This document describes an automatic control device for an epicyclic gearbox. It consists of a pilot device controlled by a centrifugal governor mounted on the driving shaft. The pilot device controls a selector-distributor to direct pressurized fluid to actuating devices that select the gear trains. The pilot device is connected to the selector by three unidirectional servomotors, with two providing step-wise selection and a third allowing rapid downshifting over multiple steps. This allows both gradual and quick gear changes to suit driving conditions.
This document describes a patent for an apparatus to prevent the release of contaminants from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus recycles exhaust gas through the intake manifold during engine deceleration using a T-shaped fitting between the intake manifold and carburetor, another T-fitting between the exhaust manifold and tail pipe, a pipe connecting the fittings, and valves to shut off fuel and allow exhaust gas recycling during deceleration. The goal is to provide an effective and simple apparatus that can be easily installed and does not affect normal engine operation.
This document describes improvements to hammer-operated tools like punches and chisels. It discloses a tool with a gripping portion and an impact member made of hardened steel that is fitted into the gripping portion. This protects the tool from spreading or deforming under repeated hammer blows. It also describes a tube expander tool made from hexagonal tubing with one end shaped for gripping and the other fitted with an impact member of hardened steel.
This document describes GB785994 (A), a British patent filed on July 22, 1955 regarding an improved fluid coking process. The key aspect of the process is maintaining entrained solids from the fluidized coking bed in amounts above 400 lbs/bbl in the vapors above the bed to prevent coke deposition and fouling in the overhead system of the coking reactor. The fluid coking process involves contacting hydrocarbon oil with particulate solids at high temperature in a fluidized bed reactor to produce lighter hydrocarbon vapors while depositing carbon on the solid particles.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements in apparatus for producing tar macadam. The apparatus can be easily dismantled and transported in two parts on trailers. It includes a drier, hot elevator, screen, bins, weighing apparatus and mixer. The hot elevator pivots to lie horizontally during transport. The screen and lower parts detach and lower onto separate trailers for transport. At the new site, the process is reversed to reassemble the apparatus.
This document describes an improvement to corner fittings used in constructing sheet metal boxes. The corner fittings have angled flanges that allow adjacent sides of the box to be joined together at right angles. Lugs project inwardly from the flanges to reinforce the joints. When the sides are folded and the lugs bent inward, rigid box corners are formed without additional fasteners. The corner fittings allow for quick and easy assembly of rigid sheet metal boxes.
This document provides a summary of a patent application for improvements to a suction cleaning nozzle. Specifically, it aims to overcome the difficulty of litter adhering to the inside of the suction nozzle and conduit by supplying pressurized water through ejection openings. The ejected water spreads as a film along the inside surfaces to sweep away any adhered litter and prevent clogging. The water ejection openings are located to ensure the water film sweeps all relevant inside surfaces under the influence of the blowing and suction air.
This document describes British patent GB780157 for improvements to liquid pumps, particularly for use as fuel injectors in vehicle engines. The pump uses a venturi section with an oscillating diaphragm to create intermittent suction that draws liquid through a intake conduit and expels it through a discharge conduit, transferring the liquid against a low pressure head. The oscillating diaphragm is driven electrically but could also be driven mechanically, hydraulically, or pneumatically. The pump is suitable for uses where small quantities of liquid need to be delivered reliably, such as maintaining fuel pressure in a carburetor located above the vehicle's fuel tank.
This document describes a patent for an apparatus to prevent the release of contaminants from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. The apparatus recycles exhaust gas through the intake manifold during engine deceleration using a T-shaped fitting between the intake manifold and carburetor, another T-fitting between the exhaust manifold and tail pipe, a pipe connecting the fittings, and valves to shut off fuel and allow exhaust gas recycling during deceleration. The goal is to provide an effective and simple apparatus that can be easily installed and does not affect normal engine operation.
This document describes improvements to hammer-operated tools like punches and chisels. It discloses a tool with a gripping portion and an impact member made of hardened steel that is fitted into the gripping portion. This protects the tool from spreading or deforming under repeated hammer blows. It also describes a tube expander tool made from hexagonal tubing with one end shaped for gripping and the other fitted with an impact member of hardened steel.
This document describes GB785994 (A), a British patent filed on July 22, 1955 regarding an improved fluid coking process. The key aspect of the process is maintaining entrained solids from the fluidized coking bed in amounts above 400 lbs/bbl in the vapors above the bed to prevent coke deposition and fouling in the overhead system of the coking reactor. The fluid coking process involves contacting hydrocarbon oil with particulate solids at high temperature in a fluidized bed reactor to produce lighter hydrocarbon vapors while depositing carbon on the solid particles.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements in apparatus for producing tar macadam. The apparatus can be easily dismantled and transported in two parts on trailers. It includes a drier, hot elevator, screen, bins, weighing apparatus and mixer. The hot elevator pivots to lie horizontally during transport. The screen and lower parts detach and lower onto separate trailers for transport. At the new site, the process is reversed to reassemble the apparatus.
This document describes an improvement to corner fittings used in constructing sheet metal boxes. The corner fittings have angled flanges that allow adjacent sides of the box to be joined together at right angles. Lugs project inwardly from the flanges to reinforce the joints. When the sides are folded and the lugs bent inward, rigid box corners are formed without additional fasteners. The corner fittings allow for quick and easy assembly of rigid sheet metal boxes.
This document provides a summary of a patent application for improvements to a suction cleaning nozzle. Specifically, it aims to overcome the difficulty of litter adhering to the inside of the suction nozzle and conduit by supplying pressurized water through ejection openings. The ejected water spreads as a film along the inside surfaces to sweep away any adhered litter and prevent clogging. The water ejection openings are located to ensure the water film sweeps all relevant inside surfaces under the influence of the blowing and suction air.
This document describes British patent GB780157 for improvements to liquid pumps, particularly for use as fuel injectors in vehicle engines. The pump uses a venturi section with an oscillating diaphragm to create intermittent suction that draws liquid through a intake conduit and expels it through a discharge conduit, transferring the liquid against a low pressure head. The oscillating diaphragm is driven electrically but could also be driven mechanically, hydraulically, or pneumatically. The pump is suitable for uses where small quantities of liquid need to be delivered reliably, such as maintaining fuel pressure in a carburetor located above the vehicle's fuel tank.
This document provides a detailed description of GB786044 (A), a patent for an electrical calculating apparatus. It includes 10 figures illustrating components of the apparatus such as a rotatable signal storage disc, magnetic signal heads, and circuits. The apparatus allows for the storage and transfer of numerical values between tracks on the disc through the magnetic heads to perform calculations in multiple cycles, with each cycle representing a digit being read by a different head. The patent provides examples of how different numerical problems, such as additions and subtractions, would be computed using the components of the described apparatus over successive phases.
The document describes a patent application for improvements relating to incorporating solid materials into oil. Specifically, it has been found that superior results in preventing caking of fertilizer materials can be achieved by spraying fertilizer granules with a dilute aqueous solution of an alkali metal lauryl sulfate compared to other surface active agents. The process involves spraying phosphorus-containing fertilizer granules with a solution of alkali metal lauryl sulfate, preferably sodium lauryl sulfate, to prevent caking upon storage.
This document describes British patent GB786204 (A) for an improved construction of a reinforced concrete beam. The beam has an inverted T-section with a horizontal bottom part of concrete containing longitudinal reinforcing members. A undulating reinforcing member connects the bottom and top members to provide a triangulated truss structure, imparting strength while maintaining lightness of weight. Edge portions of the bottom concrete part provide supporting ledges for flooring slabs.
This document describes a flea-repelling collar for dogs consisting of a loosely woven fabric tube filled with powder containing 1% lindane, which is effective at killing or repelling fleas. The tube has a ring attached at one end and string ties at the other end to secure the collar around the dog's neck. The collar is produced by filling the fabric tube with the powder under pressure, then attaching the ring and string ties to create a disposable product that repels fleas for 3-7 weeks.
This document describes improvements to slurry basins and methods of forming homogeneous slurries. It relates to a slurry basin, which is a tank used to temporarily store a slurry, or suspension of solid particles in a liquid. The improvements allow for a homogeneous slurry to be formed from an incoming slurry of varying composition by mixing the contents of the basin and maintaining the slurry in a homogeneous state. The described improvements are particularly applicable to large slurry basins used in industries like cement production.
The document describes organopolysiloxane nitriles, which are novel compounds that can be used as intermediates to produce amide and acid substituted polysiloxanes. The organopolysiloxane nitriles have the general formula R'RNCCH(CH2)xSiO, where R' is a methyl or hydrogen, N has a value of 1 to 3, and R is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical without aliphatic unsaturation. The compounds can be prepared by reacting an unsaturated nitrile with a chlorosilane or by condensing a chloromethylalkoxysilane with an ethyl cyanoacetate. Co-polymers of the silox
This document describes a patent for improvements relating to polymers and their uses. Specifically, it describes solid polyvinyl acetals of linear polymeric alcohols that have intralinear vinyl alcohol groups and extralinear vinylidene groups in a conjugated double bond system. It also describes polymerizable compositions containing such a polyacetal and an initiator that can be activated by actinic light.
This document summarizes two British patent applications from 1957:
1. GB786219 (A) describes improvements to a grinding mill that uses arcuate channels and grids to convey material between grinding chambers to improve efficiency.
2. GB786220 (A) relates to the manufacture of electric cables with conductors surrounded by a fibrous dielectric like paper, impregnated with insulating oil. The invention pertains to improvements in manufacturing these "impregnated paper insulated cables."
This document describes a patent for a composite refractory rail used in pusher-type furnaces. The rail is made of multiple sections with each section composed of a material suited to withstand the stresses of its corresponding temperature zone in the furnace. This eliminates the need for water cooling inside the furnace. Preferably there are three sections: steel up to 600°C, silicon carbide from 600°C to 900°C, and fused metal oxides above 900°C. The rail allows withstanding high temperatures and fluctuations without losses from water cooling.
This document describes a new high-speed steel alloy composition that provides both longer tool life and easier machining compared to prior alloys. The alloy contains carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, and optionally cobalt. Specific compositions within the ranges provided are shown to have unexpectedly longer tool life and easier finishing without sacrificing hardness or toughness needed for high-speed tool applications.
