it talks about earth science

2. Physical Science
- The sciences concerned with the study
of inanimate natural objects, including
physics, chemistry, astronomy and earth
science.

3. •The all embracing term that
constitutes to the study of origin,
properties and characteristics of
earth.
Earth Science

11. •Earthquake-A sudden ground motion or vibration
produced by a rapid release of stored-up energy.
•Epicenter-The point on the Earth's surface located
directly above the focus of an earthquake.
•Focus-The location where the earthquake begins.
The ground ruptures at this spot, then seismic
waves radiate outward in all directions.

12. • Fault - is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of
rock, across which there has been significant displacement
as a result of rock-mass movement.
• FAULT PLANE is the plane that represents the fracture
surface of a fault
• FAULT TRACE OR FAULT LINE is a place where the fault can
be seen or mapped on the surface.

14. •P- waves – these are waves that can
travel through solid and liquid.
•S-waves- These are waves that can only
travel through solid only.
This means the liquid part of the core
blocks the passage of S-waves

15.  Atmosphere (Air)
The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds
Earth. The air we breathe is part of the atmosphere.
The atmosphere also protects Earth from much of
the sun’s harmful radiation.
About 78% of Earth’s atmosphere is
nitrogen gas. About 21% is oxygen gas.
The rest is made up of other gases, such
as argon and carbon dioxide.

16.  Hydrosphere (Water)
All the water on Earth makes up the hydrosphere.
Almost all the water in the hydrosphere is salty.
(97%)
Only 3% is fresh water.
Fresh water is found in streams, lakes, and
rivers. It is also frozen in glaciers and the polar
ice sheets and is found underground in soil and
bedrock.

17. The Earth’s Subsystems
 Lithosphere (Geosphere-Earth)
The lithosphere includes the crust and upper mantle
which forms the solid outer layers of the Earth.
Some natural processes, such as volcanic
eruptions, bring matter from Earth’s interior to
its surface. Other natural processes move
surface matter into Earth’s interior.

18.  Biosphere (Life)
The biosphere is made up of all Earth’s living
things.
Organic matter from dead organisms is also part of
the biosphere.
Once this organic matter has decomposed, it
becomes part of the other three spheres.
The biosphere extends from within Earth’s crust to
a few kilometers above Earth’s surface.

19. Geological Time Scale

22. Rocks & Mineral

23. Mineral Properties: Hardness
•Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to
scratching.
•Hardness is dependent on the strength of a
mineral’s chemical bonds.
•Bond strength is determined by ionic charge,
atom (or ion) size, and packing.
•The Mohs Scale compares the hardness of
different minerals.

24. Mineral Properties: Hardness

25. Mineral Properties: Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage is the property of
a mineral to break along
planes of weakness.
•Planes of weakness are
determined by crystal
structure and bond
strength.

26. Mineral Properties: fracture
Fracture occurs in
minerals where bond
strength is generally
the same in all
directions.
•Minerals that fracture
do not exhibit
cleavage.

27. Mineral Properties: Color
•Color is an obvious feature for many minerals, but it
is not reliable for mineral identification.
•Chemical impurities can change a mineral’s color.
•A mineral may occur in many color variations or be
colorless.

28. Mineral Properties: Density
Density is the ratio of a mineral’s mass to its volume.
In simple terms, it is how heavy a mineral feels for its size
(volume).

29. Classification of Rock-Forming Minerals
There are two classifications
of minerals:
—Silicate minerals
—Nonsilicate minerals
Silicate minerals make
up more than 90% of the
Earth’s crust.

30. Classification of Rock-Forming Minerals
Silicate minerals are made up of silicon (Si) and
oxygen (O) atoms, along with other elements (Al,
Mg, Fe, Mn, and Ti).

31. Classification of Rock-Forming Minerals
The Silicates are divided into two
groups:
•Ferromagnesian silicates
—Contain iron and/or magnesium
—Tend to have high density and are
darkly colored
•Nonferromagnesian silicates
—No iron or magnesium
—Tend to have low density and are
light in color

32. Classification of Rock-Forming Minerals
Nonsilicate minerals make up about 8% of
Earth’s crust.
•Carbonate minerals
• Calcite, dolomite
•Oxide minerals
• Ore minerals—hematite, magnetite, chromite
•Sulfide minerals
• Ore minerals—pyrite, galena

33. Classification of Rock-Forming Minerals
•Sulfate minerals
•Gypsum, anhydrate
•Native elements
•Gold, platinum, iron

34. Rock Types
A rock is an aggregate of minerals—a physical mixture. The
three categories of rock reflect how they were formed:
•Igneous
Formed from cooling and crystallization of magma or lava

35. Rock Types
•Sedimentary
Formed from preexisting rocks subjected to
weathering and erosion

36. Rock Types
•Metamorphic
Formed from preexisting rock transformed by
heat, pressure, or chemical fluids

38. Igneous rocks
•Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and
crystallization of magma or lava.
•Role of heat: induce melting points
•Role of pressure: reduced pressure lowers the melting
temperature of rock
•Role of fluids: fluids (primarily water) cause rocks to
melt at lower temperatures.

39. Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks are products of 4 processes:
•Weathering
•Erosion
•Deposition
•Sedimentation

40. 1) clay = “layer silicates that are formed as products of chemical
weathering of other silicate minerals at the earth's surface. They are
found most often in shales, the most common type of sedimentary rock.”
2) silt = rock worn into tiny pieces (coarser than clay, but finer than
sand). usually 1/20 millimeter or less in diameter
3) sand = quartz or silica worn down over time. grains with diameters
between 0.06 mm to 2 mm
4) organic matter (humus)
5) Loam = soil containing a mixture of clay, sand, silt and humus. Good
for growing most crops.

41. 1) Clay -  porosity  permeability,  retention
2) Silt -  porosity,  permeability, retention
3) Sand -  porosity,  permeability,  retention
4) Organic matter -  porosity,  permeability,  retention
Porosity - volume of water that “fits between” the soil particles
Permeability - rate of flow of water through soil
% retention - how much water is “trapped” by soil
Porosity and Permeability are directly related; when one is high, the other is
high as well. % water retention is inversely related to both.