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Forensic Psychology Training Course Syllabus
A Basic Training in Forensic Psychology to understand the principles , techniques and tests used in Forensic Psychology in Crime Scene Investigation.
NSAIDS.
This document provides an overview of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It discusses inflammation and the pathways involved, including the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It describes the physiological effects of prostaglandins including their roles in pain, fever, and inflammation. It then summarizes the mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of various NSAIDs such as aspirin, with a focus on their inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Treatment of psychosis
There are three main points covered in the document:
1. Psychosis is a thought disorder characterized by disturbances in reality, perception, cognition, and affect. It encompasses several mental disorders including schizophrenia.
2. Schizophrenia is a type of psychosis characterized by severe personality changes and thought disorders. It has an onset in late teens to early twenties and has both genetic and environmental risk factors.
3. Antipsychotic drugs treat psychosis by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the brain. Older "typical" antipsychotics are more likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects while newer "atypical" antipsychotics have fewer neurological side effects.
Epilepsy
1. The document discusses different types of epileptic seizures including generalized tonic-clonic seizures, absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, simplex partial seizures, and complex partial seizures.
2. It also covers the treatment of epilepsy including common antiepileptic drugs like phenobarbital, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and mechanisms of action like inhibition of sodium and calcium channels or potentiation of GABA.
3. Side effects of antiepileptic drugs are discussed and can include central nervous system effects, allergic reactions, and chronic issues affecting organs or body weight.
Water sanitation
Water is a vital necessity of life without which man can live only for few days. About two thirds of our body weight is formed of water.
NSAIDS
This presentation deals with the various non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs used in day-to-day practice enumerating their mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects, etc.
Hlp handout zag
This document discusses risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). It separates risk factors into two categories: non-modifiable and modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors include age over 45, male sex, family history, and genetic susceptibility. Modifiable risk factors that can be improved through lifestyle changes include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, low HDL, and obesity.
Antianginal drugs (VK)
The document discusses various types of angina and treatments for restoring the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart. It describes 3 main types of angina - chronic stable angina, unstable angina, and vasospastic angina. The goal of antianginal drug therapy is to increase blood flow to the heart and decrease myocardial oxygen demand. The major antianginal drug classes discussed are nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. Specific drugs within each class are also named and their mechanisms and uses summarized within 3 sentences.
Recommended
Forensic Psychology Training Course Syllabus
A Basic Training in Forensic Psychology to understand the principles , techniques and tests used in Forensic Psychology in Crime Scene Investigation.
NSAIDS.
This document provides an overview of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It discusses inflammation and the pathways involved, including the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It describes the physiological effects of prostaglandins including their roles in pain, fever, and inflammation. It then summarizes the mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of various NSAIDs such as aspirin, with a focus on their inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
Treatment of psychosis
There are three main points covered in the document:
1. Psychosis is a thought disorder characterized by disturbances in reality, perception, cognition, and affect. It encompasses several mental disorders including schizophrenia.
2. Schizophrenia is a type of psychosis characterized by severe personality changes and thought disorders. It has an onset in late teens to early twenties and has both genetic and environmental risk factors.
3. Antipsychotic drugs treat psychosis by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the brain. Older "typical" antipsychotics are more likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects while newer "atypical" antipsychotics have fewer neurological side effects.
Epilepsy
1. The document discusses different types of epileptic seizures including generalized tonic-clonic seizures, absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, simplex partial seizures, and complex partial seizures.
2. It also covers the treatment of epilepsy including common antiepileptic drugs like phenobarbital, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and mechanisms of action like inhibition of sodium and calcium channels or potentiation of GABA.
3. Side effects of antiepileptic drugs are discussed and can include central nervous system effects, allergic reactions, and chronic issues affecting organs or body weight.
Water sanitation
Water is a vital necessity of life without which man can live only for few days. About two thirds of our body weight is formed of water.
NSAIDS
This presentation deals with the various non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs used in day-to-day practice enumerating their mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects, etc.
