4Theory of Unpleasant SymptomsNameInstitutio

4
Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms
It is primarily the purpose of nursing to provide health care to
individuals so that they can achieve or maintain optimal
health. It is, therefore, the nurses' responsibility to generate
treatment plans based on the symptoms that patients experience.
These treatment plans depend on nursing theories to safeguard
that the health services given to patients are evidence-based.
One such theory that informs the creation of assessment tools
for patients' symptoms is the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms
(TOUS). Thus, using this theory as a guide, the factors that I
would look for in an assessment tool are their ability to cover
the physiological, psychological, and situational factors of a
patient's symptoms, their analysis of symptoms, and the
outcomes of the symptoms.

According to Srivastava, the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms
focuses on three major elements: the patient's symptoms, factors
influencing the symptoms, and the outcomes of the symptoms
(2021). The first thing I would look for in an assessment tool is
whether it can identify the patient's symptoms. Patients
experience multiple symptoms, meaning an assessment tool
should cover the different types of symptoms a patient has, their
intensity, duration, and quality.
Another factor I would look for in an assessment tool is whether
it covers the three factors influencing the symptoms. Lenz
highlights that the theory of unpleasant symptoms focuses on
the three factors influencing patients' symptoms: physiological
factors, psychological and situational factors (2018). An
assessment tool that features these three factors will likely
produce a holistic diagnosis of the patient's symptoms, leading
to an effective treatment plan. Additionally, an assessment tool
with all three elements ensures that all symptoms are captured
for a correct diagnosis which aids in the quick recovery of the
patients. Finally, the last thing I would look for in an
assessment tool would be its ability to check for the
consequences of the symptoms. Obtaining information regarding
the impact of the symptoms is a crucial part of gaining insight
into the causes of the symptoms. Nurses can deduce the extent
of the unpleasant symptoms resulting from a disease or the side
effects of a treatment plan.
In conclusion, the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms is effective
in developing assessment tools that ensure they capture all the
symptoms, the factors influencing the symptoms, and the effects
of these symptoms. As Gomes notes, the Theory of Unpleasant
Symptoms is important in grouping symptoms which is essential
in understanding the extent of the symptoms, prescription of
interventions, and providing a framework for delivering
diagnoses directed toward quality healthcare (2019).

References
Gomes, G. L., Oliveira, F. M., Barbosa, K. T., Medeiros, A. C.,
Fernandes, M. das, & Nóbrega, M. M. (2019). Theory of
unpleasant symptoms: Critical analysis.
Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem,
28. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2017-0222
Lenz, E.R. (2018). Application of the Theory of Unpleasant
Symptoms in Practice: A Challenge for Nursing.
Investigación en Enfermería: Imagen y Desarrollo, 20.
Srivastava, S. P. (2021). Insight into the theory of unpleasant
symptoms.
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-
JNHS),
10(3), 23–26.
Sustainability and Natural Resources
Module 4
© 2020 McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Authorized only for
instructor use in the classroom.
No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the
prior written consent of McGraw Hill.

Because learning changes everything.®
1
Learning Objectives
4-1 Describe environmental sustainability and its potential
influence on business.
4-2 Describe frameworks for sustainability.
4-3 Summarize ways to measure sustainability achievements.
4-4 Identify the characteristics of environmentally sustainable
business.
4-5 Describe how the stakeholder model can help businesses
achieve sustainability.
4-6 Describe how geographic features of a country or region
contribute to natural capital.
4-7 Outline nonrenewable and renewable energy options
available and their potential impacts on business.
© McGraw Hill
Sustainability No Longer Just a Buzz Word for Business
In today’s business environment, the concept of sustainability
goes beyond doing what’s right for the planet or complying with
government regulations.
For many global companies, sustainability has become an
important component of their overall business model, with a
direct impact on their bottom line. Savvy consumers have high
expectations when it comes to buying products and services

from companies that claim sustainability is an important part of
their business practices.
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Sustainability in the Business Context
Environmental Sustainability
State in which the demands placed upon the environment by
people and commerce can be met without reducing the capacity
of the environment to provide for future generations.
Brundtland Commission
Definition of sustainable development:
“It meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their needs.”
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Systems for Achieving Sustainability 1
Life Cycle Assessment
An evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product or
service throughout its life cycle.
Assesses the cumulative impact of product.
Can lead to reductions of environmental footprint, cost
structure, and potential carcinogens in inputs, processes, and
wastes.
Emerging “product stewardship” shows companies accepting
responsibility for impact of their activities.

