The document discusses structural holes and brokerage roles in networks. It explains that structural holes provide benefits like autonomy, information access, and control of information flow. However, they also make the network fragile and require maintenance. The document then analyzes brokerage roles and structural holes in an embassy network, identifying which nodes spanned structural holes and acted as brokers between clusters.

1. Brokerage & Structural Holes

2. Structural Holes Basic idea: Lack of ties among alters may benefit ego Benefits Autonomy Control flow Information nexus

3. Structural holes vs. Closure

4. Control Benefits of Structural Holes

5. Access to Information & Success

6. Changes Made Cross-staffed new internal projects white papers, knowledge base development Established cross-selling sales goals Managers accountable for selling projects with both kinds of expertise New communication vehicles project tracking db; weekly email update Personnel changes

7. 9 months later

8. Entrepreneurial Network sparse, flat structure independent relations, sustained by manager structural holes, low redundancy provides info & control benefits

9. Entrepreneurial Network Associated with successful managers and Machiavellian politicians :-) Places heavy cognitive load on the manager Enemy of a friend needs to be your friend… Stress relief either through institutionalization and rules or through embracing an egalitarian network

10. Fragility of Structural Holes Side nodes are marginalized Marginalization breeds discontent Requires aggressive maintenance Up to use of force

11. Support Network dense, flat structure self-sustaining interdependent relations few holes, high redundancy creates social support self-sustaining ties, development of an internal culture

12. Support Network “ Organic structure” spreads the load over larger number of people Increased coordination costs Reduced managerial ability (but reduced need for management)

13. Ingroup/Outgroup

14. Political Ties in the Caucasus

16. Burt’s Measures of Structural Holes Effective Size Constraint

17. Effective Size Number of non-redundant ties in an ego network How many actors is ego connected with that are not connected to each other?

18. Political Ties in the Caucasus

19. Political Ties in the Caucasus

20. Political Ties in the Caucasus

21. Effective Size

22. Effective Size in Binary Data

23. Embassy Network

24. Constraint

26. Embassy Network

27. Brokerage Roles Broker is the middle node of a directed triad What if nodes belong to different organizations?

28. Brokerage Roles

29. Brokerage within organization Organizations can be divided into clusters Any way of partitioning that produces interpretable results for a given network n-cliques, n-clans, k-plex Find nodes that bridge gaps between partitions

30. Real data…

31. Counting Role Structures

32. Role Profiles

33. In embassy network Partitioned using 2-clans 1 2 3 4 5 6 Coord Gate Rep Cons Liais Total ------------------------------------------------------------- 2 Khalfan_Khamis_Mohamed | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 4 Ahmed_the_German | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 6 Wadih_al_Hage | 6 7 7 4 0 24 | 8 Ali_Mohammed | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 10 Mohammed_Salim | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 12 al-Fawwaz | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 14 abouhalima | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 1 Mohammed_Rashed_Daoud_al-O | 0 0 0 7 0 7 | 3 Mohammed_Sadiq_Odeh | 0 0 1 0 0 1 | 5 Fazul_Abdullah_Mohammed | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 7 Usama_Bin_Ladin | 0 3 3 2 6 14 | 9 Ahmed_Khalfan_Ghailani | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 11 al-Fadl | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 13 Jihad_Mohammed_Ali_(Azzam) | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 15 Abdullah_Ahmed_Abdullah_(Saleh) | 1 3 0 0 1 5 | 16 Abdal_Rahman | 0 0 0 0 0 0 | --------------------------------------------------------------

34. E-I Index

35. E-I Index