This document discusses electromagnetic induction, which occurs when a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor. It can be caused by moving a conductor through a stationary magnetic field or placing a conductor in a changing magnetic field. The induced emf will generate a current if the conductor forms a closed circuit. Faraday's laws of induction state that an emf is induced whenever the magnetic flux through a circuit changes. The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux. Several examples and problems are provided to illustrate these principles.

1. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

2. Introduction.
Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of
voltage production (electromotive force) due to a changing
magnetic field.
This either happens when a conductor is placed in a moving
magnetic field (when using an AC power source) or when a
conductor is constantly moving in a stationary magnetic
field.

3. Cont. ..
• When a conductor is moved across a magnetic field so as to cut through
the lines of force (or flux), an electromotive force (e.m.f.) is produced in
the conductor.
• If the conductor forms part of a closed circuit then the e.m.f. produced
causes an electric current to flow round the circuit. Hence an e.m.f. (and
thus current) is ‘induced’ in the conductor as a result of its movement
across the magnetic field.
• This effect is known as ‘electromagnetic induction’.

4. NOTE.
• It is the relative movement of the magnetic flux
and the coil that causes an e.m.f., and thus current,
to be induced in the coil.

5. Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
• Faraday’s∗ laws of electromagnetic induction state:
i. An induced e.m.f. is set up whenever the magnetic
field linking that circuit changes.
ii. The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in any circuit is
proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic
flux linking the circuit.

6. • From (Faraday’s Second Law)
• The induced e.m.f. e, is given by
• Where B, the flux density, is measured in tesla, l, the length
of conductor in the magnetic field, is measured in metres,
and v, the conductor velocity, is measured in metres per
second.
e Blv


7. • If the conductor moves at an angle θ ◦ to the magnetic
field (instead of at 90◦, as assumed above) then

8. Problem 1.
• A conductor 300 mm long moves at a uniform speed of 4
m/s at right-angles to a uniform magnetic field of flux
density 1.25 T. Determine the current flowing in the
conductor when
a. its ends are open-circuited,
b. its ends are connected to a load of 20 Ω resistance.

9. Problem 2
• A conductor moves with a velocity of 15 m/s at an angle
of (a) 90◦, (b) 60◦ and (c) 30◦ to a magnetic field
produced between two square-faced poles of side length
2 cm. If the flux leaving a pole face is 5μWb, find the
magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in each case.

10. Cont. ..
• Lenz’s∗ law states:
• The direction of an induced e.m.f. is always such that it
tends to set up a current opposing the motion or the
change of flux responsible for inducing that e.m.f.

11. Inductance
• Inductance is the name given to the property of a circuit
whereby there is an e.m.f. induced into the circuit by the
change of flux linkages produced by a current change.
• When the e.m.f. is induced in the same circuit as that in
which the current is changing, the property is called self
inductance, L.

12. Cont. ..
• When the e.m.f. is induced in a circuit by a change of flux
due to current changing in an adjacent circuit, the
property is called mutual inductance, M.
• The Unit of Inductance is Henry, H

13. Cont. ..
• Induced e.m.f. in a coil of N turns,
• Where Ø is the change in flux in Weber, and dt is the time
taken for the flux to change in seconds

14. Cont.
Factors that influence this voltage production.
 Number of Coils: The induced voltage is directly proportional to
the number of turns/coils of the wire. Greater the number of
turns, greater is voltage produced
 Changing Magnetic Field: Changing magnetic field affects the
induced voltage. This can be done by either moving the magnetic
field around the conductor or moving the conductor in the
magnetic field.

15. Cont. ..
• Induced e.m.f. in a coil of Inductance, L,
• where dI is the change in current in amperes and dt is the
time taken for the current to change in seconds

16. Cont. ..
• The minus sign in each of the above two equations remind
us of its direction (given by Lenz’s law).

17. Problem 3
a. Determine the e.m.f. induced in a coil of 200 turns
when there is a change of flux of 25 mWb linking with
it in 50 ms.
b. A flux of 400μWb passing through a 150-turn coil is
reversed in 40 ms. Find the average e.m.f. induced.

18. Problem 4
a. Calculate the e.m.f. induced in a coil of inductance 12
H by a current changing at the rate of 4 A/s.
b. An e.m.f. of 1.5 kV is induced in a coil when a current
of 4 A collapses uniformly to zero in 8 ms. Determine
the inductance of the coil.

19. INDUCTOR
• An inductor is a passive component that is used in most
power electronic circuits to store energy in the form of
magnetic energy when electricity is applied to it. The inductor
is also called a choke, reactor or just coil.
• A component called an inductor is used when the property of
inductance is required in a circuit. The basic form of an
inductor is simply a coil of wire.

20. Cont. ..
• Factors which affect the inductance of an inductor include:
a. the number of turns of wire – the more turns the higher the inductance
b. the cross-sectional area of the coil of wire – the greater the cross-sectional
area the higher the inductance
c. the presence of a magnetic core – when the coil is wound on an iron core the
same current sets up a more concentrated magnetic field and the inductance
is increased
d. the way the turns are arranged – a short, thick coil of wire has a higher
inductance than a long, thin one.

21. Inductance of a coil
• If a current changing from 0 to I amperes produces a flux
change from 0 to 𝛷 Webers, then dI=I and d𝛷 = 𝛷,

22. Problem 5
• A silicon iron ring is wound with 800 turns, the ring having a
mean diameter of 120 mm and a cross-sectional area of 400
square-mm . If when carrying a current of 0.5 A the relative
permeability is found to be 3000, calculate
a. the self inductance of the coil,
b. the induced e.m.f. if the current is reduced to zero in 80
ms.

23. Energy Stored
• An inductor possesses an ability to store energy. The
energy stored, W , in the magnetic field of an inductor is
given by:

24. Problem 6
a. An 8 H inductor has a current of 3 A flowing through it. How
much energy is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor?
b. A flux of 25 mWb links with a 1500 turn coil when a current of
3 A passes through the coil. Calculate
i. the inductance of the coil,
ii. the energy stored in the magnetic field and
iii. the average e.m.f. induced if the current falls to zero in 150
ms.

25. Cont.
• Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
i. AC generators work on the principle of electromagnetic
induction.
ii. The working of electrical transformers are based on
electromagnetic induction.
iii. The magnetic flow meter is based on electromagnetic
induction.

26. MUTUAL INDUTANCE