This patent document describes improvements to ribbon type gas burners that provide multiple flames. It discloses a burner design with reinforced ribs that eliminates sagging even at high temperatures. The burner includes an integral crossover pilot at an asymmetric midpoint that ensures flame propagation between ports. By alternating burner orientation in an oven, localized overheating from crossover pilots is avoided while using a single burner design.
This document describes a patent application for a device to control back pressure in hydraulic systems. The device includes a pressure sensitive member extending into the supply and discharge conduits, with a valve element on one end to engage a valve seat in the discharge conduit. This maintains the back pressure in the discharge conduit at a predetermined ratio to the pressure in the supply conduit, such as 1/16, to prevent cavitation and noise. The device controls high velocity fluid flows when the control valve is moved, regulating pressure drops that could otherwise cause issues.
The document describes improvements to garment hangers, including hangers adapted for specific garment types like blouses, dresses, and lingerie. The hangers are molded from a transparent synthetic plastic with a curved cross-member for suspending the garment. The curve is adapted to follow the neck or waist line of the garment to make the hanger inconspicuous when the garment is displayed. Diagrams of four hanger styles are included.
The patent describes an improved triangular cross-section packaging that has a substantially triangular shape when viewed longitudinally. It consists of a rectangular front panel, a matching rectangular back panel, and two rectangular side panels with triangular fold lines that form inwardly disposed triangular subpanels when folded. The packaging has features like a display aperture, hanging mechanism, top and bottom closure mechanisms, and side closure panels to form an enclosed triangular pouch.
This document describes improvements to packaging containers made of thermoplastic sheet material. Specifically, it details a container with a body and lid that have cooperating fastening means on their flanges to releasably secure the lid to the body. The body flange has one or more pockets whose width increases downward, while the lid flange has complementary projections that fit into the pockets. This allows the lid to be easily replaced on the body after opening without needing to reweld the parts together. Methods for manufacturing these containers using molds are also described.
This document describes improvements to control means for electric current converters. It discusses providing control of discharge paths through respective control electrodes over a wide range, from rectifier to inverter operation. Each control electrode is connected to two inductive members (transformers or chokes) supplied with phase-displaced operating currents/voltages from AC busbars. There are means for imparting a commonly variable direct current premagnetization and means for imparting independently pre-settable direct current premagnetizations, allowing control of each electrode's feed to provide a control voltage during a portion of the converter's total control range.
1) Adolph W. Berkner of Cayuga, North Dakota invented an improved elevator bucket design.
2) Berkner's elevator bucket has a yieldingly supported bottom plate that can open under excessive weight to prevent overloading, and automatically closes when the weight reaches a predetermined amount to deliver accurate amounts.
3) The bottom plate is flexibly supported by a leather or metal strip attached to the top edge and backed by a metal strip, and is held closed by an arcuate leaf spring.
This document describes a patent for an improved electric plug and socket coupling device with a latching mechanism. Specifically, it details:
1) A pin projects from one unit (typically the socket unit) and has a shoulder that engages behind a resilient latching member on the other unit (typically the plug unit).
2) The leading end of the pin is pointed or tapered to deflect the latching member as the units engage, allowing it to snap into place behind the shoulder once fully engaged.
3) This latching mechanism securely locks the plug and socket units together while allowing easy release, and provides an audible "click" for verification of a proper connection.
This document describes a patent for an improved electric plug and socket coupling device with a latching mechanism. Specifically, it details:
1) A pin projects from one unit (typically the socket unit) and has a shoulder that engages behind a resilient latching member on the other unit (typically the plug unit).
2) The leading end of the pin is pointed or tapered to deflect the latching member as the units engage, allowing it to snap into place behind the shoulder once fully engaged.
3) This latching mechanism securely locks the plug and socket units together while allowing easy release, and provides an audible "click" for confirmation of connection.
This document describes a patent for an improved electric plug and socket coupling device with a latching mechanism. Specifically, it details:
1) A pin projecting from one unit (typically the socket unit) that has a shoulder to engage behind a resilient latching member on the opposing unit (typically the plug unit).
2) The latching member can be deflected to disengage from the shoulder pin for uncoupling.
3) The tapered leading end of the pin acts as a pilot to move the latching member aside during coupling, allowing it to snap into place behind the shoulder once fully engaged.
1) The document describes improvements to hinges for cardboard boxes that allow the lid to be held open at a desired angle when opened.
2) Specifically, it involves a strip of paper or other rigid material secured to the lid and slidable with respect to the box body, with friction between the strip and box body holding the lid open.
3) The hinge replaces the usual inside hinge and avoids the need for tapes to hold the lid open, allowing adjustable display of items inside the box.
Сытник В. С. Основы расчета и анализа точности геодезических измерений в стро...Иван Иванов
В книге изложены вопросы теории и практики расчета, бценки
и анализа точности геодезических измерений, выполняемых при
возведении промышленных, жилых и общественных зданий й\цн-
женериых сооружений. На основе существующих в теории вероят^~—-
ностей
математической статистики и ошибок измерений рассмат
риваются методы расчета необходимой и достаточной точности гео
дезических измерений
применительно к определенным стадиям
строительно-монтажных работ и конструктивным решениям зданий
и сооружений. Значительное внимание уделено анализу точности
результатов геодезических измерений
This document provides a detailed description of GB786044 (A), a patent for an electrical calculating apparatus. It includes 10 figures illustrating components of the apparatus such as a rotatable signal storage disc, magnetic signal heads, and circuits. The apparatus allows for the storage and transfer of numerical values between tracks on the disc through the magnetic heads to perform calculations in multiple cycles, with each cycle representing a digit being read by a different head. The patent provides examples of how different numerical problems, such as additions and subtractions, would be computed using the components of the described apparatus over successive phases.
The document describes a patent application for improvements relating to incorporating solid materials into oil. Specifically, it has been found that superior results in preventing caking of fertilizer materials can be achieved by spraying fertilizer granules with a dilute aqueous solution of an alkali metal lauryl sulfate compared to other surface active agents. The process involves spraying phosphorus-containing fertilizer granules with a solution of alkali metal lauryl sulfate, preferably sodium lauryl sulfate, to prevent caking upon storage.
This document describes British patent GB786204 (A) for an improved construction of a reinforced concrete beam. The beam has an inverted T-section with a horizontal bottom part of concrete containing longitudinal reinforcing members. A undulating reinforcing member connects the bottom and top members to provide a triangulated truss structure, imparting strength while maintaining lightness of weight. Edge portions of the bottom concrete part provide supporting ledges for flooring slabs.
This document describes a flea-repelling collar for dogs consisting of a loosely woven fabric tube filled with powder containing 1% lindane, which is effective at killing or repelling fleas. The tube has a ring attached at one end and string ties at the other end to secure the collar around the dog's neck. The collar is produced by filling the fabric tube with the powder under pressure, then attaching the ring and string ties to create a disposable product that repels fleas for 3-7 weeks.
This document describes improvements to slurry basins and methods of forming homogeneous slurries. It relates to a slurry basin, which is a tank used to temporarily store a slurry, or suspension of solid particles in a liquid. The improvements allow for a homogeneous slurry to be formed from an incoming slurry of varying composition by mixing the contents of the basin and maintaining the slurry in a homogeneous state. The described improvements are particularly applicable to large slurry basins used in industries like cement production.
The document describes organopolysiloxane nitriles, which are novel compounds that can be used as intermediates to produce amide and acid substituted polysiloxanes. The organopolysiloxane nitriles have the general formula R'RNCCH(CH2)xSiO, where R' is a methyl or hydrogen, N has a value of 1 to 3, and R is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical without aliphatic unsaturation. The compounds can be prepared by reacting an unsaturated nitrile with a chlorosilane or by condensing a chloromethylalkoxysilane with an ethyl cyanoacetate. Co-polymers of the silox
This document describes a patent for improvements relating to polymers and their uses. Specifically, it describes solid polyvinyl acetals of linear polymeric alcohols that have intralinear vinyl alcohol groups and extralinear vinylidene groups in a conjugated double bond system. It also describes polymerizable compositions containing such a polyacetal and an initiator that can be activated by actinic light.
This document summarizes two British patent applications from 1957:
1. GB786219 (A) describes improvements to a grinding mill that uses arcuate channels and grids to convey material between grinding chambers to improve efficiency.
2. GB786220 (A) relates to the manufacture of electric cables with conductors surrounded by a fibrous dielectric like paper, impregnated with insulating oil. The invention pertains to improvements in manufacturing these "impregnated paper insulated cables."
This document describes a patent for a composite refractory rail used in pusher-type furnaces. The rail is made of multiple sections with each section composed of a material suited to withstand the stresses of its corresponding temperature zone in the furnace. This eliminates the need for water cooling inside the furnace. Preferably there are three sections: steel up to 600°C, silicon carbide from 600°C to 900°C, and fused metal oxides above 900°C. The rail allows withstanding high temperatures and fluctuations without losses from water cooling.
This document describes a new high-speed steel alloy composition that provides both longer tool life and easier machining compared to prior alloys. The alloy contains carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, chromium, vanadium, tungsten, molybdenum, and optionally cobalt. Specific compositions within the ranges provided are shown to have unexpectedly longer tool life and easier finishing without sacrificing hardness or toughness needed for high-speed tool applications.
This patent document describes improvements to ribbon type gas burners that provide multiple flames. It discloses a burner design with reinforced ribs that eliminates sagging even at high temperatures. The burner includes an integral crossover pilot at an asymmetric midpoint that ensures flame propagation between ports. By alternating burner orientation in an oven, localized overheating from crossover pilots is avoided while using a single burner design.
This document describes a patent application for a device to control back pressure in hydraulic systems. The device includes a pressure sensitive member extending into the supply and discharge conduits, with a valve element on one end to engage a valve seat in the discharge conduit. This maintains the back pressure in the discharge conduit at a predetermined ratio to the pressure in the supply conduit, such as 1/16, to prevent cavitation and noise. The device controls high velocity fluid flows when the control valve is moved, regulating pressure drops that could otherwise cause issues.
The document describes improvements to garment hangers, including hangers adapted for specific garment types like blouses, dresses, and lingerie. The hangers are molded from a transparent synthetic plastic with a curved cross-member for suspending the garment. The curve is adapted to follow the neck or waist line of the garment to make the hanger inconspicuous when the garment is displayed. Diagrams of four hanger styles are included.
The patent describes an improved triangular cross-section packaging that has a substantially triangular shape when viewed longitudinally. It consists of a rectangular front panel, a matching rectangular back panel, and two rectangular side panels with triangular fold lines that form inwardly disposed triangular subpanels when folded. The packaging has features like a display aperture, hanging mechanism, top and bottom closure mechanisms, and side closure panels to form an enclosed triangular pouch.