Hlp handout zag
This document discusses risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). It separates risk factors into two categories: non-modifiable and modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors include age over 45, male sex, family history, and genetic susceptibility. Modifiable risk factors that can be improved through lifestyle changes include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, diabetes, low HDL, and obesity.
Antianginal drugs (VK)
The document discusses various types of angina and treatments for restoring the balance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart. It describes 3 main types of angina - chronic stable angina, unstable angina, and vasospastic angina. The goal of antianginal drug therapy is to increase blood flow to the heart and decrease myocardial oxygen demand. The major antianginal drug classes discussed are nitrates, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. Specific drugs within each class are also named and their mechanisms and uses summarized within 3 sentences.
Jaundice
This document outlines the approach to a patient presenting with jaundice. It begins with an introduction to bilirubin metabolism and the four main types of jaundice: hemolytic, hepatic, obstructive, and cholestatic. For each type, it describes the underlying causes, characteristic laboratory findings, and clinical features. The document then discusses the diagnostic workup, including liver function tests and imaging studies. It concludes with guidelines for differentiating the jaundice types and summarizing treatments based on the specific cause.
Drugs for heart failure
This presentation deals with the use of various drugs in the treatment of heart failure such as Digoxin, ace inhibitors, beta bloockers, calcium channel blockers
Excretion
The document discusses various mechanisms of drug excretion from the body. The major sites of excretion include the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, saliva, sweat, milk, and bile. Renal excretion occurs through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption. Molecular weight and protein binding influence the degree of filtration. Active tubular secretion is the most effective excretion mechanism for some drugs like penicillin. As people age, renal function declines, increasing drug half-lives. Renal failure further increases half-lives dramatically. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic recirculation can form drug reservoirs due to intestinal reabsorption of conjugated metabolites. Lung excretion occurs
Antiarrhythmic drugs
The document discusses the heart and cardiac arrhythmias. It begins by describing the structure and function of the heart, including the specialized conducting system that coordinates contraction and pumping of blood. It then discusses factors that can disrupt normal cardiac rhythm and cause arrhythmias through various mechanisms like changes in automaticity, triggered activity, and abnormal conduction. Various types of arrhythmias are described like tachycardias and bradycardias. Treatment of arrhythmias aims to restore normal rhythm and cardiac output when compromised. Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified based on their mechanisms of action like sodium channel blockade, calcium channel blockade, and beta blockade.
ARSENIC AND LEAD POISONING
This document summarizes information on arsenic and lead poisoning. It discusses the sources, physical properties, uses, and toxic effects of arsenic and lead. For both poisons, it describes the absorption, distribution, and mechanisms of toxicity. The clinical manifestations of acute and chronic poisoning are outlined for each element. Diagnosis involves measuring levels in blood and urine. Treatment of arsenic poisoning involves chelation therapy with BAL, penicillamine or DMSA. For severe lead poisoning, chelation with CaNa2EDTA or BAL is recommended along with supportive care. Mild to moderate lead poisoning is treated with oral chelation agents like D-penicillamine.
Opioid analgesics
Opioid analgesics work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce pain. There are several types of opioid receptors that endogenous opioid peptides and exogenous opioids can bind to, including mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Opioids are well absorbed orally or parenterally and distributed widely throughout the body. They are metabolized in the liver mainly by conjugation with glucuronic acid and excreted in urine. Opioids produce analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and constipation by acting on central and peripheral opioid receptors. Tolerance and physical dependence may develop with repeated use.
Ped medhandbook
This document provides contact information for pediatric referrals and transport at a hospital, including phone numbers for 24/7 referrals, pharmacy, and an on-call pediatric clinical pharmacist. It also lists information that should be provided when referring a child, such as name, age, vital signs, medical history, and current therapies. The document contains tables of contents for medication dosing guides and indexes for interactive searching of topics.
