers on the internet to store ,
manage and process data in place of our own computer or local server.
 Some cloud service providers are Amazon Web Service, Microsoft
Azure, Google Cloud Platform, IBM Cloud, Red Hat, VMware Cloud,
Oracle Cloud and Alibaba Cloud.

19. Cloud Computing
Uses of cloud computing:
1. Create new apps and services
2. Store, back up and recover data
3. Host websites and blogs
4. Stream audio and video
Advantages of cloud computing:
1. Pay as much you use
2. No server space : In cloud computing user does not require to make space for
server as remote server is used here.
3. Experts are not required for managing hardware and software
4. High data security is provided
5. Data recovery is possible
6. Software updates are automatically done

20. Cloud Computing
Examples of services over Cloud:
Microsoft Office 365:
 Internet versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote
accessed via your Web browser without installing anything.
Apple iCloud:
 Apple's cloud service is primarily used for online storage,
backup, and synchronization of your mail, contacts, calendar,
and more.

21. Cloud Computing
Google Drive:
 This is a pure cloud computing service, with all the storage
found online. So it can work with the cloud apps like: Google
Docs, Google Sheets, and Google Slides.
 In fact, most of Google's services could be considered cloud
computing; Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Maps, and so on.

22. Types of Cloud Computing
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
 In this type of cloud service, customer can use processing, storage,
networking, and other computing resources from cloud service
providers to run their software system.
 Customers are billed according to the usages of computing power and
storage.
2. Software as a Service (SaaS):
 Customer subscribes the software services from a vendor for an annual
subscription fee or sometimes free and use it over Internet.
 Services like Gmail, Google Drive, Salesfore.com - very popular
Customer Relationship Management Software (CRM), Office 365 are
some of the examples of SaaS.

23. Types of Cloud Computing
3. Platform as a Service (PaaS):
 Customer use infrastructure and programming tools and
environment supported by the vendors to develop their own
applications.

24. Advantages Cloud Computing
1. Cost savings:
 It helps us to save substantial capital cost as it does not need any
physical hardware investments.
2. High speed:
 It allows us to deploy our service quickly in fewer clicks.
 This faster deployment allows us to get the resources required
for our system within fewer minutes.
3. Backup and restore data:
 Once the data is stored in a cloud, it is easier to get the backup
and recovery of that, which is otherwise very time taking process
on premise.

25. Advantages Cloud Computing
4. Reliability:
 We can get instantly updated about the changes.
5. Mobility:
 Employees who are working on the premises or at the remote
locations can easily access all the cloud services. All they need is
an Internet connectivity.
6. Unlimited storage capacity:
 The cloud offers almost limitless storage capacity.

26. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
1. Performance Can Vary:
 When you are working in a cloud environment, your application is
running on the server which simultaneously provides resources to
other businesses.
 Any greedy behavior or DOS attack on your tenant could affect the
performance of your shared resource.
2. Security Threat in the Cloud:
 Another drawback while working with cloud computing services is
security risk.
 Before adopting cloud technology, you should be well aware of the
fact that you will be sharing all your company's sensitive information
to a third-party cloud computing service provider. Hackers might
access this information

27. Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
3. Internet Connectivity:
 Good Internet connectivity is a must in cloud computing. You
can't access cloud without an internet connection. Moreover, you
don't have any other way to gather data from the cloud.
4. Lower bandwidth:
 Many cloud storage service providers limit bandwidth usage of
their users. So, in case if your organization surpasses the given
allowance, the additional charges could be significantly costly.
5 . Technical Issues:
 Cloud technology is always prone to an outage and other
technical issues. Even, the best cloud service provider companies
may face this type of trouble despite maintaining high standards
of maintenance.

28. Cloud Computing