The document discusses several studies that have found relationships between language learning motivation, gender, course level, culture, parental education, and strategy use. Highly motivated learners, female learners, and learners in higher-level courses tend to employ more language learning strategies compared to other groups. Culture and parental education background can also influence an individual's approach to learning.

1. By : Sharimah binti Jarail

2. Oxford and Nyikos (1989)
High motivated language learners will used
various and lots of strategies compared to
low motivated learners.
Among the strategies practiced are formal
communication rule practice, functional
practice, general preserve and etc.

3. Politzer (1983)
 Female learners intend to use more
strategies on learning languages
compared to male learners.

4. Green and Oxford (1995)
 Research shows that overall, all of the
students from high level of the course
used more strategies compared to
students from low level of the course.

5. Liu and Littlewood 1997
o Individual from different ethnic and
culture has different strategies in
learning
Lin and Yi 1997
o Asian students are different compared to
Western students which are more
individualistic and high competitive. This
may be due to Asian culture which
emphasise on harmony and respect towards
other people.

6. Slavin (1997)
 Parents with high level of education background
will certainly ensure that their children are
physically and mentally prepared in learning.
 Apparently, parents with low level of education
background always think that their children’s
education occurred naturally and other
exposure are unnecessary.