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Systems for Achieving Sustainability 2
Cradle-to-Cradle Design
Suggests that products and services should be designed to
completely close the production loop, so that all resources
needed to produce them are recycled and reused rather than
discarded or left to pollute.
Identifies two components:
Technical nutrients.
Biological nutrients.
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Figure 4.1 C2C Model
Access the text alternative for slide images.
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The concept of C2C is captured in the phrase “Waste = Food.”
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Critical Thinking Question
Why is it challenging to measure how successfully a business is

practicing sustainability?
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To be most meaningful, the measures have to be able to serve as
a basis for comparisons. That is, the platforms have to meet
comparability test. Note that 3BL does not meet this criterion.
Designing a platform that can function across sectors is
difficult, since it involves many variables. Successful platforms
include the Global Reporting Initiative, the Global Compact,
and the Carbon Disclosure Project.
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Tools for Measuring Sustainability 1
United Nations Global Compact
A voluntary reporting scheme for businesses that covers cr itical
areas affecting the conduct of international business—human
rights, labor, the environment, and anticorruption efforts.
Global Reporting Initiative
Sustainability reporting framework developed among
stakeholders.
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Tools for Measuring Sustainability 2
Carbon Disclosure Project
Organization that provides reporting frameworks for
greenhouse gas emissions and water use.

Carbon Footprint
A measure of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions caused by
a product’s manufacture and use.
Water Footprint
A measure of the amount of water used in a product’s
manufacture and use.
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Figure 4.2 Context for Sustainability
Source: Adams, W. M., “The Future of Sustainability: Re-
Thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first
Century,” IUCN, January 29–31, 2006.
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Characteristics of Environmentally Sustainable Business 1
Limits as Part of the Sustainability Context
Limits address the reality that environmental resources are
exhaustible.
To recognize the limits of the earth’s atmosphere to absorb
emissions, and to incorporate this recognition into the way the
business operates, is an ecologically responsible decision that
supports sustainability.

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Interdependence as Part of the Sustainability Context
The complex relationships that sustainable practices create
among ecological, social, and economic systems, in which
actions in one of these systems may affect the other two, often
in ways that are not easily predicted.
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Equity Distribution as Part of the Sustainability Context
For system interdependence to work, there cannot be vast
differences in the distributions of gains.
Example: Fair Trade movement.
Global world demands increasing transparency.
Backward integration to gain control over supply chain.
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The Stakeholder Model for Sustainable Business 1
Stakeholder Theory
An understanding of how business operates that takes into

account all identifiable interest holders.
Managers should consider the network of tensions caused by
competing internal and external demands that surrounds the
business.
Gives all stakeholders a voice.
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The Stakeholder Model for Sustainable Business 2
Triple-bottom-line accounting (3BL)
Measures the firm’s social and environmental performance in
addition to its economic performance.
Does not allow for comparisons across companies because
measurements, especially social and environmental areas are not
standardized.
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Figure 4.5 The Company in a Societal Context
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Geography: Describing Our Natural Capital 1
Natural Capital
Natural resources such as air, land, and water that provide us
with the goods and services on which our survival depends.
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Location: Political and Trade Relationships
Location can contribute to country’s competitive advantage.
Obvious to trade with neighbors.
Austria’s political neutrality made it a good location during
Cold War.
Geographic proximity affects formation of trading groups.
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Figure 4.6 Cold War Austria
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Topography: Mountains
Separate people, impede exchange and interaction.
Results in language and culture differences.
Create regional markets, often with altitude adjustments.
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Topography: Deserts and Tropical Forests
Separate markets.
Increase cost of transportation.
Create population concentrations.
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Topography
©Ascent/PKS Media Inc./Stockbyte/Getty Images
The Central Asian Hindu Kush runs from north central Pakistan
through eastern and central Afghanistan.
©Carl & Ann Purcell/Corbis/Getty Images
The Green Wall of China, in Taipuisa, Inner Mongolia, planted
to fend off the encroaching Gobi desert.