Penicillin
Penicillin is obtained from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum and contains a beta-lactam ring that provides its antibacterial activity. It works by inhibiting the final step in bacterial cell wall synthesis mediated by transpeptidases, preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan strands and leading to cell lysis. While penicillin G has a narrow spectrum mostly against gram-positive bacteria, subsequent penicillins were developed with improved spectra, stability, and resistance to beta-lactamases. Their mechanisms of resistance include inactivation by beta-lactamases or modifications of penicillin-binding proteins. Beta-lactamase inhibitors can restore the activity of penicillins against bacteria producing
Hepatitis c
This document provides information on hepatitis C, including its types, sources of infection, epidemiology, treatment options, and key details about specific medications used to treat hepatitis C. It discusses the types of hepatitis C as acute or chronic. It notes that the WHO estimates that around 3% of the world's population has been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and over 170 million people have chronic hepatitis C infection. The document discusses classes of antiviral medications used to treat hepatitis C including protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and interferons. It provides details on particular protease inhibitors like simeprevir and daclatasvir, the polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir, and combination treatments containing sofosbuvir
Epilepsy: Diagnostics, Medications, Myths and Facts
The document discusses epilepsy, a chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It provides details on the types of seizures, experimental models used to study epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs and their mechanisms of action, diagnostic tools, myths and facts about epilepsy, and references. Epilepsy affects people of all ages worldwide and imbalances in neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA are believed to underlie seizure mechanisms.
Thermal injuries
Thermal injuries can occur from scalds, electrical injuries, or flash burns. Scalds result from contact with hot liquids or surfaces, while electrical injuries include joule burns from electric current passing through the body. Flash burns are caused by exposure to a sudden intense burst of thermal radiation or heat from sources like explosions or lightning strikes, which can leave distinctive arborescent or filigree patterns on the skin known as Lichtenberg figures.
Lead poisoning
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
Penicillins (VK)
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that are derived from the Penicillium mold. They work by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. This prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to cell lysis. The first penicillin discovered was penicillin G, which is acid labile and used parenterally. Semisynthetic penicillins were later developed with better stability and absorption, including penicillinase-resistant penicillins effective against Staphylococcus. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin are also active against common gram-negative bacteria.
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
anti-anginal drugs
presentation for drugs used to treat different types of angina pectoris : stable, unstable and vasospastic and the best for each type and side effects,
The thermal injury
Burns are common traumatic injuries caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals or radiation. They are classified based on depth and extent of tissue damage. First degree burns only damage the epidermis while second degree burns involve the dermis and cause blistering. Third degree burns fully destroy all layers of skin and may require surgery. Burn severity is determined by factors like total body surface area affected, depth, inhalation injury and patient age/health. Management involves airway control, fluid resuscitation, infection prevention, dressing, surgery and rehabilitation. Complications can include wound infections, contractures and psychological issues. Proper treatment aims to minimize tissue loss, prevent complications and optimize long-term function and appearance.
Antiarrythmics
This document discusses the physiology of cardiac rhythm, classification of arrhythmias, and anti-arrhythmic drugs used to treat arrhythmias. It covers the phases of the cardiac action potential, mechanisms of arrhythmia production, Vaughan Williams classification of anti-arrhythmic drugs based on their effects on the action potential, and details several important anti-arrhythmic drugs including their mechanisms, uses, and potential adverse effects. The document concludes that treatment of arrhythmias depends on the type of arrhythmia and patient's condition, as anti-arrhythmic drugs are efficacious but can have serious side effects, and non-pharmacological therapies are also used.
Git diseases presentn no. 2 applied nutrition
This document discusses the dietary management of various gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It defines different types of constipation and diarrhea and their causes. Dietary recommendations are provided for different GI conditions, focusing on fluid and fiber intake, meal patterns, and avoiding irritating foods. Medical treatments including drugs and H. pylori eradication therapies are also summarized.