This document describes improvements to packaging containers made of thermoplastic sheet material. Specifically, it details a container with a body and lid that have cooperating fastening means on their flanges to releasably secure the lid to the body. The body flange has one or more pockets whose width increases downward, while the lid flange has complementary projections that fit into the pockets. This allows the lid to be easily replaced on the body after opening without needing to reweld the parts together. Methods for manufacturing these containers using molds are also described.
This document describes improvements to control means for electric current converters. It discusses providing control of discharge paths through respective control electrodes over a wide range, from rectifier to inverter operation. Each control electrode is connected to two inductive members (transformers or chokes) supplied with phase-displaced operating currents/voltages from AC busbars. There are means for imparting a commonly variable direct current premagnetization and means for imparting independently pre-settable direct current premagnetizations, allowing control of each electrode's feed to provide a control voltage during a portion of the converter's total control range.
1) Adolph W. Berkner of Cayuga, North Dakota invented an improved elevator bucket design.
2) Berkner's elevator bucket has a yieldingly supported bottom plate that can open under excessive weight to prevent overloading, and automatically closes when the weight reaches a predetermined amount to deliver accurate amounts.
3) The bottom plate is flexibly supported by a leather or metal strip attached to the top edge and backed by a metal strip, and is held closed by an arcuate leaf spring.
This document describes a patent for an improved electric plug and socket coupling device with a latching mechanism. Specifically, it details:
1) A pin projects from one unit (typically the socket unit) and has a shoulder that engages behind a resilient latching member on the other unit (typically the plug unit).
2) The leading end of the pin is pointed or tapered to deflect the latching member as the units engage, allowing it to snap into place behind the shoulder once fully engaged.
3) This latching mechanism securely locks the plug and socket units together while allowing easy release, and provides an audible "click" for verification of a proper connection.
This document describes a patent for an improved electric plug and socket coupling device with a latching mechanism. Specifically, it details:
1) A pin projects from one unit (typically the socket unit) and has a shoulder that engages behind a resilient latching member on the other unit (typically the plug unit).
2) The leading end of the pin is pointed or tapered to deflect the latching member as the units engage, allowing it to snap into place behind the shoulder once fully engaged.
3) This latching mechanism securely locks the plug and socket units together while allowing easy release, and provides an audible "click" for confirmation of connection.
This document describes a patent for an improved electric plug and socket coupling device with a latching mechanism. Specifically, it details:
1) A pin projecting from one unit (typically the socket unit) that has a shoulder to engage behind a resilient latching member on the opposing unit (typically the plug unit).
2) The latching member can be deflected to disengage from the shoulder pin for uncoupling.
3) The tapered leading end of the pin acts as a pilot to move the latching member aside during coupling, allowing it to snap into place behind the shoulder once fully engaged.
1) The document describes improvements to hinges for cardboard boxes that allow the lid to be held open at a desired angle when opened.
2) Specifically, it involves a strip of paper or other rigid material secured to the lid and slidable with respect to the box body, with friction between the strip and box body holding the lid open.
3) The hinge replaces the usual inside hinge and avoids the need for tapes to hold the lid open, allowing adjustable display of items inside the box.
Сытник В. С. Основы расчета и анализа точности геодезических измерений в стро...Иван Иванов
В книге изложены вопросы теории и практики расчета, бценки
и анализа точности геодезических измерений, выполняемых при
возведении промышленных, жилых и общественных зданий й\цн-
женериых сооружений. На основе существующих в теории вероят^~—-
ностей
математической статистики и ошибок измерений рассмат
риваются методы расчета необходимой и достаточной точности гео
дезических измерений
применительно к определенным стадиям
строительно-монтажных работ и конструктивным решениям зданий
и сооружений. Значительное внимание уделено анализу точности
результатов геодезических измерений
Poialkova v.m. -_lifter-akademiia_(2007)Иван Иванов
The document is illegible as it contains random characters and symbols with no discernible words, sentences or meaning. It appears to be gibberish with no real information that can be summarized.
This document provides an introduction to a master's thesis that analyzes the legal and commercial issues in EU-Russia relations in the context of sanctions policy. It outlines the goals and structure of the thesis. The thesis will examine EU-Russia relations before and after sanctions were imposed in 2014 over Ukraine, the legal framework around the sanctions, and their impact on trade. It will also explore ways to optimize EU-Russia relations going forward. The introduction establishes that relations between the EU and Russia are an ongoing issue that significantly impacts international politics and economics.
Заковряшин А. И. Конструирование РЭА с учетом особенностей эксплуатацииИван Иванов
Показана роль конструкторского проектирования в обеспечении эффективности технического обслуживания РЭА по фактическому состоянию. В книге
взаимосвязанно решаются вопросы обеспечения ремонто- и контролепригодности
при конструировании РЭА. Ремонтопригодность рассматривается лак решающи”
фактор обеспечения эффективности применения аппаратуры. Область значений
конструктивных показателей РЭА определяется как результат решения задачи
оптимизации заданного качества функционирования.
The document provides guidance for directors of music in senior high schools on producing effective musical programs. It discusses various types of programs, considerations for program building such as attention, contrast and continuity. Organization, administration, publicity, programs/tickets, staging, lighting, costuming and other elements are covered. Experimental research was conducted, including visits to Radio City Music Hall and small theaters, to study professional practices.
This document describes a radio navigation system that provides continuous indications of bearing and distance from a transmitter beacon to a receiver. It utilizes a single transmitter and receiver at the beacon location and a transmitter and receiver at the mobile location. The pulsed output of the distance measuring beacon is amplitude modulated with fundamental and harmonic bearing signals. At the mobile receiver, the distance is obtained from the timing of distance measuring pulses while the bearing is obtained by comparing the phase of the envelope wave components and reference signals.
This document describes a process for producing hydrocarbon drying oils through the polymerization of butadiene and styrene monomers in the presence of sodium catalyst. It discusses conducting the reaction in a reactor, then treating the product solution with an organic acid to convert the sodium into a filterable salt. The process aims to improve upon large-scale production by continuously feeding reagents to a reactor while removing the polymerized product, and pre-treating make-up materials to improve reaction efficiency.
This document describes improvements to a carbonating apparatus for producing aerated water. It details a conventional carbonator design and issues with maintaining proper carbonation levels and water temperature. The invention aims to address these issues by wrapping the carbonating chamber in helical coils of pipes, with one pipe carrying water and the other a refrigerant. This design cools the chamber directly to maintain carbonation levels while reducing operating pressures and refrigeration needs.
This document describes improvements in magnetic recording and reproduction of television signals. It discusses converting a high standard television signal into lower standard signals that can each be recorded on separate tracks of a magnetic tape. This allows the full high standard signal to be reconstructed by reading all the tracks simultaneously. The conversion is done using electro-optical converters like picture tubes, with the image on one tube scanned by multiple pickup tubes to generate the lower standard signals for recording.
HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process HollowingDonato Onofri
CrowdStrike researchers have identified a HijackLoader (aka IDAT Loader) sample that employs sophisticated evasion techniques to enhance the complexity of the threat. HijackLoader, an increasingly popular tool among adversaries for deploying additional payloads and tooling, continues to evolve as its developers experiment and enhance its capabilities.
In their analysis of a recent HijackLoader sample, CrowdStrike researchers discovered new techniques designed to increase the defense evasion capabilities of the loader. The malware developer used a standard process hollowing technique coupled with an additional trigger that was activated by the parent process writing to a pipe. This new approach, called "Interactive Process Hollowing", has the potential to make defense evasion stealthier.
Ready to Unlock the Power of Blockchain!Toptal Tech
Imagine a world where data flows freely, yet remains secure. A world where trust is built into the fabric of every transaction. This is the promise of blockchain, a revolutionary technology poised to reshape our digital landscape.
Toptal Tech is at the forefront of this innovation, connecting you with the brightest minds in blockchain development. Together, we can unlock the potential of this transformative technology, building a future of transparency, security, and endless possibilities.
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needsLaura Szabó
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
1. * GB785914 (A)
Description: GB785914 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to egg packs
Description of GB785914 (A)
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relates to Egg Packs.
I, FREDERICK ROBERT BEST, Of Lurgan
Boxmaking Company Limited, Boxmore
Works, Lurgan, Co. Armagh, Northern
Ireland, of British nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for
which I pray that a patent may be granted me, and the method by which
it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:-
This invention relates to egg packs.
According to the present invention I provide an egg pack made of
moulded pulp and formed by interhinged base and lid portions having
egg locating formations, the lid portion having through-aperture means
through which the eggs may be viewed when the pack is closed.
Preferably the portions are interhinged end-to-end and a plurality
thereof are formed interconnected in series side-by-side, the side
interconnections being formed with lines of weakening and cut-out
portions so that a composite pack may be divided into smaller packs by
tearing along said lines of weakening.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of
example, with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
Fig. 1 is a plan view of the pack, when closed;
Figs. 2 and 3 are respectively front and end elevations corresponding
to Fig. 1; and
Fig. 4 is a plan view of the pack, when opened.
Referring to the drawing, the pack which is made from moulded pulp
consists of three base portions 1, 2, 3 inter-connected sideby-side
and three lid portions 4, 5, 6 interconnected side-by-side and
connected at the rear to the base portions 1 2, 3. Each base portion
is provided with six egg pockets 7, and each lid portion is dished and
2. has a substantially flat top wall 8, and has its side walls 9 suitably
shaped to assist in locating the eggs, when the pack is closed.
The portions 1 to 3 and 4 to 6 have outwardly directed peripheral
flange 10, 11, respectively and adjacent and interconnected flanges
are provided with lines of weakening.
The rear line of weakening at 12 between each lid and base portion
permits the lid portions 4, 5 and 6 to be hinged on top of the base
portions 1, 2, 3 to close the pack as shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3, and
the lines 12 are interspaced by cut-out portions 13 between each pair
of lid and base portions.
The lines of weakening 14, 15 respectively between each two lid
portions and between each two base portions are interrupted by cut-out
portions 14A, lSA to weaken these connections further so that portions
on each side thereof may more easily be torn apart, when required.
Each lid portion is provided with aperture means through which the
eggs may be viewed, when the pack is closed. This means consists, in
one convenient form, of two side-by-side circular holes 16, having
short: inwardly directed and preferably frustoconical peripheral
flanges 17 which strengthen the top wall and also assist in locating
the eggs 18, as shown in Fig. 3.