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Topography: Bodies of Water
Attract people.
Facilitate transportation.
Inland waterways provide access to interior markets.
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Figure 4.7 World Population Map
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Climate
Meteorological conditions, including temperature, precipitation,
and wind that prevail in a region.
North-South divide: greater economic and intellectual
development has occurred in temperate climates of Northern
Europe and U.S.

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Natural Resources 1
Natural Resources
Anything supplied by nature on which people depend.
Renewable Energy
Energy that comes from sources that are naturally replenished,
such as sunlight, wind, and water flow.
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Figure 4.9 World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type, 1990 to
2040 (est.)
Source: “International Energy Outlook 2017,” U.S. Energy
Information Administration, September 14, 2017.
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Natural Resources 2
Nonrenewable Energy
Energy that comes from sources that cannot be replenished,
such as the fossil fuels—petroleum, coal, and natural gas—and
nuclear power.

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Natural Resources 3
Nonrenewable Energy Sources: Petroleum
How long will supplies last?
Oil shale has remained underdeveloped due to environmental
issues.
Heavy oil does not flow easily, produced from oil sands and oil-
bearing shale.
Fracking has opened new reserves.
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Natural Resources 4
Nonrenewable Energy Sources: Nuclear Power
Data suggests many countries expanding nuclear capacity.
Main issue is safety.
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Natural Resources 5
Nonrenewable Energy Sources: Coal
Projected to decline as energy source.

Emissions from burning coal responsible for global warming.
Nonrenewable Energy Sources: Natural Gas
Cleanest burning fossil fuel.
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Natural Resources 6
Renewable Energy Sources
Predicted to be a shift toward renewable energy sources because
either price of nonrenewable sources will become prohibitive or
nonrenewable sources will become unavailable.
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Natural Resources 7
Wind power: now a mainstream source for electricity.
Biomass: energy source is photosynthesis.
Solar Photovoltaic Power (PV): power comes from voltage
crated when certain materials are exposed to light.
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Figure 4.13 Global Wind-Generating Capacity, 2001 to 2017

Source: Global Wind Energy Council, “Global Statistics,”
http://gwec.net, accessed September 18, 2018.
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Figure 4.14 Global Solar-Installed Capacity in Gigawatts (GW),
by Region, Beginning of 2016
Europe: 90,000+
Asia: 90,000
East Asia: 80,000
North America: 30,000
South East Asia and Pacific: 10,000
South and Central Asia: 8,000
Latin America and the Caribbean: 5,000
Africa: 5,000
Middle East and North Africa: 2,000
Source: World Energy Council, “Solar Installed Capacity by
Region,” World Energy Resources 2016,
https://www.worldenergy.org, accessed September 18, 2018.
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Natural Resources 8
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP): mirrors or lenses
collect sunlight to heat water.

Geothermal Power: power from heat stored in the earth.
Ocean Energy: power from sun’s heat on the water and
mechanical energy of tides and waves.
Hydropower: draws on energy of moving water.
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Figure 4.15 Worldwide Geothermal-Generating Capacity, 2000
to 2018
Source: Geothermal Energy Association, “Current Use,”
http://geo-energy.org, accessed September 7, 2018.
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Natural Resources 9
Nonfuel Minerals
Rare earths are 17 nonfuel mineral elements used in defense
applications and in all areas of modern manufacturing.
Insufficient concentrations prevent them from being
commercially viable to mine.
China produces more than 80 percent of output.
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Global Debate
This debate centers around the subject of greenhouse gas
emissions. Scientific data shows that these emissions contribute
to global warming and, if left unchecked, could not only make
the planet hotter but could also disrupt rainfall patterns, raise
sea levels, cause more powerful storms, intensify droughts
which cause food shortages, and other extremes.
The United States produces nearly one-third of excess carbon
dioxide present in the atmosphere and recently departed from
the Paris Accord.
How might the relationship between more-developed countries
and less-developed countries be impacted by working toward a
common goal but with vastly different requirements?
Would it have been worth the time to specify what is expected
of each country and put in place ramifications if these goals are
not accomplished or attempted?
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1. Answers will vary, but one key issue is that less-developed
countries have fewer financial resources to invest in alternative
energy systems that do not emit carbon. More-developed nations
have emitted massive quantities of carbon while they became
more developed. Should less-developed countries be allowed to
do the same, or should they be required to move to less carbon
emission along with developed countries? Taking the approach
that everyone must make the change now might seem to less-
developed countries as unfair, whereas allowing them more time
to change may anger developed countries as unfair to them.

2. Students will likely have many different ideas about this.
Some may feel that very specific penalties should be given in
the accord in order to encourage compliance. However, how
would such penalties be enforced on nations? Other students
might suggest that if you make the penalties too severe, no one
would sign the accord for fear of missing their targets and
having to pay onerous penalties. But without penalties, what is
the incentive to comply with the accord’s goals?
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Get That Job! From Backpack to Briefcase
Jeremy Capdevielle
Jeremy Capdevielle took the plunge into international work by
setting out on a half-year journey of exploration once he
finished his undergraduate degree in entrepreneurship. He
worked to save money for his trip and once he decided where to
go—Panama, to begin—he went there and found jobs teaching
English, while he worked on his Spanish. When he moved on to
Ecuador, he began volunteer work with Great Aves.
Evaluate Jeremy’s advice to “challenge assumptions, observe
the things that give you joy, and continually ask yourself—What
do I love to do and how can I align this with a life that provides
for what I need?”
Courtesy of Jeremy Capdevielle
41
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This approach may be seen as “typically American” by non-
American students. It may well resonate with many American
students.
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MiniCase
The minicase “The BlueGreen Alliance: A New Way of
Sustainability Thinking” discusses how 13 of the largest unions
and environmental organizations in the United States are
partnering to build a cleaner and fairer economy. Currently the
alliance is focusing on three main issues: clean jobs, clean
infrastructure, and fair trade.
Is the BlueGreen Alliance a partnership of convenience, or does
it have the potential to build a new way of approaching
sustainability, with limits, interdependence, and equity?
Unions may prefer protectionist measures to preserve jobs. Do
you think this policy can fit a sustainable approach? Why or
why not?
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1. BlueGreen Alliance is not a partnership of convenience,
since, at least initially, they were opposed on many issues. Yet
they did find common ground, and focusing on that, grew.
Certainly it is a collaboration that has educated many in all
organizations. And it may help all to see that recognizing limits,
interdependence and equity is good for all. This is an opinion
question, yet the possibility of a new way of thinking has been
begun.
2. A protectionist approach, favoring domestic producers over
foreign producers does not initially seem to involve equity or
interdependence. So one approach to this opinion question
would be to point that out and conclude that a protectionist
approach is not compatible with a sustainable approach. One
might also argue that support of local jobs that may involve
protectionism would be a way to set limits and insure that
equity at the local level exists. What matters in the answer to

this question is a recognition that a sustainable approach
involves limits, interdependence and equity.
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End of Main Content
www.mheducation.com
Accessibility Content:
Text Alternatives for Images
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Figure 4.1 C 2 C Model – Text Alternative
Return to parent-slide containing images.
This diagram consists of two circles, one labeled biological and
the other labeled technical. The circles are joined at one side
which is labeled animal consumption and is represented by
people. The biological circle contains plants, nutrients, and
decomposers. The technical circle contains synthetic materials,
products, and manufacture.
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Figure 4.2 Context for Sustainability – Text Alternative
This diagram consists of three overlapping circles labeled:
social, economic, and environment. The characteristics of
bearable, equitable, sustainable, and viable are shown as
overlapping within these three circles. Bearable is located
within the social and environment circles. Equitable is located
within the social and economic circles. Viable is located within
the environment and economic circles. Sustainable is located
within all three circles.
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Figure 4.5 The Company in a Societal Context – Text
Alternative
The actions of a company are shown to 1. support workers and
families, 2. use communal resources, 3. provide health care and
education, 4. influence government, 5. consume limited
resources, 6. provide goods and services, 7. pollute shared
environments, 8. impact local economies.

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Figure 4.7 World Population Map – Text Alternative
Higher population concentrations are shown in southeast Asia
and parts of Africa. Mid-level population concentrations occur
in North America, South America, and western Europe.
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Figure 4.9 World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type, 1990 to
2040 (est.) – Text Alternative
Petroleum and other liquids have the highest consumption with
steady growth predicted to continue.
Coal consumption rose steadily in past decades but is predicted
to level off going forward.
Natural gas consumption is predicted to surpass coal
consumption.
Renewable energy is predicted to have the greatest growth.
Nuclear energy has stagnated and is predicted to grow only
slightly in the future.

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Figure 4.15 Worldwide Geothermal-Generating Capacity, 2000
to 2018 – Text Alternative
In the year 2000, capacity was around 8,000. Capacity has risen
steadily since then to a level of 12,013 in 2014 and jumping to
13,452 two years later in 2016.
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Political Forces That Affect Global Trade
Module 5
1
Learning Objectives
5-1 Describe the goals of nationalizing and privatizing
business.
5-2 Explain government protection and stability and their
importance to business.
5-3 Describe the role of country risk assessment in
international business.
5-4 Explain the political motivations for government
intervention in trade and the major types of government trade
restrictions.

© McGraw Hill
Linking Political and Economic Dimensions in International
Trade
Venezuela was the fifth nation to join Mercosur in 2012. One
aim of Mercosur was to strengthen democratic principles in the
region.
In 2016, presidents of Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay met to
discuss suspending Venezuela which was not meeting
membership requirements, based on examples of human rights
violations and a lack of democratic order.
Failing to meet standards within a three-month period,
Venezuela was suspended from membership.
Mercosur members clearly linked political and humanitarian
behaviors with economic benefits of international trade.
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Governments and the Ownership of Business 1
Nationalization: Why Governments Get Involved
Nationalization: the taking of private property by a government
to make it public.
Motivated by the belief that government can manage a public
good or necessity better than the private, profit-driven sector.
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Governments and the Ownership of Business 2

Privatization: Why Governments Sell Businesses
Privatization: the selling of government owned property to the
private sector to gain more efficiency in business operations, to
raise money or to change in political climate/philosophy.
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Critical Thinking Question
Why might a government-owned firm have an unfair advantage
over privately owned companies?
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A government owned firm may have advantages over private
firms in the areas of government support, taxes, reduced costs
of inputs, and subsidies, all of which could lead to lower costs.
Also, government-owned firms may have government-legislated
monopolies. They also may have preferential treatment by the
government.
6
Government Stability and Protection 1
Stability: Issues with Lack of Peace and Predictability
Stable government maintains itself in power and whose fiscal,
monetary, and political policies are predictable and not subject
to sudden, radical changes.
Instable government cannot maintain itself in power or makes
sudden, unpredictable, or radical policy changes.

Protection From Unfair Competition
Protect the economic activities of citizens.
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Government Stability and Protection 2
Protection from Terrorism, Cybercrime, and Other Threats
Terrorism: unlawful acts of violence committed for a wide
variety of reasons.
Kidnapping: provide source of operating funds for terrorists.
Piracy: hijacking and kidnapping on the seas.
Cybercrime: any illegal Internet-mediated activity that takes
place in electronic networks.
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Figure 5.2 Global Kidnapping Risk Map 2017
Source: Red24, Threat Forecast 2017, p. 61,
https://www.agcs.allianz.com, accessed September 17, 2018.
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Table 5.1 Maritime Piracy Incidents, 2013 to 2017Number of
Piracy IncidentsAfricaAsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanRest
of WorldTotal
Incidents201379167180264201455183522452015702028128120
16122101271251201715195714321
Sources: Oceans Beyond Piracy, The State of Maritime Piracy
2017, http://oceansbeyondpiracy.org/reports/sop, accessed
September 17, 2018; and ICC International Maritime Bureau,
Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships,
http://www.allaboutshipping.co.uk, accessed September 17,
2018.
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Country Risk Assessment and Countermeasures to Threats 1
Country Risk Assessment (CRA)
An assessment of a country’s economic situation and politics to
determine how much risk to employees, property, and
investment exists for the firm doing business there.
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Figure 5.3 Sample Country Risk Rankings from Economist.com

Source: “Risk Briefing,” The Economist Group, 2014.
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Country Risk Assessment and Countermeasures to Threats 2
Types of Countermeasures
Know country and region so risk-assessment is realistic.
Insurance and outsourced skills, such as hostage negotiations,
as needed to cope with crisis.
Train for daily living skills: varying driving routes, awareness
of surroundings, antiterrorism training.
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Government Intervention in Trade 1
Reasons for Restricting Trade
Provide for National Defense
Certain industries need protection from imports because they
are vital to security.
Economists say this is a weak argument and used to gain
emotional advantage.
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Reasons for Restricting Trade continued
Impose Sanctions
Inflict economic damage, punish, or encourage change of
behavior.
Seldom achieve their goal.
Produce collateral economic damage.
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Protect an Infant or Dying Industry
Give infant industries a change to grow and build comparative
advantage.
Without this, lower-cost imports will underprice in local
market.
Slow down impact of dying industry—move capital into other
sectors.
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Protect Domestic Jobs
“Cheap foreign labor” argument does not hold up—wages don’t
account for all production costs.

Argument has strong emotional appeal.
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Ensure Fair Competition
Import duty to bring cost of imports up to cost of domestic
goods.
Don’t ban imports but equalize them.
Consumer impact: import duty increases the price they pay.
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Retaliate
Dumping defined in three ways.
Selling product abroad for less than cost of production.
Selling product abroad for less than price in home market.
Selling product abroad for less than price to third-party
countries.
Predatory dumping.
Social dumping.
Environmental dumping.
19

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Retaliate continued
Subsidies: Financial contributions, provided directly or
indirectly by a government, that confer a benefit, including
grants, preferential tax treatment, and government assumption
of normal business expenses.
Countervailing duties: Additional import taxes levied on
imports that have benefited from export subsidies.
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Figure 5.4 Agricultural Producer Support by Country, Selected
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development and
Developing Nations
Source: “Agricultural Support,” OECD, 2017.
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Global Debate
This debate centers around the subject of sugar subsidies and

questions whether they are “sweet for producers but sour for
food manufacturers and consumers.”
U.S. sugar tariffs went into place in 1789 and sugar imports are
currently limited by quotas. These protect a relatively small
group of growers in 18 states and costs U.S. consumers and
businesses an estimated $4 billion a year.
Sugar accounts for less than one percent of U.S. agricultural
sales but have received an estimated 17 percent of all
agricultural political contributions since 1990. Some note this
as “a very effective lobby.”
Should sugar continue to be a protected commodity?
Should the U.S. consumer continue to fund protection for U.S.
sugar farmers? Why or why not?
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1. This question’s response rests on the cogency of the
argument. U.S. consumers pay usually more than twice the
world market price for their sugar, and thus, higher prices for
sugar-intense goods. Free markets would be more in line with
the U.S. cultural values. Sugar farmers are a small part of the
agricultural sector and would take the hit and be forced to
adjust to worldwide efficiencies or find something else to farm.
The protection for sugar is political and has been a part of U.S.
trade policy since 1789. So it is an entrenched practice. For this
practice, sugar users have been paying. There would be an
adjustment required were the U.S. to move to the global market,
and that may have a political price that politicians, who
influence the trade policy, may not be willing to pay.
2. Most responses to this question may well lead toward non-
protection, because such trade distortions are funded by
consumers, they protect the U.S. farmers’ inefficient operations,

and they increase business costs. All of the standard arguments
for protection could support an argument that U.S. sugar
farmers should be protected.
22
Tariff Barriers
Tariffs
Taxes on imported goods for the purpose of raising their price
to reduce competition for local producers or stimulate local
production.
Ad Valorem Duty
An import duty levied as a percentage of the invoice value of
imported goods.
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Tariff Barriers continued
Specific Duty
A fixed sum levied on a physical unit of an imported good.
Compound Duty
A combination of specific and ad valorem duties.
Variable Levy
An import duty set at the difference between world market
prices and local government-supported prices.
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Nontariff Barriers
NTBs are all forms of discrimination against imports other than
import duties.
Quantitative Barriers
Numerical limits for specific goods imported during specific
period.
Voluntary Export Restraints
VERs are export quotas imposed by exporting nation.
Orderly marketing arrangements are formal agreements.
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Nontariff Barriers continued
Nonquantitative Nontariff Barriers
Direct government participation in trade.
Customs and other administrative procedures.
Government and private standards.
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Get That Job! From Backpack to Briefcase
Fernando Villanueva
Fernando Villanueva shares his transition from undergraduate
studies to international work. His approach began in high school

and involved study in France. After graduation, he took a
traineeship with AIESEC, a student-run international nonprofit
organization that provides leadership training and internship
opportunities. His adjustment difficulties in his overseas
assignment had to do with recognizing that his cultural
assumptions were not always shared and that he could learn
rather than teach.
Would you consider an international internship, traineeship, or
volunteer position to build your global mind-set? Share your
strategy for developing your international management skills.
Courtesy of Fernando Villanueva
27
© McGraw Hill
Most students will have begun to think through these questions
and will be able to share their developing strategy. For those
who have not begun this process, this question can serve to
motivate them. Discussion in class can be helpful, since, for
many students not raised in an internationally minded
environment, such a first step can be challenging.
27
MiniCase
The minicase “Chocolate: Is Your Treat the Result of Unfair
Labor and the Exploitation of Child Labor?” explores the
question of the use of child slave labor on the Ivory Coast.
Nearly 60 percent of the world’s cocoa comes from the Ivory
Coast where it is estimated that more than 500,000 children
work in hazardous conditions, many of which are thought to be
victims of human trafficking. It’s highly likely that all
chocolate treats enjoyed by consumers have their start on the
Ivory Coast.
Should labor practices in another country be a relevant

consideration in international trade? Why or why not?
With regard to trade in products such as cocoa, what options are
available to governments, businesses, and consumers for dealing
with practices such as child labor or slave labor in other
countries? What are the implications associated with each of
these options?
How would international trade theorists view the Fair Trade
movement?
28
© McGraw Hill
1. This question offers an opportunity for students to reason
through the ethical issues and the business realities of child
labor. One approach is to position the late economist
Friedman’s position on social responsibility of business (the
fiduciary responsibility to shareholders to achieve the best
possible business results within a legal framework) against a
broader notion of the social responsibility of business, such as
the stakeholder theory.
From a pragmatic view, the Internet and increased monitoring of
corporate activities by watchdog groups, including the UN
suggests that consumers may demand greater levels of social
responsibility. Rather than face boycotts, trade sanctions, and
certification requirements, businesses may want to meet
consumer expectations for social responsibility before such
responsibility becomes legislated.
2. Governments can establish trade boycotts and certification
requirements. These approaches carry compliance costs to the
business and slow down or constrain the movement of supplies.
They could also increase the cost of the raw materials.
Businesses can self-regulate, and this approach could create a
win-win situation. The child labor situation could be addressed

over time, to include child education and training. Product costs
would increase, but these costs consumers are willing to pay.
Consumers can show their support for humane work conditions
through fair-trade organizations and their own shopping and
consumption patterns.
3. The Fair Trade movement could be understood as an
international subsidy to farmers from their consumers. The
subsidy depends on the farmers’ following certain social,
environmental and labor practices.
28
End of Main Content
www.mheducation.com
Accessibility Content:
Text Alternatives for Images
30
© McGraw Hill
Figure 5.2 Global Kidnapping Risk Map 2017 – Text
Alternative
Countries with the lowest risk include North America,
Australia, Mongolia, Western Europe, and Japan.

Countries with a moderate risk include Argentina, Russia,
China, India, Iran, Turkey, and parts of Africa.
Countries with the highest risk include Libya, Afghanistan,
Yemen, Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and parts of
Africa.
31
© McGraw Hill
31
Figure 5.3 Sample Country Risk Rankings from Economist.com
– Text Alternative
The countries are ranked from highest to lowest with 100 equal
to the highest level of operational risk.
Somalia ranks highest at 85.
Venezuela, Yemen, Congo, and Libya rank between 80 and 85.
North Korea, Iraq, Sudan, and Afghanistan rank between 70 and
80.
Nigeria ranks at 65.
Russia ranks at 50.
China and Mexico ranks at 45.
United States ranks at 20.
Singapore ranks lowest at 10.
32
© McGraw Hill

32
Figure 5.4 Agricultural Producer Support by Country, Selected
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development and
Developing Nations – Text Alternative
Producer support is lowest in Australia, New Zealand, South
Africa, Brazil, Mexico, and the United States.
It is slightly higher in Canada, China, the European Union,
Israel, and Russia.
It is the highest in Iceland, Japan, Korea, Norway, and
Switzerland.
33
© McGraw Hill
33
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Please follow book
Module 4-page 118
Module 5-page 145

Critical Thinking Questions - Due Oct 3 (11:55 pm CST)
Respond to the following questions on page 118: Questions
number 1, 3, 4, 8, 9; page 145: Questions number 1, 3, 5, 8, 12.
The questions are located at the end of Modules 4 and 5 under
"Critical Thinking Questions." Please respond with complete
sentences.
[removed]

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