Defecation reflex
The document discusses the defecation reflexes in humans. There are two main reflexes - the intrinsic defecation reflex mediated by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic defecation reflex mediated by the autonomic nervous system. When feces enter the rectum, stretch receptors in the rectal wall are stimulated which initiate peristaltic waves to move feces towards the rectum and relax the internal anal sphincter through these reflex pathways. Voluntary control of the external anal sphincter allows defecation to occur at convenient times through maneuvers like the Valsalva maneuver.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
TKI introduction and some of its drugs and side effects
many thanks to Vijay Yerroju
most of the info is taken from his presentation on TKI
Ped medhandbook
This document provides contact information for pediatric referrals and transport at a hospital, including phone numbers for 24/7 referrals, pharmacy, and an on-call pediatric clinical pharmacist. It also lists information that should be provided when referring a child, such as name, age, vital signs, medical history, and current therapies. The document contains tables of contents for medication dosing guides and indexes for interactive searching of topics.
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Jaundice
This document outlines the approach to a patient presenting with jaundice. It begins with an introduction to bilirubin metabolism and the four main types of jaundice: hemolytic, hepatic, obstructive, and cholestatic. For each type, it describes the underlying causes, characteristic laboratory findings, and clinical features. The document then discusses the diagnostic workup, including liver function tests and imaging studies. It concludes with guidelines for differentiating the jaundice types and summarizing treatments based on the specific cause.
Drugs for heart failure
This presentation deals with the use of various drugs in the treatment of heart failure such as Digoxin, ace inhibitors, beta bloockers, calcium channel blockers
Excretion
The document discusses various mechanisms of drug excretion from the body. The major sites of excretion include the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, saliva, sweat, milk, and bile. Renal excretion occurs through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption. Molecular weight and protein binding influence the degree of filtration. Active tubular secretion is the most effective excretion mechanism for some drugs like penicillin. As people age, renal function declines, increasing drug half-lives. Renal failure further increases half-lives dramatically. Biliary excretion and enterohepatic recirculation can form drug reservoirs due to intestinal reabsorption of conjugated metabolites. Lung excretion occurs
Antiarrhythmic drugs
The document discusses the heart and cardiac arrhythmias. It begins by describing the structure and function of the heart, including the specialized conducting system that coordinates contraction and pumping of blood. It then discusses factors that can disrupt normal cardiac rhythm and cause arrhythmias through various mechanisms like changes in automaticity, triggered activity, and abnormal conduction. Various types of arrhythmias are described like tachycardias and bradycardias. Treatment of arrhythmias aims to restore normal rhythm and cardiac output when compromised. Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified based on their mechanisms of action like sodium channel blockade, calcium channel blockade, and beta blockade.
ARSENIC AND LEAD POISONING
This document summarizes information on arsenic and lead poisoning. It discusses the sources, physical properties, uses, and toxic effects of arsenic and lead. For both poisons, it describes the absorption, distribution, and mechanisms of toxicity. The clinical manifestations of acute and chronic poisoning are outlined for each element. Diagnosis involves measuring levels in blood and urine. Treatment of arsenic poisoning involves chelation therapy with BAL, penicillamine or DMSA. For severe lead poisoning, chelation with CaNa2EDTA or BAL is recommended along with supportive care. Mild to moderate lead poisoning is treated with oral chelation agents like D-penicillamine.
Opioid analgesics
Opioid analgesics work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce pain. There are several types of opioid receptors that endogenous opioid peptides and exogenous opioids can bind to, including mu, delta, and kappa receptors. Opioids are well absorbed orally or parenterally and distributed widely throughout the body. They are metabolized in the liver mainly by conjugation with glucuronic acid and excreted in urine. Opioids produce analgesia, sedation, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and constipation by acting on central and peripheral opioid receptors. Tolerance and physical dependence may develop with repeated use.
Ped medhandbook
This document provides contact information for pediatric referrals and transport at a hospital, including phone numbers for 24/7 referrals, pharmacy, and an on-call pediatric clinical pharmacist. It also lists information that should be provided when referring a child, such as name, age, vital signs, medical history, and current therapies. The document contains tables of contents for medication dosing guides and indexes for interactive searching of topics.