The size of the apertures 16 may be varied, and may for example be
approximately of 13" diameter, and the number and shape of the
apertures may of course be varied.
As a result of the invention, eggs can be paced in the packs according
to the invention at a packing station, and do not require to be
handled again individually until removed from the pack by the
consumer, by virtue of the fact that the eggs can be inspected through
said aperture means, for example, by wholesalers and retailers. The
aperture means, of course, also acts to ventilate the pack.
The packs are preferably supplied, as shown, in three side-by-side
half-dozen sections holding in all one and a half dozen eggs, and the
composite pack can be divided in two or three sections by tearing
along the lines of weakening 14, 15 as aforesaid. The packs, however,
may be arranged or grouped in any other convenient manner, and other
modiiications may be made without departing from the scope of the
invention as defined in the appended claims.
What I claim is:
1. An egg pack made of moulded pulp and formed by interhinged base and
lid portions having egg locating formations, the lid portion having
through-aperture means through which the eggs may be viewed when the
pack is closed.
2. An egg pack according to Claim 1, in which the base portion is
provided with egg pockets and the lid portion is of dished formation
having a substantially flat top wall.
3. 3. An egg pack according to Claim 2, in which said aperture means
consists of two side-by-side circular holes.
4. An egg pack according to Claim 3, in which each hole has an
inwardly directed peripheral flange which strengthens the top wall and
also assists in locating the eggs in position when the pack is closed.
5. An egg pack according to any preceding claim, in which the lid and
base portions have corresponding outwardly directed flanges which at
the rear are interconnected and provided with a line of weakening to
permit hinging.
6. An egg pack according to Claim 5, in which there are at least two
lid and base portions forming a composite pack and interconnected at
the side by said flanges, and the interconnected side flanges are
formed with lines of weakening along which the composite pack may be
divided into sections.
7. An egg pack according to Claim 6, in which said lines of weakening
at the side are provided with at least one cut-out portion to
facilitate separation.
8. An egg pack according to Claims 6 or 7, in which the hinge lines of
weakening between tlle, or each, two lid and base portions are
interspaced by cut-out portions.
9. An egg pack substantially as hereinbefore described with reference
to the accompanying drawing.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Egg Packs.
I, FREDERICK ROBERT BEST, of Lurgan
Boxmaking Company Limited, Boxmore
Works, Lurgan, Co. Armagh, Northern
Ireland, of British nationality, do hereby declare this invention to
be described in the following statement:
This invention relates to egg packs.
According to the present invention I provide an egg pack made of
moulded pulp and formed by interhinged base and lid portions having
agg locating formations, the lid portion having through-aperture means
through which the eggs may be viewed when the pack is closed.
Preferably, the portions are interhinged end-to-end and are formed
interconnected in series side-by-side the side interconnections being
formed with lines of weakening and cut-out portions so that a
composite pack may be divided into smaller packs by tearing along said
lines of weakening.
In order that the nature of the invention may be clearly understood an
embodiment will now be described, by way of example.
In one embodiment, the pack which is made from moulded pulp consists
of three base portions interconnected side-by-side and connected
endwise to the base portions.
4. Each base portion is provided with six egg pockets, and each lid-
-portion is dished and has a substantially flat top wall, and has its
side walls suitably shaped to assist in locating the eggs, when the
pack is closed.
Each of said portions has an outwardly directed peripheral flange and
adjacent and interconnected flanges are provided with lines of
weakening. The line of weakening between the lid and base portions
permits the lid portions to be hinged on top of the base portions to
close the pack, and this line is interrupted by cut-out portions
between each pair of lid and base portions.
The lines of weakening between each two lid portions and between each
two base portions are interrupted by cut-out portions to weaken these
connections further so that portions on each side thereof may easily
be torn apart, when required.
The lid portion is provided with aper
* GB785915 (A)
Description: GB785915 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in and relating to an automatic control device for a gear box
Description of GB785915 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
781915 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification May 14,
1956.
No 14890/56.
Application made in France on May 16, 1955.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: -Class 80 ( 2), D 3 (A: C).
International Classification: -FO 6 h.
COIMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in and relating to an Automatic Control Device for a Gear
Box We, COMPAGNIE DE PONT-A-Mous SON, a French body corporate of Place
Camille Cavallier, Nancy (Mourthc-et-Moselle), France, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
5. particularly described in and by the following statement: -
The present invention relates to an automatic control device for an
epicyclic gear box of the type having epicyclic gear trains whose
toothed elements are always in mesh, this gear box being driven by a
driving shaft and provided with compressed-fluid actuating devices for
selecting the gear trains according to the speeds required for the
motor vehicle or other machine equipped with this gear box.
An object of the invention is to provide an improved automatic control
device of the type comprising a pilot device controlled by a
centrifugal governor mounted on the driving shaft, this pilot device
controlling the movable member of a selector-distributor which
connects the actuating devices of the gear box to a source of fluid
under pressure.
This automatic control device is characterised in that the pilot
device is connected to the movable member of the selector by three
servomotors acting unidirectionally, two of the servomotors having
such travel that they cause said movable member of the selector to
move stage by stage in opposite directions, each stage of movement
corresponding to one speed change, the third servomotor having such
travel that it causes said movable member to move through at least two
stages in one go in the direction for changing down the speeds.
By means of this arrangement, the automatic control device changes
down the speeds by stages through the medium of one of the first two
servomotors or, if necessary, changes down the speeds very rapidly
through the medium of the first servormotor, by a direct change down
from the fourth or third speed to the first speed.
Another object of the invention is to prolThie 3 s 6 d 1 vide various
applications of the automatic control device iand in particular a
mojor unit which comprises in combination with this control device: a
motor whose output shaft is connected, preferably through the medium
of a hydraulic coupling, to the input shaft of the gear box provided
with the hydraulic actuating devices, and a pump providing hydraulic
pressure, the governor being mounted on the output shaft of the motor
and preferably so adapted as to provide from the pump pressure a
pressure which varies with the speed of said motor shaft and is fed,
through the pilot device, to the servomotor of the selector, the
actuating devices of the gear box being fed with the pressure provided
by the pump through the medium of the selector which forms a
distributor.
Further features and advantages will be apparent from the ensuing
description and accompanying drawings to which the invention is in no
way limited.
In the drawings: Fig 1 is a diagrammatic view of transmission unit
embodying the invention, with the first speed engaged; Fig 2 is a
6. diagrammatic view of the device embodying invention after the second
speed has been engaged; Fig 3 is a diagrammatic view of the pilot
device in condition for changing down the speeds; Fig 4 is a
diagrammatic view of the pilot device and the first-speed engaging ram
in position for changing down to the first speed; Figs 5 to 8 are
diagrammatic veiws of a modification of the pilot device respectively
in positions corresponding to normal operation, changing down the
speeds, changing up the speeds and changing down rapidly to the first
speed, and Figs 9 and 10 are diagramamtic views of an auxiliary device
which may be arranged between the nilot device and the two servomotors
ensuring the stage by stage movement of the selector and is adapted,
in the event of racing of the motor, to permit onl on speed change
down, this auxiliary device being sho-wtvn in Fig 9 in its inoperative
position (allowing normal opeartion of the unit) and in S Fig 10 in
its operative position.
In the embodiment shown in Figs 1 to 41 the invention controls a gear
box A (Fig 1).
The latter permits changing the t Cansmission ratios between a driving
shaft B corresponding to the output shaft of a motor M, the gear box
being connected to this shaft B for example by a hydraulic coupling C,
and a driven shaft D These speed changes are effected in accordance
with the speed of the driving shaft B with the aid of a centrifugal
governor R mounted on the driving shaft B. The -ear box A is of the
-well-known epicyclic type It Permits, for exarn^ 1 e obtaining four
forward speeds and one reverse speed, each of these speeds being
obtained bv admitting oil under pressure into one of five actuating
devices in the form of rams V 1, V, V, V, Vn, each of which actuates
the gear engaging mechanism of one of these speeds.
The oil under pressure is supplied by a pump E driven by the driving
shaft B The delivery side of the pump E is connected to a pipe 1 to
which is branch-connected a fluid discharge valve which opens at a
line pressure pm, for example, around 18 kg per so cm.
Branch-connected to the pipe 1 is first a pipe 3 leading to a speed
selector S which distributes the oil under pressure to one of the
above-mentioned rams V,, V,, V,, V,, Vi, and, secondly, a pipe 4
feeding the centrifugal regulator R, which in turn feeds oil to a
pilot device P which automatically controls the selector S for
changing from first speed to fourth speed and vice versa.
A check valve 3 a is disposed between the pipes 1 and 3, the ball 3 b
thereof being held against its seating by a spring 3 c This valve is
adapted to maintain in the pipes 1 and 4 a certain residual pressure
which is less than pin and is, for example, around 12 l:cr per sq.
cm., when the selector S, and in consequence the pipe 3, are connected
to exhaust.
7. The selector S comprises an elongated body provided longitudinally
with a bore 6 and radially with, first, ports 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12
which communicate with the bore 6 and are connected respectively to
the rams V,, Vo, V 3, V,, Vp and to exhaust, and, secondly, a port 13
connected to the pipe 3 and to a longitudinal recess 14 formed in the
wall of the bore 6.
Slidable in the bore 6 is a slide 15 comprising an annular recess 16
which is capable of putting the port 13 in communication with the five
ports 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 This slide also comprises two recesses 17 and
18 which extend longitudinally of the slide in front of the ports 7 to
12 and are interconnected by a passageway 19 in the slide The recess
17 has such length that it is capable of putting the four ports 7, 8,
9 and 10 in communication with one another and the recess 18 is
capable of putting the ports 9 and 12 in communication with each
other.
Further, the slide 15 comprises adjacent 70 one of its ends six
notches 20 pertaining to the six successive positions thereof
corresponding to the six gear box conditions ranging from reverse
speed to the fourth speed These notches co-operate with a locking
device 21 75 having a ball 21 a which may be used into any one of
these notches by the force exerted by a spring 21 b.
For manual operation of the gear box, the other end of the slide 15 is
connected to a 80 rod 22 provided with a recess 23 in which is engaged
a shifting fork 24 connected by a sheathed cable 24 a to a control
push-pull knob disposed on the instrument panel 26, or near the
steering wheel if it concerns a motor 85 vehicle.