Penicillin
Penicillin is obtained from the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum and contains a beta-lactam ring that provides its antibacterial activity. It works by inhibiting the final step in bacterial cell wall synthesis mediated by transpeptidases, preventing cross-linking of peptidoglycan strands and leading to cell lysis. While penicillin G has a narrow spectrum mostly against gram-positive bacteria, subsequent penicillins were developed with improved spectra, stability, and resistance to beta-lactamases. Their mechanisms of resistance include inactivation by beta-lactamases or modifications of penicillin-binding proteins. Beta-lactamase inhibitors can restore the activity of penicillins against bacteria producing
Hepatitis c
This document provides information on hepatitis C, including its types, sources of infection, epidemiology, treatment options, and key details about specific medications used to treat hepatitis C. It discusses the types of hepatitis C as acute or chronic. It notes that the WHO estimates that around 3% of the world's population has been infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and over 170 million people have chronic hepatitis C infection. The document discusses classes of antiviral medications used to treat hepatitis C including protease inhibitors, polymerase inhibitors, NS5A inhibitors, and interferons. It provides details on particular protease inhibitors like simeprevir and daclatasvir, the polymerase inhibitor sofosbuvir, and combination treatments containing sofosbuvir
Epilepsy: Diagnostics, Medications, Myths and Facts
The document discusses epilepsy, a chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. It provides details on the types of seizures, experimental models used to study epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs and their mechanisms of action, diagnostic tools, myths and facts about epilepsy, and references. Epilepsy affects people of all ages worldwide and imbalances in neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA are believed to underlie seizure mechanisms.
Thermal injuries
Thermal injuries can occur from scalds, electrical injuries, or flash burns. Scalds result from contact with hot liquids or surfaces, while electrical injuries include joule burns from electric current passing through the body. Flash burns are caused by exposure to a sudden intense burst of thermal radiation or heat from sources like explosions or lightning strikes, which can leave distinctive arborescent or filigree patterns on the skin known as Lichtenberg figures.
Lead poisoning
Lead is a blue-gray, heavy, soft metallic element that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust. It is a malleable metal, so it can be easily worked - you can hammer it into protective sheets or make pipes and bend them easily. It is dense, and has good shielding protection against radiation, so it is used as ballast or to shield against penetrating forms of ionizing radiation. Metallic lead is tasteless and odorless, although some of the oxides and salts of lead taste sweet. (This sweet taste of lead salts is a source of problems for children!). Lead is insoluble in water, but some of the salts do dissolve, hence lead salts can be carried long distances in water supplies. Lead fumes will be easily formed when lead is heated. Although there is not a lot of lead in the earth’s crust – lead is ubiquitous, especially in modern industry.
Penicillins (VK)
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics that are derived from the Penicillium mold. They work by inhibiting the final step of bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. This prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to cell lysis. The first penicillin discovered was penicillin G, which is acid labile and used parenterally. Semisynthetic penicillins were later developed with better stability and absorption, including penicillinase-resistant penicillins effective against Staphylococcus. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin are also active against common gram-negative bacteria.
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
anti-anginal drugs
presentation for drugs used to treat different types of angina pectoris : stable, unstable and vasospastic and the best for each type and side effects,
The thermal injury
Burns are common traumatic injuries caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals or radiation. They are classified based on depth and extent of tissue damage. First degree burns only damage the epidermis while second degree burns involve the dermis and cause blistering. Third degree burns fully destroy all layers of skin and may require surgery. Burn severity is determined by factors like total body surface area affected, depth, inhalation injury and patient age/health. Management involves airway control, fluid resuscitation, infection prevention, dressing, surgery and rehabilitation. Complications can include wound infections, contractures and psychological issues. Proper treatment aims to minimize tissue loss, prevent complications and optimize long-term function and appearance.