Adjacent its end connected to the rod 22 the slide 15 is Provided with
two series 27 and 28 of saw-tooth recesses The three recesses of the
series 27 are arranged in the 90 opposite direction to the recesses of
the series 28 The series 27 and 28 correspond respectively to the
three automatic sneed changces from first speed to fourth speed and
vice versa.
These recesses are adanted to co-operate with 95 two servomotors,
described hereinunder, for the purpose of automatically shifting the
slide 15.
The pipe 4 supplies oil under pressure to the governor R The latter of
knowlzrn type, 100 comprises, for example, a body 90 keyed to the
shaft B and rotating in two fixed distributor rings 91 and 92 The ring
91 is provided with an inner annular recess 93 with which the pipe 4
communicates This recess 105 communicates with an inlet passagewav 94
formed in the body 90 This passageway communicates with an outlet
passageway 95 by way of a radial bore 96 A slide 97 slides in this
bore and is provided wvith an annular 110 recess 98 which permits a
variable closing of the end of the passageway 94 The space provided
8. above the upper face 95 of the slide 97 communicates with the
passageway 95 through a passageway 100 The passageways 115 and 11 C
communicate with an annular recess 101 in the ring 92 and this recess
communicates with the pilot device P through a pipe 29.
In order to permit the slide 97 freely to 120 return toward the axis
of the shaft B when the rotational speed of the latter drops, the face
102 of the slide is in permanent communication with exhaust through a
passageway 103, a recess 104 in the ring 92 and an 125 aperture 105
formed in the latter An escape jet 106 is inserted in the pipe 29.
The governor R controls the oil pressure in the pipe 29 in such manner
that it varies with the speed of the driving shaft B, since for each
130 785,915 785,915 speed the slide 97 takes up a position of
equilibrium under the opposing effects of the centrifugal force and
the pressure prevailing in the passageways 95 and 100, and in
consequence the pressure on the upper face 99 of the slide 97.
Branching off the pipe 4 is a pipe 30 which does not communicate with
the governor R but is directly connected to the pilot device P by two
branch pipes 31 and 32 This pipe may be closed by a cock 33 when it is
desired to change from first speed to fourth speed and vice versa by
means of the pushpull knob 25.
The pilot device P constitutes a slide distributor It comprises a body
34 provided, longitudinally, with a blind bore 35 closed by a plug 36
and, radially, with ports 37; 38, 39 and 40 connected to exhaust and
communicating with the bore 35 Also communicating with the latter and
constituting inlets are the pipe 29 from the governor R, the branch
pipes 31 and 32 from the pump E, and a pipe 41 connected below the
check valve 3 a to the pipe 3 connected to the rams V,, V 2, V,, V 4,
VR through the selector S Communicating with the bore 35 and
constituting outlets are three pipes 42, 43 and 44 connecting the
pilot device P to the above-mentioned servomotors automatically
shifting the slide 15 of the selector S for changing from first to
fourth speed and vice versa.
Sliding in the bore 35 of the pilot device P is a slide 45 which is
spring-loaded at one end by a spring 46 and subjected at its other end
to the variable pressure of the oil delivered by the pipe 29 from the
governor R and is in equilibrium between these two opposing actions
This slide is provided with three wide annular recesses 47, 48 and 49
and a narrow annular recess 50 capable of connecting the pipes 32 and
44 It is also provided adjacent its left end, as seen in Fig 1, with a
recess 51 capable of connecting the pipe 44 to the exhaust port 40.
As has been hereinabove mentioned, the pilot device P controls a
device having three servomotors.
This device comprises, first, two operating rams W' and W 2 for the
slide 15 of the selector S for automatically changing from first to
9. fourth speed, one ram changing up and the other changing down, and,
secondly, an operating ram W, for the slide 15 for effecting an
automatic return from fourth or third speed to first speed, in the
event of a sudden slowing down of the shaft B. The ram W' for changing
up the speeds comprises a blind bore 52 whose axis is parallel to that
of the slide 15, the pipe 42 being connected to the closed end of this
bore.
A piston 53 slides in this bore in opposition to the action of a
spring 54 which bears against an abutment 55 Piston 53 is provided
with a rod 56 which extends through the abutment 55 and is provided
with a slot 57 Mounted in the latter is a pawl 58 the nose of which is
adapted to co-operate with the recesses 27 in the slide 15 The other
end of the pawl 58 is capable of co-operating with the abutment 70 56
The pawl 58 is pivotably mounted on a pin 59 and is urged by a spring
60 in such a manner that its nose tends to engage a recess 27 The pawl
58 is longitudinally movable through an opening 61 formed in the body
5 75 of the selector The rod 56 terminates in a cylindrical portion of
reduced diameter which forms a shoulder 62 capable of engaging a fixed
abutment 63.
The piston 53 is capable of occupying two 80 positions When it is
urged by the spring 54 to the right as seen in Fig 1, the end of the
pawl 58 is depressed by the abutment 55 and the nose thereof is held
away from the slide 15.
When oil under pressure is admitted through 85 the pipe 42 the piston
is urged to the left and in the course of its travel the end of the
pawl disengages from the abutment 55 and the pawl nose, urged by the
spring 60, engages with a recess 27 which is disposed in front of it
At 90 the end of the travel to the left (Fig 2), the shoulder 62
encounters the abutment 63 and the pawl 68 is still in engagement with
the same recess of the slide 15, which has moved along with the piston
53 95 The ram W' for changing down the speeds is identical to the ram
W' and its essential elements are designated throughout figures by the
same reference characters carrying the letter a 100 The ram W' which
ensures the automatic speed change from fourth or third speed to first
speed comprises a body 64 having a blind bore 65 closed by a plug 66
Connected to one end of this bore, adjacent the plug, is the 105 pipe
44 from the pilot device P An exhaust aperture 67 is provided at the
other end of the bore Sliding in the bore 65 is a piston 68 whose
travel or stroke corresponds to that of the slide 15 when moving from
the 110 position corresponding to the first speed to that
corresponding to the fourth speed A rod 69 connected to the piston 68
is connected to the shifting fork 24 of the slide 15 by unidirectional
connection means 69 a so 115 that when changing up the speeds the fork
24 shifts the piston 68 to the left as seen in Fig 1, and when
10. changing down the speeds, corresponding to a sudden slowing down, it
is the piston 68 which shifts the slide 15 to the 120 right Moreover,
when manually changing from first speed to neutral, moving the fork 24
to the right does not shift the piston 68, which is at the end of its
stroke.
The above-described hydraulic control 125 device operates in the
following manner:Assuming the vehicle to be stationary, the motor
stopped and the slide 15 in its neutral position, no oil pressure
prevails in the pipes, since the pump E does not operate As soon 130
785,915 as the motor is started up the pump E dlivers oil to the pipe
4 at a pressure of around 2 kg per sq cm and the oil issues from the
governor R through the pipe 29 at a pressure below 0 3 kg per sq cm
This pressure is insufficient to press the slide 45 of the pilot
device P to the right as seen in Fig 1 This slide 45 is in its extreme
left position as shown in Fig 4 The pipe 41 connected to the supply
pipe 3 for the rams V,, V 2, V,, V, and V,, is connected to exhaust
Changing from neutral to first speed is effected by shifting the slide
15 of the selector S one notch 20 to the left by means of the
push-pull nob 25 Fig 1 shows the position then assumed by this knob.
The motor is then accelerated by depressing the accelerator pedal or
other accelerating means, the rotational speed of the shaft B
increases and rapidly reaches a speed of for example, about 1500 rpm
corresponding to a pressure p of around 1 5 kg per sq cm This pressure
admitted through the pipe 29 urges the slide 45 of the pilot device P
to the position shown in Fig 1 and thereby closes the pipe 41.
Oil pressure then increases in the pipes 3 and 4 and the ram V, until
a pressure of around 15 kg per sq cm is reached and the vehicle starts
to move The pipes 42 and 43 are connected to exhaust through the ports
38 and 39 respectively.
The manner of changing up and changing down the speeds will now be
described.
CHANGING UP THE SPEEDS.
Changing from first to second speed is effected automatically when the
driving shaft B increases its rotational speed owing to acceleration
of the motor, and exceeds, for example, 3000 rpm which corresponds to
an oil pressure p', for example around 5 kg per sq cm The slide 45 of
the pilot device P is then urged to the right to the position shown in
Fig 2 under the effect of this pressure p 3 and the pipe 31 is put
into comnmumcation with the pipe 42 The latter conducts the oil under
pressure to one side of the piston 53 of the ram W' This piston is
urged to the left, as seen in Fig 1, the end of the pawl 58 is
disengaged from the abutment 55 as explained above and, under the
effect of the spring 60, the nose of the pawl engages the first recess
27 of the slide 15 of the selector S when the piston 53 has travelled
11. half way through its stroke Thenceforth the piston 53 continues its
movement and shifts the slide 15 to the left until the shoulder 62
encounters the abutment 63 The slide 15 is thus shifted to the extent
of one notch 20 and the second speed is engaged The driving shaft B
decreases speed and the pressure exerted on the slide 45 of the pilot
device P falls below the pressure p 3 and the spring 46 urges the
slide 45 to the position shown in Fig 1 in which the pipe 31 is closed
and the pipe 42 connected to exhaust Thus under the effect of the
spring 54 the piston 53 of the ram WI moves to the right, as seen in
Fig 1, and the pawl 58 also moves without shifting the slide but
disengages from the series of recesses 27 when its end once more
engages the abutment 55.
Changing up to third and fourth speeds is effected in the same manner
each time the speed of the motor reaches the value corresponding to
the set pressure p 3.
It should be noted that when the slide 15 is in its position
corresponding to fourth speed, the pawl 58 has such position relative
to the slide that if the rotational speed of the shaft B exceeds for
example, 3000 rpm and in consequence the piston 53 tends to be urged
to the left as explained above, at the end of the travel of the piston
53 the nose of the pawl 58 merely engages the third recess 27 and is
incapable of shifting the slide 15 to the left Thus any accidental
displacement of the slide 15 beyond its top speed position is
prevented, which constitutes a safety feature.
CHANGING Dow N THE SPEEDS.
When slowing down, the speed of the shaft B gradually decreases and
the pressure in the pipe 29 is capable of dropping to value p'.
The slide 45 then moves to the left and 95 returns to the position
shown in Fig 3 Oil under pressure in the pipe 31 is then admitted into
the pipe 43 and is conducted to the piston 53 a of the ram W 2 The
same procedure as that related above for changing up the speeds 100
occurs but in the opposite direction and the pawl 58 a, in
co-operating with a recess 28, shifts the slide 15 of the selector S
one notch to the right, as seen in Fig 1.
The next lowest speed is then engaged and 105 the shaft B rotates at a
higher speed, the oil pressure increases in the pipe 29 and the slide
of the pilot device P is urged to the right to the position shown in
Fig 1 This causes the pawl 58 a to return to its initial position 110
It should be noted that when the first speed is engaged (Fig 1), the
pawl 58 a has such position relative to the slide 15 that if the speed
of the shaft B drops and if in consequence the piston 53 a tends to be
urged to 115 the right as explained above, at the end of the travel of
the piston 53 a the nose of the pawl 58 a merely engages the third
recess 28 and is incapable of shifting the slide 15 to the right.
12. Thus any automatic changing from first speed 120 to neutral and to
reverse speed is impossible.
which constitutes a safety feature.
The foregoing description relates to a progressive changing down of
the speeds However, in the event of a sudden slowing down 125 for
example due to a sudden release of the accelerator pedal or braking
for stopping the vehicle it is possible to change down directly
785,915 from fourth or third speed to first speed in the manner now to
be described.
In the event of suddenly braking, the speed of the shaft B suddenly
decreases The oil pressure in the pipe 29 rapidly falls below the
value p, and, as a consequence of this sudden pressure drop, the slide
45 is urged to its extreme left position shown in Fig 4 Thus the pipes
32 and 44 are interconnected by the recess 50 and the pipe 41 is
connected to exhaust, the pressure being admitted on the left side of
the piston 68 in the ram W' This piston 68 is then moved to the right
and shifts the fork 24 of the slide 15 The stroke of the piston 68 is
so arranged that it reaches the end of its travel when the slide 15 is
in its position corresponding to the first speed.
As the pipe 41 is connected to exhaust the pressure drops in the pipe
3 and this causes an automatic disengagement of the gear box and
avoids stalling the motor.
When the shaft B resumes its normal running speed the slide 45 of the
pilot device P returns to the second position and the vehicle once
more moves off in the above-described manner.
By means of this device the successive engagement within a very short
period of time of each of all the speeds from the fourth or third
speed to the first speed is avoided, which constitutes an appreciable
advantage from the point of view of the time required for changing
down from fourth to first speed.
It should be noted that the cock 33 inserted in the pipe 30 above the
pipes 31 and 32 relative to the oil flow permits operating the gear
box A with the manual control 25 It is merely necessary to close this
cock so that the rams W', W', W' are no longer fed with oil under
pressure and the automatic control is rendered inoperative The manual
control could be used for changing down the speeds even if the motor
races, for example when running down hill and if the mechanism does
not include the auxiliary device shown in Figs 9 and 10 and described
hereinunder.
Figs 5 to 8 show a modification Pl of the pilot device divided into
two parts.
This device Pl comprises a body 71 provided with two parallel blind
bores 35 a and 72 The bore 35 a is closed by a plug 36 and the bore 72
by a plug 73 The body 71 is also provided with apertures 74 (connected
13. to the pipe 29), 37 and 40, and pipes 30, 41 and 44, all communicating
with the bore 72, an aperture 31 connecting the bores 35 a and 72, and
apertures 75 (connected to the pipe 29), 38 and 39 and pipes 42 and 43
all communicating with the bore 35 a.
Sliding in the bore 72 is a slide 76 provided with two annular
recesses 77 and 78 and a longitudinal recess 51 a which respectively
put into communication the pipe 30 and the aperture 31, the pipes 30
and 44, and the aperture 40 and the pipe 44 The slide 76 is urged to
the left, as seen in Fig 5, by a spring 79.
Sliding in the bore 35 a is a slide 80 provided with two annular
recesses 48 and 49, the recess 48 being adapted to connect the
aperture 31 to the pipe 42 or the aperture 38 to the pipe 70 42, and
the recess 49 connecting the aperture 31 to the pipe 43 or the
aperture 39 to the pipe 43.
For a pressure equal to at least p' (Fig 6), the slides 76 and 80 are
urged to the left but 75 not to the full extent of their travel The
pipes 41 and 44 are closed The pipe 30 communicates with the aperture
31 which communicates with the pipe 43 and the piston 53 a is thus
subjected to pressure All the other 80 pipes are closed This position
corresponds to changing down the speeds.
For a pressure equal to at least p 2 (Fig 5), the springs 46 and 79
are further compressed.
The pipe 30, the aperture 31, the pipes 41 85 and 44 are closed, and
the pipes 42 and 43 are connected to exhaust by way of the apertures
38 and 39 This position corresponds to normal running of the motor.
For a pressure equal to at least p' (Fig 7), 90 the slides 76 and 80
are urged still more to the right The pipe 30, the aperture 31 and the
pipe 42 communicate with one another.
The pipe 41 is connected to exhaust and the pipe 43 closed This
position corresponds to 95 changing up the speeds.
When the pressure drops below p', the slides 76 and 80 are urged to
their extreme left position as shown in Fig 8 The pipes and 44
communicate with one another and 100 the pipe 41 is connected to
exhaust, the pipes 42 and 43 being closed This position corresponds to
a rapid change to first speed.
The slide 76 is more particularly that which connects the rams V 1, V
2, V,, V 4 and VR of 105 the gear box to exhaust and thus permits a
rapid change to first speed.
The slide 80 is that which pertains to an auomatic changing up or down
of the speeds.
The device P' operates in a similar manner 110 to the device P and its
operation therefore need not be described.
Figs: 9 and 10 are partial views of a modification comprising an
auxiliary device I inserted in the pipes 42 and 43 feeding the 115
14. rams W' and W' pertaining to changing up and changing down the speeds
respectively.
This device is adapted to permit changing down the speeds even when
the motor races, as for example when the vehicle is travelling 120
down hill.
The device comprises a cylinder 107 provided with a longitudinal blind
bore 108 closed by a plug 109 Communicating with the bore 108 are
pipes 42 and 43 and pipes 125 42 a and 43 a respectively connected to
the rams W' and W 2, and a pipe 110 connected to the pipe 43 a.
Sliding in the bore 108 is a slide 111 provided with two annular
recesses 112 and 113 At 130 i, 785,915 on Te end, the slide is
provided with an operating rod 114 terminating in an elongated slot
115.
A slide 116 is disposed in this slot and is capable of being moved by
a fork 117 connected to the accelerator pedal 118 of the vehicle
pivotably mounted at 119 The length of the elongated slot 115 is so
arranged that when the accelerator pedal exceeds its normal travel for
decelerating, the slide 116 shifts the rod 114 and thus shifts the
slide 111 in opposition to the action of the spring 120 compressed
between the plug 109 and the other end of the slide.
Thus the slide 111 is capable of occupying two positions When it is
urged to the extreme left position by the action of the spring 120
(Fig 9), the pipes 42 and 42 a on one hand and pipes 43 and 43 a on
the other commumcate with each other by way of the recesses 112 and
113 and the pipe 110 is closed.
This position corresponds to normal running of the motor in which the
supply circuits for the rams W' and W 2 are not reversed.
When the slide 111 is moved to the right and is caused to occupy the
position shown in Fig 10, the springs 120 being compressed upon
releasing the accelerator pedal 118, the pipes 42 and 43 communicate
with the pipe 43 a by way of the recess 112 and the pipe 110 and the
recess 113 The pipe 42 a is closed.
Thus, irrespective of the displacement of the slide 45 of the pilot
device P in the positions shown in Fig 2 or 3, oil under pressure from
the pipe 31 is always conducted to the ram W 2 pertaining to changing
down the speeds.
This is of particular interest when the vehicle descends a very steep
slope and thus causes the motor to run at a speed which may exceed the
maximum speed at which changing up the speeds should normally be
effected; for instead of changing up the speeds the speeds are changed
down, which permits advantage to be gained from the braking action of
themotor This constitutes an additional safety feature.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been hereinabove
described, many modifications and changes may be made therein without
15. departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended
claims.
Thus the selector could be a device having a rotating member instead
of a slide, the rams or servomotors W', W 2 and W' being in this case
adapted to shift a rod provided with a rack which drives said rotating
member of the selector by way of a toothed wheel provided on the
member for this purpose.
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* GB785916 (A)
Description: GB785916 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to chucks
Description of GB785916 (A)
e I
PATTPE I ' I, PA Ti|E NT SPECA 3 FICAIO 13 N -se 785,916
Inventor:-FRANK DODGSON.
Late of 111 ig Complete Specificltion: Nov 18, 1953.
Application D ate: Nov 18, 1952 N Yo 29066 /52.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: Class 83 '3), Bl, E 2 (F: G: EX: I: P 1: R: W Y 2
A 1).
International Classification:-B 23 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Chucks.
:, ,hooh the iaws SPECIFICATION NO 785, 916
INVENTOR FRANK D LDXON By a direction given Under Section 17 ( 1) of
the Patents Act 1949 this application proceeded In the name of
Churchill-Redinan Limited, a British coirpany, of 1323, Coventry Road,
16. South Yardley, Birmingham, 25.
THE PATENT OFFICE, 1 ith November, 1957 DB 00131 ( 13)/3598 100 11/57
R unison, from wnien N ioiiuvl W tim J_, is the same distance (within
manufacturing tolerances) from the axis of rotation of the chuck as
the other jaws Thus in the case of a workpiece whose periphery is not
concentric in relation to a recess formed therein for the reception of
a lathe centre, the workpiece would not be evenly gripped by the jaws
when it was mounted on the centre of the chuck.
It is an object of this invention to provide a chuck which will
compensate for such lack of concentricity in work-pieces when mounted
therein.
According to this invention, a chuck is provided with jaws which are
pivoted in radial slots, so that the gripping portions thereof may be
moved towards and away from the axis of rotation of the chuck, each
jaw being formed with a curved or inclined surface adapted to be
engaged by the surlace of an operating member, the operating member
being capable of axial movement relatively to the chuck, to cause the
jaws to be moved towards or away from the axis of rotation of the
chuck, and being also free to rock so as to apply a differential lPra,
inclined surfaces of all the jaws, H' ui' Ulto accommodate itself to
variations in the position of the jaws relatively to the axis of
rotation of the chuck, arising from lack of concentricity of the
workpiece.
Preferably, each jaw of the chuck has a rearward portion and a
detachable gripping portion which is capable of adjustment on the
rearward portion radially of the chuck.
The rearward portion and gripping portion are each preferably formed
with serrated or toothed mating surfaces which are arranged to resist
outward movement of the gripping portion when the latter is fixed to
the rearward portion.
According to a preferred feature of the invention, the chuck is
provided with an axially movable centre, resiliently urged to project
from the front face of the chuck body This resilient centre allows a
workpiece to be pressed (by the force of the centre of the tailstock)
until its end engages with the front face of the chuck body or a
locatina face olate fixed on the chuck Thus with this arrangement it
is possible to locate workpieces longitudinally relative to the PATENT
SPECIFICATION
Inventor:- FRANIK DODGSON.
W Date of filing Comnplete Specification: Nov 18, 1953.
vy 't i Application Date: Nov 18, 1952 No 29066152.
I Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: Class 83 '3), Bi, B 2 (F: G: EX: J: P 1: R: W: Y
2 A 1).
17. International Classification:-B 23 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in or relating to Chucks.
We, CHURCHILL-REDMAN LIMITED, of Pioneer Ironworks, Parkinson Lane,
Halifax, in the County of York, a British Company, do hereby declare
the invention, for which S we pray that a patent may be granted to us,
and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to chucks for lathes and similar machines.
Such chucks are usually constructed with the jaws slidable outwardly
and inwardly along radial slots formed in the body of the chuck The
construction is usually such 1,5 that the jaws move simultaneously and
in unison, from which it follows that each jaw is the same distance
(within manufacturing tolerances) from the axis of rotation of the
chuck as the other jaws Thus in the case of a workpiece whose
periphery is not concentric in relation to a recess formed therein for
the reception of a lathe centre, the workpiece would not be evenly
gripped by the jaws when it was mounted on the centre of the chuck.
It is an object of this invention to provide a chuck which will
compensate for such lack of concentricity in work-pieces when mounted
therein.
According to this invention, a chuck is provided with jaws which are
pivoted in radial slots, so that the gripping portions thereof may be
moved towards and away from the axis of rotation of the chuck, each
jaw being formed with a curved or inclined surface adapted to be
engaged by the surface of an operating member, the operating member
being capable of axial movement relatively to the chuck, to cause the
jaws to be moved towards or away from the axis of rotation of the
chuck, and being also free to rock so as to apply a differential lpri
= movement to the jaws, whereby the jaws can be made to grip a
workpiece which is eccentric or as asymmetric relatively to the axis
of rotation of the chuck.
The operating member is preferably arranged with a tapered surface or
surfaces and is adapted to be moved axially with its tapered surface
or surfaces in contact with a curved or inclined surface on each of
the jaws, to rock the jaws about their respective pivots the operating
member being also free to rock so as to engage with the curved or
inclined surfaces of the jaws at different radial distances from the
axis of rotation of the chuck whilst still maintaining operative
contact with the curved or inclined surfaces of all the jaws, in order
to accommodate itself to variations in the position of the jaws
relatively to the axis of rotation of the chuck, arising from lack of
concentricity of the workpiece.
Preferably, each jaw of the chuck has a rearward portion and a
18. detachable gripping portion which is capable of adjustment on the
rearward portion radially of the chuck.
The rearward portion and gripping portion are each preferably formed
with serrated or toothed mating surfaces which are arranged to resist
outward movement of the gripping portion when the latter is fixed to
the rearward portion.
According to a preferred feature of the invention, the chuck is
provided with an axially movable centre, resiliently urged to project
from the front face of the chuck body This resilient centre allows a
workpiece to be pressed (by the force of the centre of the tailstock)
until its end engages with the front face of the chuck body or a
locating face plate fixed on the chuck Thus with this arrangement it
is possible to locate workpieces longitudinally relative to the
785,916 chuck (The end of the chuck body from which the gripping
portions of the jaw project is regarded as the front end).
The invention will now be particularly described with reference to the
accompanying drawings in which:Fig 1 is a sectional end elevation of a
chuck constructed in accordance with this invention.
Fig 2 is a front elevation in direction of arrow "A" in Fig 1.
The chuck comprises a body part 1 having three radial slots 3 in which
jaws 5 are pivoted about pivot pins 6 fixed in the body 1.
Setscrews 8 are provided to fix the pivot pins in the body, and
lubricating nipples 10 and passages 12 are provided for the pivot pins
6 Each jaw 5 comprises a gripping portion 7, and a rearward portion 9
which constitutes the part on which the operating member, hereinafter
referred to, operates The rearward portion extends somewhat downwardly
(assuming the jaw to be in a position above the axis of rotation of
the chuck as seen in Fig 1) and on its underside is provided with a
surface 11 which is conveniently curved and which generally slopes
outwardly towards the front face of the chuck 1.
Within the chuck is an operating member 13 and this is conveniently
provided with three inclined surfaces 15 each of which is adapted to
engage with one of the surfaces Or 3 on the rearward portions 9 of the
jaws 5 above described The operating member 13 is carried by a rod 17
which is movable longitudinally by hydraulic or pneumatic mechanism A
universal joint, not shown in the accompanying drawings, is provided
in connection between the operating member and the hydraulic or
pneumatic mechanism to allow of rocking movement of the operating
member 13.
Within a hole 19 in each rearward portion of the jaws is a spring 21
the outer end of the spring protruding therefrom and engaging, through
the intermediary of a thimble 23 an inner face 25 (e g a rear inclined
o face) of the slot 3 in which the jaw 5 is pivoted These springs 21
tend to keep the jaws 5 in contact with the operating member 13 and to
19. retain them in position with their surfaces 11 in engagement with the
operate ing member 13 when the operating member is in its most forward
position.
The gripping portion 7 of each jaw, is attached to a tenon 27 by means
of setscrews 31, and the tenon is slidable in a radial groove 28,
abutments (not shown) on the tenon 27 engaging with the walls 30 of
the groove 28 The mating surfaces of the gripping portion 7 and the
rearward portion 9 are serrated so as to resist outward movement of
the gripping portion when the latter is pulled against the face 29 of
the rearward portion 9 by tightening the setscrews 31.
A resilient cover 16 is provided in each of the slots for the jaws, to
prevent chippings from passing along the slots to the 70 rear of the
jaws.
The central portion of the chuck comprises a hub-like portion 33 in
which is mounted a centre 35 for the workpiece, and the shank of the
centre is bored for the 75 reception of a spring 37 The spring 37 is
held between the base of the bore in the centre shank and an abutment
39 mounted in the rear of the hub 33, thus tending to move the centre
35 towards the jaws 5 in 80 the chuck, the point of the centre 35
protruding through a tapered hole in a locating face-plate 41 mounted
in and secured to the hub 33.
A peg 18 fixed in the hub 33 engages with 85 a groove 20 in the centre
35 and prevents release of the centre when the face-plate 41 is
removed.
Holes 24 are provided extending through the chuck to allow bolts to be
inserted for 90 fixing the chuck to a face-Dlate 26 in the head stock
of the machine on which the chuck is fitted.
In using the chuck when mounted on the headstock of a lathe, the
gripping portions 7 9,5 of the jaws are first adjusted by hand and
secured by tightening the screws 31 in a position where they are
somewhat further from the centre of the chuck than the radius of the
workpiece, the operating member 13 loo being then in its forward
position and the gripping portions of the jaws in the uppermost
position as indicated by chain-dotted lines in Fig 1 of the
accompanying drawings The workpiece is then placed in posi 105 tion
between and in line with the centres of the chuck and the tail stock
The tail stock is then advanced and this causes the workpiece to push
the centre 35 in the chuck 1 against its spring 37 until the end face
of 11 o the workpiece abuts against the locating face-plate 41,
thereby providing constant longitudinal location of the workpieces
relative to the operative face of the chuck The operating member 13 is
then moved rear 115 wardly by hydraulic means, not shown in the
accompanying drawings, and forming no part of this invention, and its
inclined surfaces 15 co-oreratingx with the surfaces 11 on the
20. rearward portions 9 of the jaws 120 cause the rearward portions 9 of
the jaws 5 to be raised and the forward portions 7 to be lowered in
order to grin the workpiece.
If the workpiecc should be lacking in concentricits then, for instance
one 3 aw will 125 come in contact with the workpiece before the other
jaws When that happens the onerating member rocks, keeping part of one
of its surfaces 15 in en 2 agcmcnt with the surface 11 of that jaw as
permitted by the 130 7:55,91 | 3 A chuck as claimed in either of the
preceding claims, in which the operating member is arranged with a
tapered surface or surfaces and is adapted to be moved axially with
its tapered surface or surfaces 65 in contact with the curved or
inclined surface on each of the jaws, to rock the jaws about their
respective pivots, the operating member being also free to rock so as
to contact with the curved or inclined surfaces of the 70 jaws at
different radial distances from the axis of rotation of the chuck,
whilst still maintaining operative contact with the curved or inclined
surfaces of all the jaws, in order to accommodate itself to variations
75 in the position of the jaws relatively to the axis of rotation of
the chuck, arising from lack of concentricity of the workpiece.
4 A chuck as claimed in any of the preceding claims, in which each jaw
is sub 80 stantially balanced about its pivot.
A chuck as claimed in any one of
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* GB785917 (A)
Description: GB785917 (A) ? 1957-11-06
A new or improved method of manufacturing hooks
Description of GB785917 (A)
21. PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of filing Complete Specification: May 16, 1955.
Application Date: Mlay 26, 1954 No 15485154.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 83 ( 2), A 84; and 83 ( 4), E( 7 A: 10 A
3:12), H 2 (G: S: U), H 19.
International Classification:-B 23 j, k, p.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A New or Improved Method of Manufacturing Hooks.
We, CARTWRIGHT BROS (ENGINEERS) LIMITED, of 39 Vine Street, Hartshill,
Near Brierley Hill, in the County of Stafford, a Company incorporated
under the Laws of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland and ARTHUR BENJAMIN CARTWRIGHT, of the Company's address, a
British Subject, do hereby declare the invention for which we pray
that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention has reference to a new or improved method of
manufacturing hooks and is concerned especially with the manufacture
of hooks for heavy duty purposes such as hoisting and hauling and
which are required to conform to British Standards Specifications.
In order to obtain maximum strength it is vital that the grain shall
flow lengthwise throughout the hook from the shank to the point or toe
and in order to obtain this result it has been the custom heretofore
to effect the initial shaping of the bar from which a hook is to be
produced prior to drop forging, by bending, utilising for the purpose
:a mechanical or hydraulically operated bending machine A bending
process as aforesaid not only is ardous to the operative but takes a
considerable time to perform and thus adds greatly to the cost of
production.
The present invention has for its object to provide a new or improved
method of manufacturing hooks which ensures that the grain shall flow
lengthwise throughout a hook, which increases the rate of production
and which enables a hook to be produced which will conform to a
British Standards Specification at a lower cost than has been possible
heretofore.
The invention consists in the new or imlr -,, ; proved method of
manufacturing hooks for heavy duty purposes by the successive forging
steps of subjecting a heated bar to a bending operation in dies which
bend the bar to a partial hook formation then subjecting the partially
bent bar to a bending operation in dies which bend the partially bent
bar to a full hook formation and subsequently subjecting the partially
formed hook to the action of finishing dies.
The invention further consists in the method of manufacturing hooks
22. for heavy duty purposes by the successive steps of subjecting a heated
bar in dies to a pointing operation, then bending the pointed end away
from the bar in a die and subsequently inverting the bar and
subjecting the pointed and partially bent bar to a further bending in
a set of dies to bring the bar to a partial hook formation then
bringing the said partially bent bar to the required full hook
formation in another set of dies and subsequently subjecting the
partially formed hook to the action of finishing dies.
The invention also resides in the new or improved method of
manufacturing hooks for heavy duty purposes substantially as will be
described hereinafter.
The invention further resides in hooks produced by the new or improved
method of manufacture aforesaid.
A manner of carrying the invention into effect will now be described
with particular reference to the accompanying drawings which
illustrate the invention as applied to the production of a hook
according to a British Standards Specification in which the point of
the hook is required to be curved outwardly.
In the drawings:Figure 1 is a perspective view showing separated the
dies for producing the hook aforesaid, 785,917 785,917 Figure 2 is a
similar view to Figure 1 but taken from the opposite side; Figures 3-9
are views showing the several stages in the production of the hook
accordS ing to the invention; and Figure 10 is a perspective view of
the complete hook.
In the drawings like numerals of reference indicate similar parts in
the several io views.
According to the illustrated manner of carrying the invention into
effect the heated bar from which the hook is to be produced is
subjected to drop forging in a drop forging "hammer" equipped with a
pair of die blocks A, B incorporating dies shaped so that in the first
operation the operator uses the said dies to cause the end of the bar
to be brought to a pointed formation, see Figure 3 and that in
following drop forging operations the pointed section is first bent
downwardly from the bar, see Figures 4 and 5, then the intermediate
section is subjected to a bending which produces a partial hook
formation, see Figures 6 and 7, whereupon the partially bent bar is
further bent to the required full hook formation, see Figures 8 and 9
and finally the hook so fashioned is subjected to the action of
finishing dies which may be incorporated in the same die blocks A, B
or in separate die blocks.
The anvil die A incorporates at the front end on the righthand side as
seen in Figures 1 and 2, a rounded portion 10 on which pointing is
effected and a bed 112 which terminates in a downwardly curving
section.
23. At the lefthand side as seen in Figure 1 the anvil die is provided
with a hollowed portion 11 shaped to give the requisite hook formation
and a rear portion 111 on which is adapted to rest the previously bent
pointed section, said rear portion 111 having associated therewith an
upstanding guide 12 for assisting the manipulator in positioning the
bar in readiness for the blow which produces the intermediate stage of
the bending of the bar to partial hook formation, see Figure 6.
At the righthand side the anvil die block A is provided with a hollow
portion 13 shaped to effect the bending of the partially bent bar as
produced in the lefthand portion 11 of the said anvil die A to the
required full hook formation.
In the centre the anvil die block A is provided with a hollow die
section 14 shaped to the finished configuration to be given to the
completed hook 15.
The dies of the hammer die block B have a complementary shaping to the
dies of the anvil die block A.
The new or improved method of manufacture is performed in the
following manner:The operative withdraws from the furnace the heated
bar from which a hook is to be produced and places the glowing end on
the die section 10 of the anvil die block A which is shaped to point
the end of the bar.
The hammer die block B is then caused to fall to effect the pointing
of the bar Sub 70 sequently the hammer die block B is raised and the
pointed end portion is placed on the bed 112 of the anvil die A with
the pointed end overhanging the downwardly curved portion into which
the said bed 112 merges 75 whereupon the hammer die block B is caused
to fall to effect a downward bending of the pointed end about the said
curved portion of the anvil die, see Figures 4 and 5 The operative
then inverts the bar so that the So pointed end rests on the rear
portion 111 at the lefthand side of the anvil die block A with the
point in contact with the guide 12 and with the intermediate portion
of the bar above the hollowed portion 11 of the anvil s 5 die block A
which is to produce the bending of the bar to a partial hook formation
see Figure 6.
The hammer die block B is then caused to fall and thereby to force the
intermediate sec 9 o tion of the bar into the hollowed portion 11 of
the anvil die A and thereby effecting bending of the bar to the
partial hook formation.
The partially bent bar is then placed in 9 5 the hollowed portion 13
of the anvil die block A on the righthand side and the hammer die
block B caused to fall to effect the bending of the partially bent
portion to a hook formation, see Figure 9 1 o After th 3 bending
operation the partially fo.med hook is transferred to the centre die
section 14 which constitute the finishing dies and which as in current
24. oractice where bars are bent to shape in bending machines cause 105
the partially formed hook to acquire the required formation and
occasions the severance of the fashioned hook portion from the
remainder of the bar which then is returned to the furnace 110 The
fashioned hook 15 is then transferred to a clipping press for the
removal of the fraze.
If desired the die blocks incorporating the finishing dies may be
mounted in a 115 separate drop "hammer" disposed adjacent to the drop
forging "hammer" in which the pointing and earlier operations are
performed.
In a modification not illustrated the bed 120 112 at the front of the
anvil die block A, as seen in Figure 1, upon which the pointed portion
is required to rest during the initial bendin may be constituted by a
roller turnably mounted on a horizontal axis in l 5 order to reduce
friction wl'en the bar is struck by the harmner die block B for
effectina the bendina of the bar to a hook formation.
Although the bending of a bar to a hook 130 which the dies for
performing the pointing and the several bending operations are
incorporated in a single pair of die blocks.
6 A method of manufacturing hooks as
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* GB785918 (A)
Description: GB785918 (A) ? 1957-11-06
A marine directional jet propulsion unit
Description of GB785918 (A)
I, THOMAS WILLIAM SHAUGHNESSY, 121
Milling Street, Gateshead-on-Tyne, County Durham, British, do hereby
25. declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted
to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly des-
cribed in and by the following statement:-
This invention relates to the propulsion and steering of boats, and is
a device for the conduction of heat into water, to convert the water
into steam for propulsion purposes.
The accompanying drawing shows a section of the apparatus which
comprises a combustion chamber and heating system inside the boat
coupled to a directional propulsion nozzle outside, which is
characterised by its ability to be rotated in any desired direction.
The apparatus is designed to create a steam cycle, it is to feed
itself with water or water vapour, by means of the different steam
pressures found within the apparatus, the principle being that the
heat conduction unit A in the drawing is not a closed vessel therefore
the steam pressures can be unequal.
As illustrated in the accompanying drawing the heat conduction unit A
is a cylindrical vessel fitted with cap and other members to make it
gas tight, the heating plates B comprising the vessel are metal discs
as heat conductive as possible each one to form a steam tight
compartment except for the correctly placed steam circulation holes.
The correct -area, spacing and number of these plates to allow for
quick heating and passage of the steam can be determined by experiment
When the apparatus is cold and stationary, the pressure in the heat
conduction unit will be atmospheric pressure 14.7 lb p s i when heat
is applied to the heat conduction unit, via the combustion chamber C
this pressure will become greater.
lPrice 3 s 6 d l as the air inside gets hot and expands, thus to start
the steam cycle within the heat conduction unit, a small quantity of
pressurised water (approximately 30 lb p s i) will be forced into the
unit via the pipe at D which can be valvular controlled, this water
will, in relation to a temperature of 100 C.
within the heating plates turn into steam and as it expands seek the
easiest way out of its confinement which in this case is the water
immersed propulsion nozzle, after having passed over and through all
the heating plates.
The combustion chamber C, in the drawing, which surrounds the heat
conduction unit is formed by a heat resistant casing H, at the bottom
of the casing will be the fuel oil injection ports, one of which is
illustrated in the drawing at K, any number of fuel entry ports may be
used Air for efficient combustion in the combustion chamber will enter
it at the bottom, and to ensure entry of same, the exhaust gases will
pass from the casing via the exhaust port L.
By means of the retaining collar 0, which retains the neck of the
26. propulsion nozzle to the boat hull X and helps to couple the
propulsion nozzle and heat conduction unit together, the water
immersed propulsion nozzle can be rotated in any desired axial
direction by connection to steering wheel or the like.
Water for feed purposes will be brought through the front of the water
immersed propulsion nozzle E subjected to filtering at G, for the
exclusion of solids before it pnters the heat conduction unit, then
with the aid of the pipe Y, the filtered water will be brought to a
level corresponding with the water level outside the boat, there, by
means of the U-shaped pipes at F which will redirect some of the down
flowing steam this water will be blown to the top of the heat Price 2
$785,918 PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of filing Complete Specification: Sept 19, 1955.
if 11 Application Date: Sept 20, 1954 No 27121 /54.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6 1957.
Index at Acceptance -Classes 110 ( 3), F 1 B; and 123 ( 2), A 9 C.
International Classification:-FO 2 k F 22 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
A Marine Directional Jet Propulsion Unit.
conduction unit, by this method and owing steam which is led to a
propulsion nozzle to the heat and pressure involved the filtered
adapted to be rotated in any desired direcwater should be broken down
and enter the tion, characterised in that the hot combustop of the
heat conduction unit as vapour tion gases flow in a general upwardly
direcand thus be started on its circulating and tion over the heating
system which is of a heating journey till it bursts from the water
general cylindrical shape having heating immersed propulsion nozzle
with sufficient plates whose externals are steam-tight formpressure
and enough capacity to act as a ing separate steam-tight compartments,
and propellant via the orifice Q, in said pro U-shaped steam return
pipes to feed the pulsion nozzle heating system with water.
The directional arrows at M show the 2 A marine directional jet
propulsion
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