Antiarrythmics
This document discusses the physiology of cardiac rhythm, classification of arrhythmias, and anti-arrhythmic drugs used to treat arrhythmias. It covers the phases of the cardiac action potential, mechanisms of arrhythmia production, Vaughan Williams classification of anti-arrhythmic drugs based on their effects on the action potential, and details several important anti-arrhythmic drugs including their mechanisms, uses, and potential adverse effects. The document concludes that treatment of arrhythmias depends on the type of arrhythmia and patient's condition, as anti-arrhythmic drugs are efficacious but can have serious side effects, and non-pharmacological therapies are also used.
Git diseases presentn no. 2 applied nutrition
This document discusses the dietary management of various gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It defines different types of constipation and diarrhea and their causes. Dietary recommendations are provided for different GI conditions, focusing on fluid and fiber intake, meal patterns, and avoiding irritating foods. Medical treatments including drugs and H. pylori eradication therapies are also summarized.
Defecation reflex
The document discusses the defecation reflexes in humans. There are two main reflexes - the intrinsic defecation reflex mediated by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic defecation reflex mediated by the autonomic nervous system. When feces enter the rectum, stretch receptors in the rectal wall are stimulated which initiate peristaltic waves to move feces towards the rectum and relax the internal anal sphincter through these reflex pathways. Voluntary control of the external anal sphincter allows defecation to occur at convenient times through maneuvers like the Valsalva maneuver.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
TKI introduction and some of its drugs and side effects
many thanks to Vijay Yerroju
most of the info is taken from his presentation on TKI
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Epilepsy: Diagnostics, Medications, Myths and Facts
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More from Elhadi Hajow
Ped medhandbook
This document provides contact information for pediatric referrals and transport at a hospital, including phone numbers for 24/7 referrals, pharmacy, and an on-call pediatric clinical pharmacist. It also lists information that should be provided when referring a child, such as name, age, vital signs, medical history, and current therapies. The document contains tables of contents for medication dosing guides and indexes for interactive searching of topics.
Cardiac arrhythmias
Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormalities in the heart's rhythm that can cause symptoms ranging from palpitations to sudden death. The two main types are bradycardias, which are slow heart rates below 60 bpm, and tachycardias, which are fast heart rates over 100 bpm. Arrhythmias can arise from problems in the sinus node, atria, AV junction, or ventricles due to issues with automaticity or re-entry of electrical impulses. Common arrhythmias include sinus tachycardia/bradycardia, premature beats, atrial fibrillation, and heart blocks. Treatment depends on the specific arrhythmia and symptoms but may include lifestyle changes, medications
Approach to child with generalized body swelling
Edema is characterized by swelling caused by excess fluid in the interstitial tissue. It can be localized or generalized. Common causes include cardiac, renal, or hepatic disease which decrease plasma oncotic pressure allowing fluid shift from vessels into tissue. A thorough history, physical exam, and lab tests are needed to determine the underlying cause and guide treatment such as diuretics, dietary changes, or treating the primary disease.
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شعر5
- 1. ْ َ ﱠ َ ْ ْ ِِ ْ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺘﺮ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﻞ ﻟﺮﻭﺣﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺑِﻨﻔـَـــﻌﺎ ْ َ َ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺄ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻦ ﺃﻗﺮﻋـﺎ ْ َ َ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺳﻮء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻖ ﻭﻁﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻟﻚ ﺃﺭﺩﻋﺎ ْ ِ َ ْ ﻟــــﺒــــــــِﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻚ ﻭﻓـــﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﺃﻗﻨﻌﺎ َ ﺑﺼﻼﺗﻚ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻣﻚ ﻭﺫﻛـــــــﺮ ﷲ ﺭﺗـِ ّـــــﻌﺎ َ ِ َ ُ ﻳﺎ ﺃﺧﻮﻱِ ﺭﻭﺣﻴﺘﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗَﺸﺒ ّﻌﺎ ْ َ ﺷﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﺎﻟﻔﺎ ﺃﺗﺒَﻌﺎ َ ْ َ َ ْ ﺑِﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺩﻙ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺃﻡ ﺁﺧﺮﺓ ﺗَﺮﺗَـــﻌﺎ ) ﺷﻌﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﺠﻮ (