.--------------411
7
Mandeponay: Chiriguano Indian
Chief in the Franciscan Missions
Erick D. Langer
Bolivia enjoyed a rather splendid isolation during the quarter of a
century following independence in 1825. The Catholic Church, the
state, and elites generaiiy ignored the country's indigenous popula-
tion as long as the Indians paid tribute, which was the principal source
of government revenue in the first years of the republic. By midcentury,
an economic renaissance had begun. Foreign and local capital re-
vived silver mining and made possibie some agricultural expansion.
Greater profitability of commercial farming naturally inflated the value
of land and threatened the isolated harmony of many Indian commu-
nities. By what tactics could the Indians guarantee their economic
and cultural survival?
Passive accommodation would mean the rapid loss of land and
of cultural autonomy, and the transformation of independent farmers
into a pool of reserve day workers for plantations owned by others.
Rebellion would mean even quicker destruction. Ethnic and regional
differences among those whom others termed Indians also limited
the possibility of real unity among Bolivia's indigenous people. The
state, even if it had wanted to protect the indigenous population, in-
creasingly embraced a laissez-faire ideology that tacitly favored the
wealthy and powerful. Individuals such as Manuel Isidro Belzu in
Bolivia and Juan Bustamante in Peru, who tried to enact reforms,
met with derision from their recaicitrant colleagues and even death.
Mandeponay, chief of the Chiriguano Indians from 1868 until 1904,
combined the skills of a caudiiio and of a traditional chieftain. The
Chiriguano chief found a solution that worked-for a while. He invited
one powerful institution, the Church, to place a check on the encroach-
ments of the government and the elite. Still, the Franciscan fathers
pacified as they protected, and their exhortations to the Indians to be
good Christians and good citizens ultimately undermined the cultural
autonomy of Mandeponay's people. So, too, did Mandeponay's policy
of encouraging Indian migration to Argentina to seek jobs. In the short
run, it gave the Indians independence, but in the long run, it threat-
ened communal unity.
We cannot but admire the wily stratagems of a proud chief
who secured the best deal he could for his people and himself in a
93
w
94 The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America
changing world. Yet as historians we might ask what Mandeponay's
story tells us about the "development of underdevelopment." Howand
why did the modernization of Bolivia contribute to increasingmisery
in the countryside?
Erick Langer, associate professor of history at Carnegie-Mellon
University and adjunct associate professor at the UniversityofPitts-
burgh, received his doctorate at Stanford University. He has done
research on the rural society, ethnicity, and economy of southern
Bolivia. His published works include Economic Change and R ...
The document discusses the history of Ecuador after it gained independence from Gran Colombia in 1830. It describes how Ecuador struggled due to war damage and internal divisions. President Garcia Moreno took control in the 1860s and sought to "civilize" the indigenous population through Catholicism and coercive labor policies to fuel infrastructure projects. While tribute was ended in 1857, indigenous peoples still faced exploitation and loss of autonomy well into the late 19th century as Ecuadorian conservatives pursued economic modernization.
The document discusses the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire from multiple perspectives. It acknowledges that some see the conquest as a glorious feat, but argues that the rapid fall was actually due to the empire's internal crisis and divisions. The Spanish conquistadors were supported by local tribes who collaborated against the Inca. Diseases brought by the Spanish also devastated the indigenous populations. The document examines the transition from conquest to colonization and the roles of the initial conquistadors, colonists born in Spain, and Creole colonists born in the Americas. It also discusses ongoing indigenous resistance and the peoples' efforts to maintain their communities, customs and identities despite domination.
US History Essay
Essay on Modern American History
Early American History Essay
ch 12 us history Essay
Ap Us History Dbq
American History Essay
History Essay
1) Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas while attempting to establish a new trade route to Asia for Spain, unintentionally discovering lands unknown to Europeans.
2) Indigenous populations in pre-Columbian Latin America varied greatly and were classified as sedentary, semi-sedentary, or non-sedentary based on their lifestyles and social structures.
3) After conquest, sedentary groups faced exploitation of their labor for mining and agriculture to benefit the Spanish crown, resulting in a dramatic decline in indigenous populations over subsequent centuries.
The document provides background information on wars in Latin America during the 19th century. It discusses reasons for conflicts such as caudilloism, disputes over resources, and interventions by other countries or groups. It also profiles Juan Manuel de Rosas, a dictator of Argentina, and the tensions between provincial and port-based groups in Argentina. The roles of caudillos and gauchos in Latin American conflicts are outlined.
The indigenous people of the Americas had complex societies prior to European contact, but their populations and cultures were devastated by diseases brought by colonizers and the disruption of their ways of life. Native leaders like Opechancanough tried to maintain their people's traditions and autonomy in the face of English colonization efforts. Similarly, Diego Vasicuio and other priests worked to preserve indigenous religious beliefs despite Spanish attempts to convert native Mexicans to Catholicism. Over time, some native groups were able to establish trading relationships with colonists, though many lost their lands and many were enslaved or killed as European colonial powers exploited the Americas.
Discussion Question(s)Why do you think that Native Allies and Af.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(s)
Why do you think that Native Allies and African Conquistadors were not mentioned in European accounts of the conquest? Do you think it was intentional or unintentional? Why?
Portrayals of Malintzin have been unfair to her, historically. My question is this: why do you think the stories have been so unfair to her, while Cortes and other conquistadors are either rewarded or ignored for actually carrying out the conquest?
How do your readings connect to either of these questions?
Lecture 3- Steamrolling?
"Malintzin was the indigenous woman who translated for Hernando Cortés in his dealings with the Aztec emperor Moctezuma in the days of 1519 to 1521. "Malintzin," at least, was what the Indians called her. The Spanish called her doña Marina, and she has become known to posterity as La Malinche. As Malinche, she has long been regarded as a traitor to her people, a dangerously sexy, scheming woman who gave Cortés whatever he wanted out of her own self-interest.
The life of the real woman, however, was much more complicated. She was sold into slavery as a child, and eventually given away to the Spanish as a concubine and cook. If she managed to make something more out of her life--and she did--it is difficult to say at what point she did wrong."
Actually, that is a good question: what did she do wrong? Not much, it turns out-- having been sold by her family, and again by the subsequent owners, exactly what kind of loyalty was she supposed to have? Who was it that she was supposed to not "sell out?" No one, it turns out. Historians today know that she was doing her best to stay alive, and make a life for herself, and given her situation and life experiences, it is hard to expect anything more.
For me, at least, this raises a simple question: why are people in such a hurry to blame Malintzin for the conquest, when, in fact, they should be blaming the Spanish? Why did the blame shift to her, instead of where it should have been-- on Cortes and his men? Just curious.
The Indigenous Allies:
Check out this Prezi presentation! Short and sweet! Think about it alongside your readings! (Links to an external site.)
ñ
Spanish, Slavery, and Encomiendas (Early Colonial Period)
In U.S. History, people debate quite a lot about the plight of Native Americans. Some people believe that Native Americans were given a chance to be a part of the developing American culture, others say they were not. Still others, citing the diminishing numbers of Native Americans and the active role that the U.S. government and its white citizens took in killing and displacing Native Americans, call it genocide. In Latin America, it is a little more complicated.
The removal, displacement, and murder of Native Americans is undeniable in U.S. history, but such actions did not take place in Mexico, or other parts of Latin America, at least not on the same scale. The reason for this is that the goals of the British and the Spanish were different wh.
The document discusses the history of Ecuador after it gained independence from Gran Colombia in 1830. It describes how Ecuador struggled due to war damage and internal divisions. President Garcia Moreno took control in the 1860s and sought to "civilize" the indigenous population through Catholicism and coercive labor policies to fuel infrastructure projects. While tribute was ended in 1857, indigenous peoples still faced exploitation and loss of autonomy well into the late 19th century as Ecuadorian conservatives pursued economic modernization.
The document discusses the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire from multiple perspectives. It acknowledges that some see the conquest as a glorious feat, but argues that the rapid fall was actually due to the empire's internal crisis and divisions. The Spanish conquistadors were supported by local tribes who collaborated against the Inca. Diseases brought by the Spanish also devastated the indigenous populations. The document examines the transition from conquest to colonization and the roles of the initial conquistadors, colonists born in Spain, and Creole colonists born in the Americas. It also discusses ongoing indigenous resistance and the peoples' efforts to maintain their communities, customs and identities despite domination.
US History Essay
Essay on Modern American History
Early American History Essay
ch 12 us history Essay
Ap Us History Dbq
American History Essay
History Essay
1) Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas while attempting to establish a new trade route to Asia for Spain, unintentionally discovering lands unknown to Europeans.
2) Indigenous populations in pre-Columbian Latin America varied greatly and were classified as sedentary, semi-sedentary, or non-sedentary based on their lifestyles and social structures.
3) After conquest, sedentary groups faced exploitation of their labor for mining and agriculture to benefit the Spanish crown, resulting in a dramatic decline in indigenous populations over subsequent centuries.
The document provides background information on wars in Latin America during the 19th century. It discusses reasons for conflicts such as caudilloism, disputes over resources, and interventions by other countries or groups. It also profiles Juan Manuel de Rosas, a dictator of Argentina, and the tensions between provincial and port-based groups in Argentina. The roles of caudillos and gauchos in Latin American conflicts are outlined.
The indigenous people of the Americas had complex societies prior to European contact, but their populations and cultures were devastated by diseases brought by colonizers and the disruption of their ways of life. Native leaders like Opechancanough tried to maintain their people's traditions and autonomy in the face of English colonization efforts. Similarly, Diego Vasicuio and other priests worked to preserve indigenous religious beliefs despite Spanish attempts to convert native Mexicans to Catholicism. Over time, some native groups were able to establish trading relationships with colonists, though many lost their lands and many were enslaved or killed as European colonial powers exploited the Americas.
Discussion Question(s)Why do you think that Native Allies and Af.docxduketjoy27252
Discussion Question(s)
Why do you think that Native Allies and African Conquistadors were not mentioned in European accounts of the conquest? Do you think it was intentional or unintentional? Why?
Portrayals of Malintzin have been unfair to her, historically. My question is this: why do you think the stories have been so unfair to her, while Cortes and other conquistadors are either rewarded or ignored for actually carrying out the conquest?
How do your readings connect to either of these questions?
Lecture 3- Steamrolling?
"Malintzin was the indigenous woman who translated for Hernando Cortés in his dealings with the Aztec emperor Moctezuma in the days of 1519 to 1521. "Malintzin," at least, was what the Indians called her. The Spanish called her doña Marina, and she has become known to posterity as La Malinche. As Malinche, she has long been regarded as a traitor to her people, a dangerously sexy, scheming woman who gave Cortés whatever he wanted out of her own self-interest.
The life of the real woman, however, was much more complicated. She was sold into slavery as a child, and eventually given away to the Spanish as a concubine and cook. If she managed to make something more out of her life--and she did--it is difficult to say at what point she did wrong."
Actually, that is a good question: what did she do wrong? Not much, it turns out-- having been sold by her family, and again by the subsequent owners, exactly what kind of loyalty was she supposed to have? Who was it that she was supposed to not "sell out?" No one, it turns out. Historians today know that she was doing her best to stay alive, and make a life for herself, and given her situation and life experiences, it is hard to expect anything more.
For me, at least, this raises a simple question: why are people in such a hurry to blame Malintzin for the conquest, when, in fact, they should be blaming the Spanish? Why did the blame shift to her, instead of where it should have been-- on Cortes and his men? Just curious.
The Indigenous Allies:
Check out this Prezi presentation! Short and sweet! Think about it alongside your readings! (Links to an external site.)
ñ
Spanish, Slavery, and Encomiendas (Early Colonial Period)
In U.S. History, people debate quite a lot about the plight of Native Americans. Some people believe that Native Americans were given a chance to be a part of the developing American culture, others say they were not. Still others, citing the diminishing numbers of Native Americans and the active role that the U.S. government and its white citizens took in killing and displacing Native Americans, call it genocide. In Latin America, it is a little more complicated.
The removal, displacement, and murder of Native Americans is undeniable in U.S. history, but such actions did not take place in Mexico, or other parts of Latin America, at least not on the same scale. The reason for this is that the goals of the British and the Spanish were different wh.
NRS-493 Individual Success PlanREQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS 100 Direct.docxhoney725342
NRS-493 Individual Success Plan
REQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS: 100 Direct Clinical Experience (50 hours community/50 hours leadership) – 25 Indirect Clinical Experience Hours.
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Complete Contact Information
Student Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Course Faculty Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Practicum Preceptor Information
Practice Setting
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
ISP Instructions
Use this form to develop your Individual Success Plan (ISP) for NRS-493, the Professional Capstone and Practicum course. An individual success plan maps out what you, the RN-to-BSN student, needs to accomplish in order to be successful as you work through this course and complete your overall program of study. You will also share this with your preceptor at the beginning and end of this course so that he or she will know what you need to accomplish.
In this ISP, you will identify all of the objectives and assignments relating to the 100 direct clinical practice experience hours and the 25 indirect clinical practice hours you need to complete by the end of this course. Use this template to specify the date by which you will complete each assignment. Your plan should include a self-assessment of how you met all applicable GCU RN-to-BSN Domains & Competencies (see Appendix A). General Requirements
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of each assignment as it pertains to deliverables due in this course:
· Use the Individual Success Plan to develop a personal plan for completing your clinical practice experience hours and self-assess how you will meet the GCU RN-to-BSN University Mission Critical Competencies and the Programmatic Domains & Competencies (Appendix A) related to that course.
Show all of the major deliverables in the course, the topic/course objectives that apply to each deliverable, and lastly, align each deliverable to the applicable University Mission Critical Competencies and the course-specific Domains and Competencies (see Appendix A).
Completing your ISP does not earn clinical practice experience hours, nor does telephone conference time, or time spent with your preceptor.
· Within the Individual Success Plan, ensure you identify all graded course assignments and indirect clinical assignments listed in the table on the next page.
Topic
Graded Assignment
Indirect Clinical Assignments
Topic 1
1. Individual Success Plan
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of potential topics for the change proposal
Topic 2
1. Topic Selection Approval Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Search the literature for supporting journal articles
2. Summary of topic category; community or leadership
Topic 3
1. PICOT Question Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of objectives
Topic 4
1. Literature Evaluation Table
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of measurable outcomes
Topic 5
1. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Summary of the strategic plan
2. Midterm E.
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throu.docxhoney725342
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throughout its long history before the evolution of humans and certainly before the Industrial Revolutions.In terms of the oceans and the Earth's whole history then could you find information to support the coal and oil industry's claims that we're NOT the cause of climate change? Do some research and cite other factors in climate besides CO2 levels that would support your claims. Also read the attached article about the controversy. Remember too that there is a lot of money and certainly politics involved in this issue. Some scientists have built their whole careers on trying to prove or disprove the human connections to global warming.
As you'll see when you do your research the figures for sea-level rise are all over the place. That's because they're based on models that are even more complex than hurricane tracking models (they drive even supercomputers nuts).
Now the term
"sea-level"
is relative. If you check a geologic map you'll see that just about every piece of land on Earth has been underwater at least once. That's why sedimentary rocks are the most common type of land surface rock. Sea-level has been up and down thousands of times in the Earth's long history. We're just living on the "latest edition" of our planet. Also the one thing that I want everybody to learn from this course: we live on the Earth and we certainly affect it but
we
DO NOT control it
even though we like to think we do. We're just riding this wet rock through space.
As for the continuing scientific controversy check out this recent article:
Climate panel: warming 'extremely likely' man-made
.
NR224 Fundamentals SkillsTopic Safety Goals BOOK P.docxhoney725342
This document discusses a nursing fundamentals skills assignment on safety goals. The assignment introduces students to the National Patient Safety Goals developed by The Joint Commission, specifically the Speak Up Initiatives program, which is designed to empower patients to take an active role in their own healthcare safety by speaking up about concerns. The document provides guidelines for the assignment and references a nursing fundamentals textbook for further information.
Clinical mentors were interviewed about their experiences mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students. Mentors stated that empathy motivated them but they experienced a lack of support which caused strain. While mentors initially had fears of unknown cultures, positive mentoring experiences reduced this fear. Continuous education on intercultural communication could help mentors develop expertise to benefit students, patients, and staff.
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s.docxhoney725342
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise architecture, Justin wants to move forward with developing privacy policies to ensure videos aren’t distributed or uploaded to the net without the consent of the people in them. This opens a much larger conversation: Devil’s Canyon is also in need of a complete security plan, as well as risk assessments.
In a 2- to 3-page rationale and table,
prepare
the following information to present to the Devil’s Canyon team:
Explain the relationship between policies and security plans. Identify potential policy needs, noting Justin’s privacy policy, in relation to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise structure.
Outline the importance of a security plan in relation to security roles and safeguards.
Analyze at least 5 security-related risks/threats that Devil’s Canyon may face.
Assess the probability and impact to the Devil’s Canyon if each risk occurs. Based on these two factors, determine the overall risk level. For purposes of this assignment, evaluate and categorize each factor as low, medium, or high, and create a table to illustrate the risks. For example, a risk/threat with a low likelihood of occurrence and a high impact would represent an overall medium risk.
Consider digital elements mentioned in the designing of the enterprise architecture, such as software, hardware, proposed security measures, smart lift tickets, web cam systems, and smartphones.
.
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 .docxhoney725342
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 1
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
Required Uniform Assignment: We Can, but Dare We?
PURPOSE
The purpose of this assignment is to investigate smartphone and social media use in healthcare and to
apply professional, ethical, and legal principles to their appropriate use in healthcare technology.
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
• CO #4: Investigate safeguards and decision‐making support tools embedded in patient
care technologies and information systems to support a safe practice environment for
both patients and healthcare workers. (PO 4)
• CO #6: Discuss the principles of data integrity, professional ethics, and legal
requirements related to data security, regulatory requirements, confidentiality, and
client’s right to privacy. (PO 6)
• CO #8: Discuss the value of best evidence as a driving force to institute change in the
delivery of nursing care (PO 8)
DUE DATE
See Course Schedule in Syllabus. The college’s Late Assignment Policy applies to this activity.
TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE
This assignment is worth a total of 240 points.
Requirements
1. Research, compose, and type a scholarly paper based on the scenario described below, and
choose a conclusion scenario to discuss within the body of your paper. Reflect on lessons
learned in this class about technology, privacy concerns, and legal and ethical issues and
addressed each of these concepts in the paper, reflecting on the use of smartphones and social
media in healthcare. Consider the consequences of such a scenario. Do not limit your review of
the literature to the nursing discipline only because other health professionals are using the
technology, and you may need to apply critical thinking skills to its applications in this scenario.
2. Use Microsoft Word and APA formatting. Consult your copy of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, sixth edition, as well as the resources in Doc Sharing if you
have questions (e.g., margin size, font type and size (point), use of third person, etc.). Take
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 2
advantage of the writing service SmartThinking, which is accessed by clicking on the link called
the Tutor Source, found under the Course Home area.
3. The length of the paper should be four to five pages, excluding the title page and the reference
page. Limit the references to a few key sources (minimum of three required).
4. The paper will contain an introduction that catches the attention of the reader, states the
purpose of the paper, and provides a narrative outline of what will follow (i.e., the assignment
criteria).
5. In the body of the paper, discuss the scenario in relation to HIPAA, leg.
Nurse Practitioner Diagnosis- Chest Pain.
SOAP
S-Subjective
O-Objective
A-Assessment
P-Plan
One Page Only
Please use attachment only. Copy and paste it into *SOAP*
I OSCE1-Chest Pain attached and copy and paste into the temple.
.
NURS 6002 Foundations of Graduate StudyAcademic and P.docxhoney725342
NURS 6002: Foundations of Graduate Study
Academic and Professional Success Plan Template
Prepared by:
<INSERT NAME>
Professional Development
Statement of Purpose
My main objective is to complete my master’s degree so as to qualify as a psych nurse practitioner. My focus is to learn how I can apply the knowledge I have gained from this program in delivering high-quality patient care. Consequently, I have developed several goals that I need to achieve so that they can help me in meeting y main objective.
Curriculum Vitae for Psych Nurse
PROFESIONAL BACKGROUND
Graduate in Psych Nursing from Warren University with experience of more than two years in nursing practice. Skill as a youth coach, identifying problems, and applying the most appropriate techniques for each case. Collaborator, team worker, with a good relationship with patients and experienced in preparing patient care programs.
COMPETENCES
-Diagnosis of problems.
-Direct interventions.
-Consultation and treatment.
-Development of programs.
-Easy for personal relationships.
-Collaborative team worker.
-Experience with students with special needs.
-Good adaptation to different tasks.
EXPERIENCE
· John Hopkins Hospital Practice in Psych Nursing from January 2017 to the present
· One-time actions with conflictive patients in crisis situations.
· Preparation of intervention projects in the hospital environment for patients at risk of social exclusion.
TRAINING
· Degree in Psych nursing. Walden University
CERTIFICATES
SOCIAL WORK
· Volunteer in Walden community working with minors in areas of social exclusion.
LANGUAGES
· English
SKILLS VOCATION
· Service.
· Responsibility and seriousness.
· Pharmacology knowledge.
· Ability to work under pressure and in emergency situations.
· Knowledge of nutrition and psychology.
· Resolute person.
· dealing with older adults and children.
· Extensive use of computer tools.
Professional Development Goals
The first thing that should be noted is that psych nursing is a recent academic option, which is highly relevant that more people are trained in it and help to broaden and deepen the scientific foundation of the care it offers. Although the psych nurses are already able to carry out different activities without the need for another health professional to indicate them, it is important that they can acquire greater independence so that their contribution is even greater, which is my first professional development goal. Therefore, the degree in psych nursing must be strengthened, with studies and evidence that allow the framework of the work of those who practice it to grow and, in turn, encourage its professionals to intervene promptly to avoid complicating the medical situation of a patient.
I would like to be supportive, have a vocation for service, be responsible, and be organized. It is these basic qualities that will allow me to develop a nursing career. The organization and responsibility would be oriented there because the nurse, by nat.
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers .docxhoney725342
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers age and healthcare needs increase (AACN, n.d.). Registered nurse openings increase as nurses are retiring and leaving the workforce for various reasons such as burnout (AACN, n.d.). Enrollment increases to nursing educational programs does not meet the demand for nurses (AACN, n.d.). Nursing leader interventions that will impact the shortage is a focus on retention of nurses, attention to safe staffing ratios, and attention to quality care.
.
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer .docxhoney725342
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer 2 of them with a mix of your ideas, quotes from the text, and some secondary research (non-Wikipedia, non-Litcharts). I am looking for about 5 pages for both mini-essays combined. The due date will be April 9 by 11:59pm. No extensions.
Questions:
1. Often we attribute cowardice for Hamlet’s lack of action in the face of an obvious call for revenge. Is there some other way to view Hamlet the character?
2. The death of Ophelia comes as a result of the dual grief for the loss of her father and the loss of her true love . Why would you say that Hamlet reacts so radically different to the same circumstances?
3. What would you say is the horror that Kurtz sees in his mind’s eye moments before his death? Is it simply a late late condemnation of colonialism?
4. Marlowe’s lie in Chapter 3 has been written about to death in academic circles. Gather two analytical interpretations of the lie and offer me another way of looking at this climactic moment.
.
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research.docxhoney725342
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research
Watson’s philosophy and science of caring has four major concepts: human being, health, environment/society, and nursing Butts & Rich, 2015). In Watson’s view, the disease might be cured, but illness would remain because, without caring, health is not attained. Caring is the essence of nursing and connotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person; the nurse co-participates with the person. Watson contends that caring can assist the person to gain control, become knowledgeable, and promote health changes.
According to Watson (2009), the core of the Theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature, and the larger workforce.” Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing; with the emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the caregiver and care recipient. The theory is focused on “the centrality of human caring and on the caring-to-caring transpersonal relationship and its healing potential for both the one who is caring and the one who is being cared for” (Watson, 2009). The structure for the science of caring is built upon ten carative factors. Among them are human altruistic values, faith-hope, sensitivity to one’s self or other, trust, human caring relationship, and promotion of self-expression (.
Watson defines Human being as a valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted, in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. Personhood is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts which are mind-body-soul-connection (Butt & Rich 2015)
The personhood concept in Watson theory of caring implies that patients are not all the same. Each person brings a unique background of experiences, values, and cultural perspective to health care encounter. Caring facilitates a nurse’s ability to know a patient, allowing the nurse to recognize a patient’s problem and find and implement individualized solution on the patient’s unique needs.
Knowing the person allows the nurse to avoid assumptions, to center on the one cared for (Keller, 2013). It also gives the nurse to opportunity to assess thoroughly by seeking clues to clarify the issue that the individual is going through.
The concept of personhood also integrates the human caring processes with healing environment, incorporating the life-generating and life receiving processes of human caring and healing for nurses and their patient. The concept put emphasis on developing a caring relationship with the person as a nurse and listen to the person’ stories to fully understand the meaning an impact of the individual’s condition. This information and understanding helps in the development and delivery of individualized patient centered care. The transpersonal caring theory rejects disease orientation to health care and places care before cure. When the .
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 1945Population-Level Inter.docxhoney725342
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
Population-Level Intervention
Strategies and Examples
for Obesity Prevention
in Children∗
Jennifer L. Foltz,1 Ashleigh L. May,1 Brook Belay,1
Allison J. Nihiser,2 Carrie A. Dooyema,1
and Heidi M. Blanck1
1Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, 2Division of Population Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341; email: [email protected]
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012. 32:391–415
First published online as a Review in Advance on
April 23, 2012
The Annual Review of Nutrition is online at
nutr.annualreviews.org
This article’s doi:
10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150646
0199-9885/12/0821-0391$20.00
∗This is a work of the U.S. Government and is
not subject to copyright protection in the
United States.
Keywords
obesity prevention, children, nutrition, physical activity, interventions
Abstract
With obesity affecting approximately 12.5 million American youth,
population-level interventions are indicated to help support healthy
behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of
population-level intervention strategies and specific intervention exam-
ples that illustrate ways to help prevent and control obesity in children
through improving nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Informa-
tion is summarized within the settings where children live, learn, and
play (early care and education, school, community, health care, home).
Intervention strategies are activities or changes intended to promote
healthful behaviors in children. They were identified from (a) systematic
reviews; (b) evidence- and expert consensus–based recommendations,
guidelines, or standards from nongovernmental or federal agencies;
and finally (c) peer-reviewed synthesis reviews. Intervention examples
illustrate how at least one of the strategies was used in a particular
setting. To identify interventions examples, we considered (a) peer-
reviewed literature as well as (b) additional sources with research-tested
and practice-based initiatives. Researchers and practitioners may use
this review as they set priorities and promote integration across settings
and to find research- and practice-tested intervention examples that can
be replicated in their communities for childhood obesity prevention.
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NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
IOM: Institute of
Medicine
Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
INTERVENTIONS BY
SETTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Early Care and Education . . . . . . . . . . 394
School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Health .
Nurse Working in the CommunityDescribe the community nurses.docxhoney725342
Nurse Working in the Community
Describe the community nurse's roles in assisting individuals, families, and communities. Include what barriers or challenges the nurse would need to overcome to achieve these goals.
Reference: Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2018). Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing (5 th ed.). Elsevier. (e-Book)
.
nursing diagnosis1. Decreased Cardiac Output related to Alter.docxhoney725342
nursing diagnosis
1. Decreased Cardiac Output
related to Altered myocardial contractility
2.
Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
related to immobility
3.
Activity Intolerance
related to immobility
4. Risk for Infection related to Inadequate primary defenses: broken skin, traumatized tissues; environmental exposure
5. Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange related to Alveolar/capillary membrane changes: interstitial, pulmonary edema, congestion
6.
Excess Fluid Volume related to
increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production, and sodium/water retention.
.
Nursing Documentation Is it valuable Discuss the value of nursin.docxhoney725342
"Nursing Documentation: Is it valuable?" Discuss the value of nursing documentation in healthcare planning. Compare these purposes with the documentation format used in your area of practice. What are potential uses of the data you collect beyond the care of the individual patient?
Please reference Sewell, J. (2016). Informatics & Nursing:
Opportunities & Challenges
(5th ed.) Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia.
.
NR631 Concluding Graduate Experience - Scope : Project Management & Leadership
(This document must be attached as an appendix to the professional, scholarly paper explaining what you are doing. Include title page, headings, introduction, body of paper, summary and at least three current, relevant references. All information in this form below must be professional, complete sentences in APA format)
Appendix A: Scope Statement
Organization’s Name:
Project’s Name:
Project Manager:
Sponsor(s), Title:
Organizational Priority (High, Medium, Low):
______________________________________________________________________
Mission Statement:
Measureable Project Objectives – (Use 5 W’s and H. Sipes, 2016):
Justification of Project:
Implementation Strategy:
Project Resources – Human and Technical:
Completion Date:
Measures of Success – Include all Metrics:
Assumptions:
Constraints:
APPROVALSPrint or Type NameSignatureDate
Project Manager Approval:
Owner or Sponsor Title and Approval:
This document must be approved by sponsor before submission to Dropbox
Project Scope and Charter
Guidelines and Scoring Rubric
Purpose
This assignment is designed to help students lay the groundwork for their project plans with the help of mentors and professors. The mentor becomes a team member for the project that the student will manage. The student will identify the stakeholders, the project priority, how the measurable goals will be met for a successful project, and who will receive the report of the results of the project. The scope document describes the parameters of the project, including what can and cannot be accomplished and the measurable objectives and outcome measures. The project charter describes and defines the project. When the sponsor signs off on the project, it becomes the document that authorizes the project.
Week 2, you will complete the project scope and charter. Based on the information from the mentor and professor, each student finalizes and completes the project charter and scope documents or statements. The project scope must be approved by your practicum organization. Your mentor should help you obtain approval. Project approval must be received prior to submitting these documents. Appendices are provided for both of these documents in Course Resources.
Due Date: Sunday at 11:59 p.m. MT at the end of Week 2
Total Points Possible: 100
Requirements
1. Complete the Project Scope document, including signatures of approval.
1. Complete the Project Charter document.
1. Documents are attached as appendices to a professional scholarly paper following the guidelines for writing professional papers found in Course Resources.
1. Grammar, spelling, punctuation, references, and citations are consistent with formal academic writing and APA format as expressed in the sixth edition of the manual.
Preparing the Paper
1. All aspects of the Project Scope document must be completed, including signatures.
1. All aspects o.
Number 11. Describe at least five populations who are vulner.docxhoney725342
Number 1
1. Describe at least five populations who are vulnerable to PTSD
2. What are eight DSM5 criteria for PTSD
3. Describe possible signs and symptoms a client experiencing PTSD could exhibit
4. Describe at least five triggers and how they can be manifested in client experiencing PTSD
5. Describe five treatment options for clients experiencing PTSD
Number 2
1) Describe some day to day challenges that face people who are voice hearers
2) Explain the subjective experience of hearing voices that are disturbing
3) Describe cultural humility for people who hear distressing voices through self-reflection, self-awareness and self-critique
4) What other conditions can stimulate or trigger hearing voices in the mind?
.
ntertainment, the media, and sometimes public leaders can perpetuate.docxhoney725342
ntertainment, the media, and sometimes public leaders can perpetuate anxieties about the prevalence of crime, leading to feelings of vulnerability. Was there ever a more innocent, less crime-ridden era? If so, might the country be able to return to this state of perceived safety sometime in the future?
For this Discussion, imagine you are designing the police force of the future. Would you choose to expand or restrict that force’s role? Consider also how your decision might change the public perception of crime and safety.
By Day 3 of Week 2
Post:
To what degree do you think the role of law enforcement
should or should not
expand in the future? Why?
.
Now that you have completed Lesson 23 & 24 and have thought a.docxhoney725342
Now that you have completed Lesson 23 & 24 and have thought about the factors that affect the health of various communities, do the following:
Identify prevalent issues or diseases that affect the health of your community (the specific populations you serve).
Compare and contrast two (2) specific populations in your practice that are affected by the above issue(s) or disease(s) by listing their commonalities and their differences.
Base on the information above, how can you change or refine your practice to meet each community's specific needs?
Your paper should:
be typed doubled-space.
a total of 100 to 200 words (not counting your list of commonalities and differences).
Use factual information.
be original work and will be checked for plagiarism.
have required APA format if references are utilized – type references according to the
APA Style Guide
.
.
nothing wrong with the paper, my professor just wants it to be in an.docxhoney725342
nothing wrong with the paper, my professor just wants it to be in an outline format and also include how this information is relevant to the Saint Leo University Core Values of
Excellence
and
Integrity
in the context of health care policy analysis.
I will attach the original paper that was submitted as well as the guideline that my professor provided me. The topic cannot be changed "Drug enforcement program for WIC".
.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
NRS-493 Individual Success PlanREQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS 100 Direct.docxhoney725342
NRS-493 Individual Success Plan
REQUIRED PRACTICE HOURS: 100 Direct Clinical Experience (50 hours community/50 hours leadership) – 25 Indirect Clinical Experience Hours.
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Complete Contact Information
Student Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Course Faculty Information
GCU
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
Practicum Preceptor Information
Practice Setting
Name:
E-mail:
Phone Number:
ISP Instructions
Use this form to develop your Individual Success Plan (ISP) for NRS-493, the Professional Capstone and Practicum course. An individual success plan maps out what you, the RN-to-BSN student, needs to accomplish in order to be successful as you work through this course and complete your overall program of study. You will also share this with your preceptor at the beginning and end of this course so that he or she will know what you need to accomplish.
In this ISP, you will identify all of the objectives and assignments relating to the 100 direct clinical practice experience hours and the 25 indirect clinical practice hours you need to complete by the end of this course. Use this template to specify the date by which you will complete each assignment. Your plan should include a self-assessment of how you met all applicable GCU RN-to-BSN Domains & Competencies (see Appendix A). General Requirements
Use the following information to ensure successful completion of each assignment as it pertains to deliverables due in this course:
· Use the Individual Success Plan to develop a personal plan for completing your clinical practice experience hours and self-assess how you will meet the GCU RN-to-BSN University Mission Critical Competencies and the Programmatic Domains & Competencies (Appendix A) related to that course.
Show all of the major deliverables in the course, the topic/course objectives that apply to each deliverable, and lastly, align each deliverable to the applicable University Mission Critical Competencies and the course-specific Domains and Competencies (see Appendix A).
Completing your ISP does not earn clinical practice experience hours, nor does telephone conference time, or time spent with your preceptor.
· Within the Individual Success Plan, ensure you identify all graded course assignments and indirect clinical assignments listed in the table on the next page.
Topic
Graded Assignment
Indirect Clinical Assignments
Topic 1
1. Individual Success Plan
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of potential topics for the change proposal
Topic 2
1. Topic Selection Approval Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Search the literature for supporting journal articles
2. Summary of topic category; community or leadership
Topic 3
1. PICOT Question Paper
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of objectives
Topic 4
1. Literature Evaluation Table
2. Reflection Journal Entry
1. List of measurable outcomes
Topic 5
1. Reflection Journal Entry
1. Summary of the strategic plan
2. Midterm E.
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throu.docxhoney725342
Now the Earth has had wide variations in atmospheric CO2-level throughout its long history before the evolution of humans and certainly before the Industrial Revolutions.In terms of the oceans and the Earth's whole history then could you find information to support the coal and oil industry's claims that we're NOT the cause of climate change? Do some research and cite other factors in climate besides CO2 levels that would support your claims. Also read the attached article about the controversy. Remember too that there is a lot of money and certainly politics involved in this issue. Some scientists have built their whole careers on trying to prove or disprove the human connections to global warming.
As you'll see when you do your research the figures for sea-level rise are all over the place. That's because they're based on models that are even more complex than hurricane tracking models (they drive even supercomputers nuts).
Now the term
"sea-level"
is relative. If you check a geologic map you'll see that just about every piece of land on Earth has been underwater at least once. That's why sedimentary rocks are the most common type of land surface rock. Sea-level has been up and down thousands of times in the Earth's long history. We're just living on the "latest edition" of our planet. Also the one thing that I want everybody to learn from this course: we live on the Earth and we certainly affect it but
we
DO NOT control it
even though we like to think we do. We're just riding this wet rock through space.
As for the continuing scientific controversy check out this recent article:
Climate panel: warming 'extremely likely' man-made
.
NR224 Fundamentals SkillsTopic Safety Goals BOOK P.docxhoney725342
This document discusses a nursing fundamentals skills assignment on safety goals. The assignment introduces students to the National Patient Safety Goals developed by The Joint Commission, specifically the Speak Up Initiatives program, which is designed to empower patients to take an active role in their own healthcare safety by speaking up about concerns. The document provides guidelines for the assignment and references a nursing fundamentals textbook for further information.
Clinical mentors were interviewed about their experiences mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students. Mentors stated that empathy motivated them but they experienced a lack of support which caused strain. While mentors initially had fears of unknown cultures, positive mentoring experiences reduced this fear. Continuous education on intercultural communication could help mentors develop expertise to benefit students, patients, and staff.
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s.docxhoney725342
Now that you’ve seen all of the elements contributing to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise architecture, Justin wants to move forward with developing privacy policies to ensure videos aren’t distributed or uploaded to the net without the consent of the people in them. This opens a much larger conversation: Devil’s Canyon is also in need of a complete security plan, as well as risk assessments.
In a 2- to 3-page rationale and table,
prepare
the following information to present to the Devil’s Canyon team:
Explain the relationship between policies and security plans. Identify potential policy needs, noting Justin’s privacy policy, in relation to the Devil’s Canyon enterprise structure.
Outline the importance of a security plan in relation to security roles and safeguards.
Analyze at least 5 security-related risks/threats that Devil’s Canyon may face.
Assess the probability and impact to the Devil’s Canyon if each risk occurs. Based on these two factors, determine the overall risk level. For purposes of this assignment, evaluate and categorize each factor as low, medium, or high, and create a table to illustrate the risks. For example, a risk/threat with a low likelihood of occurrence and a high impact would represent an overall medium risk.
Consider digital elements mentioned in the designing of the enterprise architecture, such as software, hardware, proposed security measures, smart lift tickets, web cam systems, and smartphones.
.
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 .docxhoney725342
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 1
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
Required Uniform Assignment: We Can, but Dare We?
PURPOSE
The purpose of this assignment is to investigate smartphone and social media use in healthcare and to
apply professional, ethical, and legal principles to their appropriate use in healthcare technology.
Course Outcomes
This assignment enables the student to meet the following course outcomes.
• CO #4: Investigate safeguards and decision‐making support tools embedded in patient
care technologies and information systems to support a safe practice environment for
both patients and healthcare workers. (PO 4)
• CO #6: Discuss the principles of data integrity, professional ethics, and legal
requirements related to data security, regulatory requirements, confidentiality, and
client’s right to privacy. (PO 6)
• CO #8: Discuss the value of best evidence as a driving force to institute change in the
delivery of nursing care (PO 8)
DUE DATE
See Course Schedule in Syllabus. The college’s Late Assignment Policy applies to this activity.
TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE
This assignment is worth a total of 240 points.
Requirements
1. Research, compose, and type a scholarly paper based on the scenario described below, and
choose a conclusion scenario to discuss within the body of your paper. Reflect on lessons
learned in this class about technology, privacy concerns, and legal and ethical issues and
addressed each of these concepts in the paper, reflecting on the use of smartphones and social
media in healthcare. Consider the consequences of such a scenario. Do not limit your review of
the literature to the nursing discipline only because other health professionals are using the
technology, and you may need to apply critical thinking skills to its applications in this scenario.
2. Use Microsoft Word and APA formatting. Consult your copy of the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, sixth edition, as well as the resources in Doc Sharing if you
have questions (e.g., margin size, font type and size (point), use of third person, etc.). Take
NR360 INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE
NR360 We Can But Dare We.docx Revised 5 ‐ 9 ‐ 16 DA/LS/psb 07.14.16 2
advantage of the writing service SmartThinking, which is accessed by clicking on the link called
the Tutor Source, found under the Course Home area.
3. The length of the paper should be four to five pages, excluding the title page and the reference
page. Limit the references to a few key sources (minimum of three required).
4. The paper will contain an introduction that catches the attention of the reader, states the
purpose of the paper, and provides a narrative outline of what will follow (i.e., the assignment
criteria).
5. In the body of the paper, discuss the scenario in relation to HIPAA, leg.
Nurse Practitioner Diagnosis- Chest Pain.
SOAP
S-Subjective
O-Objective
A-Assessment
P-Plan
One Page Only
Please use attachment only. Copy and paste it into *SOAP*
I OSCE1-Chest Pain attached and copy and paste into the temple.
.
NURS 6002 Foundations of Graduate StudyAcademic and P.docxhoney725342
NURS 6002: Foundations of Graduate Study
Academic and Professional Success Plan Template
Prepared by:
<INSERT NAME>
Professional Development
Statement of Purpose
My main objective is to complete my master’s degree so as to qualify as a psych nurse practitioner. My focus is to learn how I can apply the knowledge I have gained from this program in delivering high-quality patient care. Consequently, I have developed several goals that I need to achieve so that they can help me in meeting y main objective.
Curriculum Vitae for Psych Nurse
PROFESIONAL BACKGROUND
Graduate in Psych Nursing from Warren University with experience of more than two years in nursing practice. Skill as a youth coach, identifying problems, and applying the most appropriate techniques for each case. Collaborator, team worker, with a good relationship with patients and experienced in preparing patient care programs.
COMPETENCES
-Diagnosis of problems.
-Direct interventions.
-Consultation and treatment.
-Development of programs.
-Easy for personal relationships.
-Collaborative team worker.
-Experience with students with special needs.
-Good adaptation to different tasks.
EXPERIENCE
· John Hopkins Hospital Practice in Psych Nursing from January 2017 to the present
· One-time actions with conflictive patients in crisis situations.
· Preparation of intervention projects in the hospital environment for patients at risk of social exclusion.
TRAINING
· Degree in Psych nursing. Walden University
CERTIFICATES
SOCIAL WORK
· Volunteer in Walden community working with minors in areas of social exclusion.
LANGUAGES
· English
SKILLS VOCATION
· Service.
· Responsibility and seriousness.
· Pharmacology knowledge.
· Ability to work under pressure and in emergency situations.
· Knowledge of nutrition and psychology.
· Resolute person.
· dealing with older adults and children.
· Extensive use of computer tools.
Professional Development Goals
The first thing that should be noted is that psych nursing is a recent academic option, which is highly relevant that more people are trained in it and help to broaden and deepen the scientific foundation of the care it offers. Although the psych nurses are already able to carry out different activities without the need for another health professional to indicate them, it is important that they can acquire greater independence so that their contribution is even greater, which is my first professional development goal. Therefore, the degree in psych nursing must be strengthened, with studies and evidence that allow the framework of the work of those who practice it to grow and, in turn, encourage its professionals to intervene promptly to avoid complicating the medical situation of a patient.
I would like to be supportive, have a vocation for service, be responsible, and be organized. It is these basic qualities that will allow me to develop a nursing career. The organization and responsibility would be oriented there because the nurse, by nat.
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers .docxhoney725342
Nurse workforce shortage are predicted to get worse as baby boomers age and healthcare needs increase (AACN, n.d.). Registered nurse openings increase as nurses are retiring and leaving the workforce for various reasons such as burnout (AACN, n.d.). Enrollment increases to nursing educational programs does not meet the demand for nurses (AACN, n.d.). Nursing leader interventions that will impact the shortage is a focus on retention of nurses, attention to safe staffing ratios, and attention to quality care.
.
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer .docxhoney725342
Now, for the exam itself. Below are 4 questions. You need to answer 2 of them with a mix of your ideas, quotes from the text, and some secondary research (non-Wikipedia, non-Litcharts). I am looking for about 5 pages for both mini-essays combined. The due date will be April 9 by 11:59pm. No extensions.
Questions:
1. Often we attribute cowardice for Hamlet’s lack of action in the face of an obvious call for revenge. Is there some other way to view Hamlet the character?
2. The death of Ophelia comes as a result of the dual grief for the loss of her father and the loss of her true love . Why would you say that Hamlet reacts so radically different to the same circumstances?
3. What would you say is the horror that Kurtz sees in his mind’s eye moments before his death? Is it simply a late late condemnation of colonialism?
4. Marlowe’s lie in Chapter 3 has been written about to death in academic circles. Gather two analytical interpretations of the lie and offer me another way of looking at this climactic moment.
.
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research.docxhoney725342
Nur-501-AP4- Philosophical and Theoretical Evidence-Based research
Watson’s philosophy and science of caring has four major concepts: human being, health, environment/society, and nursing Butts & Rich, 2015). In Watson’s view, the disease might be cured, but illness would remain because, without caring, health is not attained. Caring is the essence of nursing and connotes responsiveness between the nurse and the person; the nurse co-participates with the person. Watson contends that caring can assist the person to gain control, become knowledgeable, and promote health changes.
According to Watson (2009), the core of the Theory of Caring is that “humans cannot be treated as objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature, and the larger workforce.” Her theory encompasses the whole world of nursing; with the emphasis placed on the interpersonal process between the caregiver and care recipient. The theory is focused on “the centrality of human caring and on the caring-to-caring transpersonal relationship and its healing potential for both the one who is caring and the one who is being cared for” (Watson, 2009). The structure for the science of caring is built upon ten carative factors. Among them are human altruistic values, faith-hope, sensitivity to one’s self or other, trust, human caring relationship, and promotion of self-expression (.
Watson defines Human being as a valued person to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted, in general a philosophical view of a person as a fully functional integrated self. Personhood is viewed as greater than and different from the sum of his or her parts which are mind-body-soul-connection (Butt & Rich 2015)
The personhood concept in Watson theory of caring implies that patients are not all the same. Each person brings a unique background of experiences, values, and cultural perspective to health care encounter. Caring facilitates a nurse’s ability to know a patient, allowing the nurse to recognize a patient’s problem and find and implement individualized solution on the patient’s unique needs.
Knowing the person allows the nurse to avoid assumptions, to center on the one cared for (Keller, 2013). It also gives the nurse to opportunity to assess thoroughly by seeking clues to clarify the issue that the individual is going through.
The concept of personhood also integrates the human caring processes with healing environment, incorporating the life-generating and life receiving processes of human caring and healing for nurses and their patient. The concept put emphasis on developing a caring relationship with the person as a nurse and listen to the person’ stories to fully understand the meaning an impact of the individual’s condition. This information and understanding helps in the development and delivery of individualized patient centered care. The transpersonal caring theory rejects disease orientation to health care and places care before cure. When the .
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 1945Population-Level Inter.docxhoney725342
NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
Population-Level Intervention
Strategies and Examples
for Obesity Prevention
in Children∗
Jennifer L. Foltz,1 Ashleigh L. May,1 Brook Belay,1
Allison J. Nihiser,2 Carrie A. Dooyema,1
and Heidi M. Blanck1
1Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, 2Division of Population Health,
National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341; email: [email protected]
Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2012. 32:391–415
First published online as a Review in Advance on
April 23, 2012
The Annual Review of Nutrition is online at
nutr.annualreviews.org
This article’s doi:
10.1146/annurev-nutr-071811-150646
0199-9885/12/0821-0391$20.00
∗This is a work of the U.S. Government and is
not subject to copyright protection in the
United States.
Keywords
obesity prevention, children, nutrition, physical activity, interventions
Abstract
With obesity affecting approximately 12.5 million American youth,
population-level interventions are indicated to help support healthy
behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of
population-level intervention strategies and specific intervention exam-
ples that illustrate ways to help prevent and control obesity in children
through improving nutrition and physical activity behaviors. Informa-
tion is summarized within the settings where children live, learn, and
play (early care and education, school, community, health care, home).
Intervention strategies are activities or changes intended to promote
healthful behaviors in children. They were identified from (a) systematic
reviews; (b) evidence- and expert consensus–based recommendations,
guidelines, or standards from nongovernmental or federal agencies;
and finally (c) peer-reviewed synthesis reviews. Intervention examples
illustrate how at least one of the strategies was used in a particular
setting. To identify interventions examples, we considered (a) peer-
reviewed literature as well as (b) additional sources with research-tested
and practice-based initiatives. Researchers and practitioners may use
this review as they set priorities and promote integration across settings
and to find research- and practice-tested intervention examples that can
be replicated in their communities for childhood obesity prevention.
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NU32CH19-Foltz ARI 9 July 2012 19:45
IOM: Institute of
Medicine
Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
INTERVENTIONS BY
SETTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Early Care and Education . . . . . . . . . . 394
School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Health .
Nurse Working in the CommunityDescribe the community nurses.docxhoney725342
Nurse Working in the Community
Describe the community nurse's roles in assisting individuals, families, and communities. Include what barriers or challenges the nurse would need to overcome to achieve these goals.
Reference: Stanhope, M. & Lancaster, J. (2018). Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing (5 th ed.). Elsevier. (e-Book)
.
nursing diagnosis1. Decreased Cardiac Output related to Alter.docxhoney725342
nursing diagnosis
1. Decreased Cardiac Output
related to Altered myocardial contractility
2.
Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity
related to immobility
3.
Activity Intolerance
related to immobility
4. Risk for Infection related to Inadequate primary defenses: broken skin, traumatized tissues; environmental exposure
5. Risk for Impaired Gas Exchange related to Alveolar/capillary membrane changes: interstitial, pulmonary edema, congestion
6.
Excess Fluid Volume related to
increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production, and sodium/water retention.
.
Nursing Documentation Is it valuable Discuss the value of nursin.docxhoney725342
"Nursing Documentation: Is it valuable?" Discuss the value of nursing documentation in healthcare planning. Compare these purposes with the documentation format used in your area of practice. What are potential uses of the data you collect beyond the care of the individual patient?
Please reference Sewell, J. (2016). Informatics & Nursing:
Opportunities & Challenges
(5th ed.) Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia.
.
NR631 Concluding Graduate Experience - Scope : Project Management & Leadership
(This document must be attached as an appendix to the professional, scholarly paper explaining what you are doing. Include title page, headings, introduction, body of paper, summary and at least three current, relevant references. All information in this form below must be professional, complete sentences in APA format)
Appendix A: Scope Statement
Organization’s Name:
Project’s Name:
Project Manager:
Sponsor(s), Title:
Organizational Priority (High, Medium, Low):
______________________________________________________________________
Mission Statement:
Measureable Project Objectives – (Use 5 W’s and H. Sipes, 2016):
Justification of Project:
Implementation Strategy:
Project Resources – Human and Technical:
Completion Date:
Measures of Success – Include all Metrics:
Assumptions:
Constraints:
APPROVALSPrint or Type NameSignatureDate
Project Manager Approval:
Owner or Sponsor Title and Approval:
This document must be approved by sponsor before submission to Dropbox
Project Scope and Charter
Guidelines and Scoring Rubric
Purpose
This assignment is designed to help students lay the groundwork for their project plans with the help of mentors and professors. The mentor becomes a team member for the project that the student will manage. The student will identify the stakeholders, the project priority, how the measurable goals will be met for a successful project, and who will receive the report of the results of the project. The scope document describes the parameters of the project, including what can and cannot be accomplished and the measurable objectives and outcome measures. The project charter describes and defines the project. When the sponsor signs off on the project, it becomes the document that authorizes the project.
Week 2, you will complete the project scope and charter. Based on the information from the mentor and professor, each student finalizes and completes the project charter and scope documents or statements. The project scope must be approved by your practicum organization. Your mentor should help you obtain approval. Project approval must be received prior to submitting these documents. Appendices are provided for both of these documents in Course Resources.
Due Date: Sunday at 11:59 p.m. MT at the end of Week 2
Total Points Possible: 100
Requirements
1. Complete the Project Scope document, including signatures of approval.
1. Complete the Project Charter document.
1. Documents are attached as appendices to a professional scholarly paper following the guidelines for writing professional papers found in Course Resources.
1. Grammar, spelling, punctuation, references, and citations are consistent with formal academic writing and APA format as expressed in the sixth edition of the manual.
Preparing the Paper
1. All aspects of the Project Scope document must be completed, including signatures.
1. All aspects o.
Number 11. Describe at least five populations who are vulner.docxhoney725342
Number 1
1. Describe at least five populations who are vulnerable to PTSD
2. What are eight DSM5 criteria for PTSD
3. Describe possible signs and symptoms a client experiencing PTSD could exhibit
4. Describe at least five triggers and how they can be manifested in client experiencing PTSD
5. Describe five treatment options for clients experiencing PTSD
Number 2
1) Describe some day to day challenges that face people who are voice hearers
2) Explain the subjective experience of hearing voices that are disturbing
3) Describe cultural humility for people who hear distressing voices through self-reflection, self-awareness and self-critique
4) What other conditions can stimulate or trigger hearing voices in the mind?
.
ntertainment, the media, and sometimes public leaders can perpetuate.docxhoney725342
ntertainment, the media, and sometimes public leaders can perpetuate anxieties about the prevalence of crime, leading to feelings of vulnerability. Was there ever a more innocent, less crime-ridden era? If so, might the country be able to return to this state of perceived safety sometime in the future?
For this Discussion, imagine you are designing the police force of the future. Would you choose to expand or restrict that force’s role? Consider also how your decision might change the public perception of crime and safety.
By Day 3 of Week 2
Post:
To what degree do you think the role of law enforcement
should or should not
expand in the future? Why?
.
Now that you have completed Lesson 23 & 24 and have thought a.docxhoney725342
Now that you have completed Lesson 23 & 24 and have thought about the factors that affect the health of various communities, do the following:
Identify prevalent issues or diseases that affect the health of your community (the specific populations you serve).
Compare and contrast two (2) specific populations in your practice that are affected by the above issue(s) or disease(s) by listing their commonalities and their differences.
Base on the information above, how can you change or refine your practice to meet each community's specific needs?
Your paper should:
be typed doubled-space.
a total of 100 to 200 words (not counting your list of commonalities and differences).
Use factual information.
be original work and will be checked for plagiarism.
have required APA format if references are utilized – type references according to the
APA Style Guide
.
.
nothing wrong with the paper, my professor just wants it to be in an.docxhoney725342
nothing wrong with the paper, my professor just wants it to be in an outline format and also include how this information is relevant to the Saint Leo University Core Values of
Excellence
and
Integrity
in the context of health care policy analysis.
I will attach the original paper that was submitted as well as the guideline that my professor provided me. The topic cannot be changed "Drug enforcement program for WIC".
.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
1. .--------------411
7
Mandeponay: Chiriguano Indian
Chief in the Franciscan Missions
Erick D. Langer
Bolivia enjoyed a rather splendid isolation during the quarter of
a
century following independence in 1825. The Catholic Church,
the
state, and elites generaiiy ignored the country's indigenous
popula-
tion as long as the Indians paid tribute, which was the principal
source
of government revenue in the first years of the republic. By
midcentury,
an economic renaissance had begun. Foreign and local capital
re-
vived silver mining and made possibie some agricultural
expansion.
Greater profitability of commercial farming naturally inflated
the value
of land and threatened the isolated harmony of many Indian
commu-
nities. By what tactics could the Indians guarantee their
economic
and cultural survival?
Passive accommodation would mean the rapid loss of land and
of cultural autonomy, and the transformation of independent
2. farmers
into a pool of reserve day workers for plantations owned by
others.
Rebellion would mean even quicker destruction. Ethnic and
regional
differences among those whom others termed Indians also
limited
the possibility of real unity among Bolivia's indigenous people.
The
state, even if it had wanted to protect the indigenous population,
in-
creasingly embraced a laissez-faire ideology that tacitly favored
the
wealthy and powerful. Individuals such as Manuel Isidro Belzu
in
Bolivia and Juan Bustamante in Peru, who tried to enact
reforms,
met with derision from their recaicitrant colleagues and even
death.
Mandeponay, chief of the Chiriguano Indians from 1868 until
1904,
combined the skills of a caudiiio and of a traditional chieftain.
The
Chiriguano chief found a solution that worked-for a while. He
invited
one powerful institution, the Church, to place a check on the
encroach-
ments of the government and the elite. Still, the Franciscan
fathers
pacified as they protected, and their exhortations to the Indians
to be
good Christians and good citizens ultimately undermined the
cultural
autonomy of Mandeponay's people. So, too, did Mandeponay's
policy
3. of encouraging Indian migration to Argentina to seek jobs. In
the short
run, it gave the Indians independence, but in the long run, it
threat-
ened communal unity.
We cannot but admire the wily stratagems of a proud chief
who secured the best deal he could for his people and himself in
a
93
w
94 The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America
changing world. Yet as historians we might ask what
Mandeponay's
story tells us about the "development of underdevelopment."
Howand
why did the modernization of Bolivia contribute to
increasingmisery
in the countryside?
Erick Langer, associate professor of history at Carnegie-Mellon
University and adjunct associate professor at the
UniversityofPitts-
burgh, received his doctorate at Stanford University. He has
done
research on the rural society, ethnicity, and economy of
southern
Bolivia. His published works include Economic Change and
Rural
Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 1880-1930 (Stanford, 1989);
4. and,
with Robert H. Jackson, The New Mission History
(Lincoln,1995). He
currently is completing a volume on contemporary
indigenousmove-
ments in Latin America.
Mandeponay became chief of the Machareti ChiriguanoIndians
when his chieftain father, Taruncunti, was mur-
dered in 1868. A group of Chiriguanos from Cuevo cut open
Taruncunti's mouth from ear to ear because he had betrayed
the Indians' cause and spoken to the Franciscan missionar-
ies. Taruncunti's brother and a niece also were killed anda
number of his relatives kidnapped and taken to Cueva.
Mandeponay, the oldest son of Taruncunti and the next in
line for the Machareti chieftainship, was not present andso
escaped the massacre. Filled with rage, he immediately asked
that a mission be established in Machareti as revenge for
his father's death. Within one year the missionaries had built
a fort at the Indian village. Despite a concerted attack by
dissident Chiriguanos while the fort was still unfinished, the
mission at Machareti had become a reality. As we will see,
there was more than just revenge as a motive for Mande-
ponay's request.
Together the murder of Taruncunti and Mandeponay's
request for the establishment of a mission were one episode
in the conquest of the Chiriguania, a vast region of rugged
jungle-covered Andean foothills in southeastern Bolivia,
ranging from one hundred miles south of Santa Cruz to al-
most the northern outskirts of the city of Tarija on the edge
of the desolate Chaco region. The Chiriguanos had held out
against Spanish forces since colonial times. Viceroy Toledo
mounted a large expedition against this ethnic group in the
1560s, but he suffered defeat at the hands of the Chiriguanos,
who effectively used guerrilla tactics to combat the
5. better-armed Spanish soldiers. Only in the late colonial pe·
riod did Indian resistance weaken. After the failure ofthe
7 )
-------------- ..9
Mandeponay 95
Jesuits to convert the Chiriguanos in the first half of the
eighteenth century, the Franciscans finally achieved some
success. In the late eighteenth century the friars, based in
Tarija, established a string of prosperous missions in the
Chiriguania. However, patriot guerrillas and their
Chiriguano allies during the wars for independence destroyed
the missions and sent the Spanish friars packing.
The Chiriguanos were known as fierce warriors since the
sixteenth century, when they migrated from what is now
Brazil into southeastern Bolivia. They were able to survive
the onslaught of the Spaniards and early republican society
because of their military organization, their political decen-
tralization whereby a number ofregional chiefs lorded it over
chiefs of allied villages, and the training in the art of am-
bush and weapons that every Chiriguano boy underwent at
a relatively early age. The Chiriguanos were superb practi-
tioners of guerrilla warfare and frequently raided white
settlements throughout the early republican period. The
village-based military society, the warriors' unconditional
obedience to their chiefs, and the perpetual state of warfare
between Chiriguano village alliances as well as against the
whites kept the Indians well trained in all manner of death
and destruction.
The Chiriguanos were largely left alone until the 1840s,
6. when the Bolivian economy began to quicken again. The gov-
ernment set up a series of military forts along the Chaco
frontier on the southern borders of the Chiriguania. Also,
settlers from Tarija entered Indian territory and joined the
small garrisons in periodic raids deep into the frontier, de-
stroying Chiriguano villages and kidnapping women and
children. However, the cattle that the settlers brought proved
evenmore destructive. Buoyed by increased demand for cattle
in the highland silver mines, the colonists drove their herds
into the Indians' cornfields. As a result, entire villages lost
their means of subsistence and either had to migrate far-
ther north, into the core of the Chiriguania, or submit to the
settlers and work for them under extremely poor conditions
as hacienda peons. Many villages resisted violently the en-
croachment of the white settlers, but in the long term this
proved futile.
The only other alternative was for the Chiriguanos to
accept a Franciscan mission on their territory as a way of
preserving their homeland. By the 1840s the Bolivian gov-
ernment had retreated from its earlier anticlerical stance
_. 1
96 The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America
and, in fact, encouraged the Franciscans from the TarijaCon-
vent to resume their missionary activities as a wayofneu.
tralizing the still formidable Chiriguano military threat
along the frontier. By 1854, under increasing pressure as
settlers and ca ttle ranches encroached on their land,
Chiriguano chiefs in Itau (1845), Aguairenda (1851),and
Tarairi (1854) had accepted the establishment of missions
as the lesser evil.
7. Macharetf, farther to the north, became the next goalfor
the settlers. This location was particularly strategic, forit
was the main meeting place between the Tobas, adept In-
dian horsemen who controlled much of the Chaco, and the
Chiriguanos. Taruncunti led the resistance to the establish-
ment of the mission in Tarairi and, in alliance with the
Guacaya Chiriguanos, attacked the mission in 1855.The
assault failed. In revenge for this attack the mission Indi-
ans of Tarairi joined with the soldiers in the military colo-
nies farther south and launched a punitive expedition on
Machareti. This expedition was completely successful, and
as a result of the sacking of Macharetf and the capture of
numerous women, the place was abandoned by Taruncunti's
people. Only a small faction of Macharetefios, under the lead-
ership of Guariyu, returned to Macharetf six years later af-
ter making peace with the missionaries. Taruncunti,
outraged by this betrayal, attacked with his people and al-
lied Tobas, wiping out the new settlement. His erstwhile
subordinate Guariyu barely escaped naked to the safety of
the hil lside. Flush with success, Taruncunti marched on
Tarairi but again failed to take the mission.
Mandeponay was a young boy during these assaults and
counterassaults and probably did not participate in these
wars. His father certainly inculcated in him a fierce senseof
independence and of Chiriguano ethnic identity. However,
Taruncunti could see that his position was tenuous at best
on the frontlines in the war against the white settlers. In
his later years, in exile in an allied Chiriguano village, he
became conviricad that he would have to live with the whites
and that friendship with the missionaries held the key to
the. ~eestablishment of Machareti as the most important
Chmguano settlement. In 1866 he decided to visit Tarairi
mission and make peace with the Franciscans. Settlers were
already moving their cattle herds into the Macharetf area,
8. and Taruncunti saw that returning his people to the area
was the only way of maintaining his claim there. Almost cer-
---------------Jql
Mandeponay 97
tainly, Mandeponay, as the oldest son and heir apparent of
his father, helped Taruncunti negotiate with the friars on
the conditions for the Chiriguanos' return to Machareti.
Despite his wishes, Taruncunti could not move his people
back to the old settlement. The Chiriguano bands farther
north, in Guacaya and Cuevo, who knew that if Taruncunti
buckled under white pressure they would be next, refused to
let him return to his ancestral grounds. Deeply suspicious
ofTaruncunti's motives and his steadily improving relations
with the missionaries, they launched a sneak attack on
Naunti, where Taruncunti was hiding, and killed the old
chief. It is in this way that Mandeponay became chief of the
Machareti Chiriguanos and invited the friars to establish a
mission at his birthplace.
For the Tarija Franciscans, gaining Machareti was the
greatest triumph of their careers as missionaries in republi-
can Bolivia. Mandeponay controlled more than three thou-
sand individuals, including the dissident band under
Guariyu, almost certainly the largest concentration of
Chiriguanos in the whole region. Moreover, establishing a
mission at Machareti helped alleviate the constant threat of
Toba and Chiriguano alliances against the whites, since it
was the chief of Machareti who traditionally controlled
Chiriguano-Toba relations. This move isolated the Tobas and
made possible the colonization of the vast Chaco regions on
the border with Paraguay. The Tobas, who were well known
9. to the white colonists from Argentina to Bolivia as cattle and
horse thieves, relied on the Chiriguanos in Machareti to pro-
vide them with corn, a crop that the nomadic hunting and
gathering Toba groups found impossible to cultivate in the
difficult climate and soil of the Chaco desert. Traditionally,
Tobas came after the rainy season to help the Machareteiios
harvest their corn and, in return for their labor, received
part of the crop. The Franciscans hoped that the Tobas might
even be persuaded to accept the missionaries among them-
selves if they got to know the fathers when they came to
work and trade with the Machareti mission Indians.
Mandeponay knew that he had a strong bargaining posi-
tion, and he was able to get concessions that none of the
other Chiriguano chiefs ever got once they agreed to have
missions. For one, Machareti had only a single central plaza.
Unlike earlier colonial missions, the Franciscans could not
force the Indians to convert if they did not want to, for there
were no soldiers to back up forced conversions and the
_____________ ...st1
98 The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America
subsequent modifications in behavior required of the con-
verts. However, the missionaries in the Chiriguania usually
segregated neofitos (converts) from the heathens as a wayof
better indoctrinating their charges and preventing the hea-
thens' "savage" ways of life from infecting the Christianized
natives. To do this, they had the converts build their houses
around a separate plaza, which would assert in spatial terms
the separation of heathens and ne6fitos. The ne6fitos gradu-
ally received different authorities as well and lived accord-
ing to the dictates of the missionaries, not the traditional
10. chiefs. This Mandeponay did not permit when setting upthe
Machareti mission. Instead, converts and heathens all lived
around the one central plaza, although each group livedalong
different streets. The settlement's layout, however, allowed
Mandeponay to maintain his authority over the wholemis-
sion population.
Mandeponay made sure that he kept his authority even
over his father's old nemesis, Guariyu. Despite serious mis-
givings, the missionaries and Guariyu had to accede to
Mandeponay's demands; Guariyu kept his group separate
from the larger group, but he was placed under the chief's
overall jurisdiction. Mandeponay himself never convertedto
Christianity and kept up traditional customs, much to the
chagrin of the Franciscans. For example, he had six wives,
clearly a violation of Christian injunctions. There was little
the friars could do. It was Mandeponay who ran the mission
and kept everyone in line. When problems arose, the mis-
sionaries had to rely on this traditional chief to correct them,
and thus they needed his full cooperation. In Chiriguano
society, the chief played an extremely important rolein regu-
lating the community and had tremendous power over his
followers. Mandeponay kept up the custom of giving large
feasts, to which he invited the whole mission population.
Showing his largess in this fashion the chief was able to
bind the mission Indians in a web of reciprocity. The feasts
thus not only served to demonstrate his wealth and power,a
desirable attnbute in any Chiriguano leader, but also cre-
ated ties of mutual obligation upon which Mandeponay could
call when necessary.
Mandepo.nay's example was very important, and, as a
result,th~ friars had little success in converting their charges
to ChnstJamty. In 1882, at the apogee of the mission's popu-
latlo?" and fully thirteen years after the foundation of the
mISSIOn,only nine families out of a total of over six hundred
11. p ,
Mandeponay 99
had converted. In the past five years, only three families
had been baptized. Obviously, Mandeponay maintained a
significant hold over his people, as evidenced by the tiny
number of conversions. The chief clearly wanted to have his
cake and eat it too: enjoy the protection of the missionaries
and maintain the cultural integrity of his people and their
land without giving up anything essential in return.
At this, Mandeponay was remarkably successful. In 1890
the missionaries decided to try and modify his behavior. In
1888 a new Franciscan had arrived from Italy. Terencio
Marucci was appalled by the licentious behavior of Mande-
ponay and the liberties he enjoyed with his many wives. Not
only did Mandeponay maintain a harem but his son, Napo-
leon Yaguaracu (also called Tacu), also kept three wives.
Many of the chief's "soldiers" practiced polygamy as well. At
first, the Franciscans called upon local authorities to pun-
ish Mandeponay for his unlawful behavior, but the officials
refused to antagonize the powerful Chiriguano ally. The au-
thorities had very good reasons not to punish the chief of
Macharetf. In the late 1880s the national government began
to explore the uncharted reaches of the Chaco beyond the
foothills of the Chiriguania and support colonization of that
region. To accomplish this settlement they needed
Mandeponay's support, for in his capacity as the head of the
Machareti Chiriguanos he possessed extensive links to the
Tobas and other Chaco tribes. The Daniel Campos expedi-
tion in 1886, for example, employed a number of Machareti
Indians to act as porters and attempted to use Mandeponay's
influence to keep hostile Indian bands at bay. Other, later
12. expeditions into the Chaco also usually made an obligatory
stop at Machareti to get Mandeponay's assistance and gather
intelligence from the Indian chief.
After their appeal to the authorities brought no results,
the missionaries resorted to ostracism, isolating Mandeponay
from the rest of the mission as much as possible. At first,
they reported some success, asserting that now Mandeponay
found himself "scorned by many of his soldiers and is fearful
of some punishment." This optimism, however, did not last
long. With Mandeponay cut out of the authority structure,
the unconverted Chiriguanos, the vast majority, refused to
obey the missionaries. Afraid that they would lose much of
their liberty in this crackdown, many Chiriguanos either left
the mission for the Guacaya region, where the whites only
recently had penetrated, or simply went out into the
-- ___________ ....d
100 The Human Tradition in Modem Latin America
countryside adjacent to the mission, away from the influ-
ence of the friars. In one year the mission lost over 700indi-
viduals, or about 20 percent of the total population of3,577.
The missionaries were forced to back down. They asked
Mandeponay to resume his duties in 1891, which immedi-
ately helped get things under control at the mission.
Mandeponay exiled a troublemaker, helped return a num-
ber of families who had fled into the hills, and prohibited
polygamy among the catecumenos, those who had madea
commitment to converting to Christianity and were learn-
ing the requisite rules.
The reincorporation of Mandeponay into mission lifeoc-
13. curredjust in time. In 1892 the last revolt of the Chiriguanos
broke out under the leadership of a messianic leader,
Apiaguaiqui, from Ivo. Apiaguaiqui called himself a tumpa
(messiah) who would rid the Chiriguania of its white inter-
lopers and return all lands lost to their rightful owners.By
this time, colonists had insinuated themselves in virtually
every corner of Chiriguano territory and were forcing the
Indians to work as poorly paid peons on their ancestral lands.
Guacaya had fallen to the settlers in a war in 1874; the
Franciscans from Potosi took the opportunity to establish
a new mission in the area. Even Cuevo, at the heart of
nineteenth-century Chiriguano resistance, in 1887 had ac-
cepted the establishment of a mission after the Cuevefios'
attempt at building a huge fence to keep out colonists' cattle
had failed. Only Ivo and a scattered number of smaller settle-
ments remained outside the control of the settlers.
The 1892 war was doomed to failure from the start be-
cause no mission Indian chiefs joined their brethren from
Ivo. A number of Chiriguano chiefs visited Apiaguaiqui to
determine whether to follow the rebel leader or not. This
group included Mandeponay, who by this time was among
the two or three most powerful Chiriguano chiefs in the whole
region. He refused to join in the growing movement hut, on
the other hand, also never denied Apiaguaiqui's claims.
Although the missionaries and local authorities liked to be-
lieve that Mandeponay was their ally, in fact he was only
agamst bloodshed and remained essentially neutral dur-
mg the conflict. The assembly ofApiaguaiqui's followers de-
clared war on the whites in January 1892, and Mandeponay,
when he got the message, is reputed to have said: "War
IS bad. There is no advantage in it. It means no homes, no
+
14. �andeponay 101
chicha [corn beer, used as a staple in the Chiriguano diet]."
It was rumored, however, that his son Tacu left to join the
movement.
The Indians under Apiaguaiqui had planned to revolt
during Carnival, when the whites would be celebrating and
most men would be drunk, but the rape and murder of a
Chiriguano woman by a colonist during a New Year's fiesta
brought about a premature uprising. The Chiriguano army
gained control over an extensive territory between the River
Parapet! and Camatindi, a few miles north of Machareti. At
this point, the Indian warrior bands suddenly retreated to
the vicinity of Ivo to celebrate their victory over the white
colonists. Almost certainly, the failure of the movement to
spread among the missions just outside this area precipi-
tated this retreat. Thus, the refusal of Mandeponay in
Machareti and of the Cuevefios in the new mission limited
Apiaguaiqui's success and doomed the movement. Reaction
by a hastily mobilized militia and some troops from the regu-
lar army was swift. The Ivo Indians and their allies fought
bravely from a hillside near Ivo with their bows and arrows,
spears, knives, and occasional firearms. They hastily dug
trenches and erected walls of fallen trees, but even this tac-
tic was of little use against the much better armed whites. A
bloodypitched battle at Curuyuqui, where the fighting soon
degenerated into hand-to-hand combat, decided the fate of
the rebels. As a result of this battle and the subsequent re-
pression, six thousand Indians were killed or taken prisoner.
Those Indians who survived were given to white families in
the region, and some children were sold to work as servants
in households in Sucre, Monteagudo, and other towns.
Mandeponay, it seems, had been right. Violent resistance
15. was futile. Rather, it was necessary to adapt to changing
circumstances. The mission was the most viable alternative
to becoming exploited hacienda peons or fleeing into the
Chaco to join the Tobas. On the mission, the Chiriguanos
enjoyed their own authority structure and, to a large extent,
despite pressure from the missionaries to change their ways,
were able to maintain many traditions. For example, while
the friars forbade consumption of the beloved chicha, such
an injunction had little effect in a mission such as Machareti,
where the heathen population remained so large. In the af-
termath of the 1892 uprising, Mandeponay gained even more
power. In 1894 his archrival Guariyu, who had to a certain
__________ ......c1
102 The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America
extent been a counterweight to Mandeponay's influence,was
sent with his followers to a new mission, San Antoniode
Padua, to help control the Tobas who were congregated there.
Mandeponay's plan ofpreserving Chiriguano ethnic iden-
tity and projecting political power from the missions could
not work in the long term. Although adults had a choiceof
converting or not (something which they rarely did, leading
a missionary to exclaim in frustration that "to baptize an
Indian adult who is in perfect health is the same as asking
for pears from an elm tree"), all children above age seven
were required to attend mission school. This practice, of
course, led to the progressive conversion of the mission popu-
lation, a process that Mandeponay could do little to halt.
Not only were the children taught the catechism, but they
were also required to wear European-style clothes and speak
Spanish instead of their native Guarani. They also learned
16. how to play brass instruments for the mission band and some
type ofcraft such as carpentry or shoemaking, and the bright-
est boys learned some elementary reading, writing, and arith-
metic. The girls received instruction in sewing, cooking,and
other "womanly skills." The friars also often hired out the
children to neighboring haciendas, where they were further
imbued with Western ideas and habits. Thus, although the
conversion process was lengthy, at least in theory bythe sec-
ond generation the mission population would be completely
converted.
The process was more lengthy than the missionaries or
national authorities had counted on. It is quite possible that
Mandeponay helped delay the inevitable, for there wereper-
sistent reports that many families hid their children in the
surrounding dense scrub forest to prevent them from being
indoctrinated. Mandeponay certainly knew about this cir-
cumvention but elected to do nothing to help the friars re-
trieve the children. Moreover, Tacu refused to hand overhis
own children, setting a dangerous example for the rest of
the mission Indians. Another circumstance that made the
conversion problem more intractable was the constant turn-
over of Indians in the mission. Some families found tempo-
rary refuge on the mission during the various uprisings or
when the corn harvest was poor in other regions, a recur-
rent phenomenon in the arid climate of the southeastern
Andean foothills. Once families moved on again, the mis-
~lOnanes had to return the children to their parents, mak-
mg many conversion efforts futile.
£
~andeponay 103
17. Nevertheless, the neofito population continued to grow.
By the 1890s they constituted approximately one-third of
the total population living at Machareti, which during this
period fluctuated between twenty-five hundred and three
thousand individuals. Although mission residence patterns
gaveMandeponay a larger say over even those who had con-
verted, in the long term his authority was threatened by the
ever-larger Christian population on the mission. The con-
verts tended to heed the friars more and thus obviated the
necessityfor an intermediary such as Mandeponay. The num-
ber of mestizos who lived either on mission grounds or in
the near vicinity also increased significantly during the
1890s,from about two hundred fifty at the beginning ofthe
decade to double that number at the end. It was clear to
Mandeponaythat Chiriguano ethnic identity was threatened
evenin the relatively benign conditions of the missions.
Another threat to traditional ways oflife was the increas-
ing integration of the mission Indians into the market
economy.The mission's natural pastures and scrub forest
providedabundant fodder for the cattle that the Indians were
beginning to raise. By the 1890s mission residents raised
overseven hundred head of cattle themselves, in addition to
the large herd ofalmost two thousand head belonging to the
mission. In the 1890s a new trail connecting Argentina with
Santa Cruz to the north was developed that passed through
Machareti. The Indians began to grow fruits, cotton, and
other goods for their own consumption and for sale to the
merchants who passed with ever-greater frequency through
the mission. However, the land around Machareti was not
as fertile as that at other missions because ofthe sandy soil
and its proximity to the arid Chaco, making agriculture a
difficult enterprise. Nevertheless, as more Indians entered
the monetary economy, the emphasis on reciprocity through
large feasts that showed the generosity of the chiefs, and
the art oftraditional crafts such as hand-weaving cotton cloth
18. and making beautifully ornamented pottery, slowly began
to wane. Instead, many mission Indians refused to parti-
cipate in the mutual shows of largess; others purchased
ready made clothes and iron pots rather than engage in
time-consuming artisanal activities.
Mandeponay tried to adapt himself and his peopleto these
changes and used his great influence to provide his follow-
ers with the best alternatives. The most important role the
Chiriguanos played in the regional economy was not as
___________ ..... d"1
,
104 The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America
producers or consumers, but as laborers. All white settlers
who received land grants from the government in the
Chiriguania attempted to include as many Indian villages
as possible so as to provide an adequate source ofhacienda
peons for the new estates. Unfortunately, labor conditions
were miserable on the haciendas, where the Chiriguanos
were treated as virtual slaves, lost their indigenous culture,
and were perpetually mired in debt. Mandeponay was very
much aware of this situation, and certainly his awareness of
labor conditions in the region's estates had led him to ask
for a mission rather than subordinate himself and his people
to the white colonists. At times, of course, Mandeponay had
permitted some of his people to work on surrounding estates.
At least the Franciscans, who had considerable clout with
the region's landowners as well as local and national authori-
ties, were able to protect the mission Indians from the worst
abuses. However, even there, pay was low and conditions
19. far from ideal. How was Mandeponay going to give his people
the best possible deal as the valuable labor resource that
they were?
The solution presented itself in the 1880s, when a few
labor contractors from the sugar mills in Jujuy, Argentina,
came to the mission. Jujuy had a relatively large rural popu-
lation, but most lived in the highlands and, because oftheir
subsistence mentality, rarely came down to the valleys to
help harvest the sugarcane. As a result, labor contractors
began to look for other sources of workers, particularly among
the indigenous peoples ofthe Chaco. These contractors, know-
ing full well who had control over the majority of the mis-
sion population, offered Mandeponay a fee for each Indian
whom he could deliver to Jujuy for the sugar harvest. The
deal seemed too good to be true. On the one hand, his people
could make more than double the wages that they received
in Bolivia. On the other hand, the work was only temporary
and did not require permanent migration away from the mis-
sion. Mandeponay used the fees that he collected to
strengthen his ties with his soldiers and so increase his au-
thority over the mission's inhabitants.
Thus, in the 1880s, with Mandeponay's help, Machareti
Chiriguanos began to trickle over the border into Jujuy, par-
ticularly to the Ledezma Valley, to work in the sugarcane
harvest. The missionaries were against this temporary mi-
gration for a number of reasons. They complained that when
the mISSIOnIndians returned, the men had been corrupted
Mandeponay 105
bytheir experience in Argentina. The missionaries saw their
tutelage over their charges and their efforts at conversion
20. threatened by this absence. Many Indians brought back with
them to the mission what the friars considered to be terrible
habits. Most returning migrants had learned to fight with
knives over even trivial matters, as was the custom among
the gauchos of the Jujuy lowlands, creating serious prob-
lems of insubordination at the mission. Also, since many of
the men had left their wives behind during the harvest, the
friars became very concerned about the breakup of family
lives. The women and children often had insufficient re-
sourcesto fend for themselves for the whole period that their
menwere gone. After they returned, many Chiriguano men,
the Franciscans complained, became abusive to their mates,
leading to frequent instances ofwife beating. The friars also
worried about problems of infidelity that the prolonged ab-
sence ofthe men caused. However, Mandeponay's power re-
mained such that despite these misgivings the Franciscans
were unable to halt the migration.
In fact, in 1896, Mandeponay, by now an old man, went
with his people to Jujuy to supervise the work there. On the
sugar plantation he resided in a hut made ofsugarcane stalks
and leaves, just like the other temporary Indian workers.
Theowners ofthe mill gave him a monthly stipend and twelve
pesosfor every able-bodied man that he had work for at least
one month. Even a few Chiriguano women joined the cara-
van; they did not work in the fields but remained home to
cookand watch over the meager possessions that they and
their spouses had brought along. At the end of the three-
month stay, Mandeponay received, as was customary for
Indian chiefs to keep them well disposed toward the mill
owners, a few mules or mares as going-away presents.
The friars complained in 1896 that not enough able-
bodied men remained to carry out even the basic tasks of
maintaining the mission. The missionaries could do nothing
to stop Mandeponay, but by this time it had become difficult
21. to sustain the large population on the mission anyway. The
years from 1897 to 1903 were exceptionally hard. At first, a
plague oflocusts descended upon the region, wiping out vir-
tually all the mission's crops. For the rest of the century, a
prolonged drought dried out the corn plants before they bore
ears, creating even worse problems for those who lived on
the mission. Also, as the region's inhabitants lacked food,
they resorted to cattle rustling, especially from the mission's
,
____________ ...«1
106 The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America
herds, leading to an even greater breakdown in the mission
economy. Hunger drove many of the Chiriguanos, including
a number ofthe boys in the school, to go to Argentina rather
than starve at home. Some friars condoned this migration,
for they saw little alternative for their charges, despite the
cries of outrage from local hacendados who relied on mis.
sion labor for their farms.
In the meantime, Mandeponay as well as his sons be-
came wealthier with their trade in mission workers. Asa
good Chiriguano chief, Mandeponay distributed this wealth
to his followers in the form of more expensive feasts, which
he supplied with copious amounts of rum. The missionaries,
who were already concerned with discipline problems brought
about by the migrants' new habits learned in Argentina, were
appalled at this drunkenness but again could do nothing
about it. They continued to need Mandeponay, especiallyas
the drought got worse, to prevent the mission from losingall
its population. In fact, Mandeponay's ability to hold these
22. feasts attracted for the first time large numbers of Tobas
and Tapietes (another Chaco tribe), who were affected by
the prolonged drought themselves and sought food and ref-
uge on the mission. Thus, Mandeponay maintained his
position as the indispensable intermediary between the mis-
sionaries and the indigenous popula tion of the region.
This situation could not continue, however. The drought
persisted into the twentieth century. Even Mandeponay's
ability to purchase large quantities of alcohol could not pre-
vent the Indians from noticing that they had no foodfortheir
children and themselves. As a way of keeping the Indians on
the mission, Mandeponay became more and more autocratic
and, according to the friars, abusive. The feasts, in the con-
text of the increasing commercialization of the mission and
the subsequent breakdown of traditional ties among the In-
dians, were simply no longer adequate for keeping his fol-
lowers mIme. Instead, Mandeponay relied to a greater extent
than before on force to maintain his authority. This tactic
backfired, especially as the drought worsened. First to de-
part were the Tobas and 'I'apietos, who left for regions that
had been spared the disastrous crop failures.
The remaining heathens at the mission, Mandeponay's
power base, left in increasing numbers as well. Once he had
ahen~ted his followers, there was little reason for them to
remain. Many instead elected to go to Argentina with their
families and to stay there permanently. As the twentieth
,
Mandeponay 107
century arrived, the exodus turned from a trickle to a flood.
The missionaries in 1901 had to turn over seventy of their
23. pupilsto families leaving the mission, a fact that they blamed
on the drought and on Mandeponay's despotism. In 1903,
ninety heathen families and forty neofito families left for
greener pastures. The Franciscans threatened to depose him,
and Mandeponay agreed to reform his ways. It was too late.
By 1904, three hundred left, more than halving the mission
population from its high point in early 1901 of over three
thousand. Of the fourteen hundred people remaining, most
were neofitos, since they had a greater stake in staying on
the mission. As a result, for the first time in 1904 the mis-
sioncontained more Christian Indians than heathens (in fact,
twice as many), making Mandeponay's position as interme-
diary superfluous. The friars could finally act against the
old chief, and they deposed him as the supreme Indian au-
thority of the mission. Although Mandeponay continued to
send Indians to Argentina, his power was broken, and he
died soon thereafter.
What does Mandeponay's life tell us about the human
conditionin nineteenth-century Latin America? Mandeponay
was representative of the leaders of indigenous groups who,
during the course of the nineteenth century, were forced to
accommodatethemselves to the expansion ofthe frontier into
their territories. In a sense, Mandeponay's experience was
relatively fortunate; neither he nor his band suffered total
extinction as happened to many other, smaller native groups
in, for example, the Amazon basin. Mandeponay wielded sig-
nificant power during most of his long adulthood because he
was able to act as an intermediary between his people, as
wellas to a certain extent other frontier tribes, and national
society.Even in these frontier conditions, where the strong
subjugated the weak, Mandeponay was able to carve out a
breathing space for his people and help them adapt to chang-
ing conditions.
Mandeponay's experience shows that even relatively pow-
24. erless indigenous groups, when led by creative leaders with
political savvy and a firm understanding of their indispens-
ability as intermediaries in the ever-changing circumstances
along the frontier, were able to maintain a semblance of eth-
nic cohesion and pride. Tragically, this could be only tempo-
rary.The acceptance of a Franciscan mission spelled, through
the indoctrination of the indigenous children, the eventual
end of traditional cohesion and culture. Also, by bringing
-- ____________ ....."C1
108 The Human Tradition in Modern Latin America
the Indians into the regional economy, the missions guaran-
teed that the Chiriguanos would move away from their cus-
tomary ways of life. Even so, Mandeponay seized the
initiative and gave his people the opportunity to work for
much larger monetary rewards than were available in the
immedia te vicini ty of the mission. This Machareti chieftried
to maintain his traditional control over his people by spon-
soring more festivals and distributing large quantities of
drink. However, this effort failed. The immediate cause for
this failure was the prolonged agricultural crisis that afflicted
the area at the turn of the century, making it difficult for
Mandeponay to keep his people in the region. In the long
term, his political project was doomed anyhow; the drought
probably accelerated his eventual downfall. By encouraging
the mission Indians to migrate to Argentina, he helped ex-
pose his people to the full force of the market and to ideas
that entered the mission only in a filtered form. This cir-
cumstance alone would have converted the Chiriguanos into
the agricultural proletariat that by the first decades of the
twentieth century the vast majority of these Indians had
become.
25. SOURCES
Sources on Mandeponay, considering his importance in
southeastern Bolivia for a generation, are relatively scarce
and scattered. The founding of Machareti and Mandeponay's
role in it is related in Antonio Comajuncosa and Alejan-
dro M. Corrado, El colegio franciscano de Tarija y sus mis-
iones (Quaracchi, 1884). Numerous reports highlight the
conditions in Machareti and the other Chiriguano missions.
Among them Manuel Jofre 0., hijo, Colonias y misiones:
Informe de la visita practicada POI' el Delegado del Supremo
Gobierno, D,: Manuel Jofre 0., hijo, en 1893 (Tarija, 1895);
A. Thouar, Explorations dans L'Amerique du Sud (Paris,
1891); and Doroteo Giannecchini, Diario de la expedicion
exploradora boliviana al Alto Paraguay de 1886-1887 are
most revealing. In this study, I have relied extensively on
the annual reports of the Tarija mission prefects for
Machareti, which are in the archive of the Franciscan con-
vent in Tarija, and on the annual reports of the minister of
colonization, available in the Archivo N acional in Sucre
Bolivia. '
u---------------- ...eq
Mandeponay 109
For the 1892 revolt the basic secondary source is Her-
nando Sanabria Fernandez's excellent Apiaguaiqui-Tumpa
(LaPaz, 1972). For conditions in the Chiriguania in the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, see Erick D.
Langer,"Franciscan Missions and Chiriguano Workers: Colo-
nization, Acculturation, and Indian Labor in Southeastern
Bolivia," The Americas 62, no. 1 (January 1987): 305-22;
Langer and Robert H. Jackson, "Colonial and Republican
26. MissionsCompared: The Cases ofAlta California and South-
eastern Bolivia," Comparative Studies in Society and His-
tory 30, no. 2 (April 1988); and Langer, Rural Society and
the Mining Economy in Southern Bolivia: Agrarian Resis-
tance in Chuquisaca, 1880-1930 (Stanford, 1988), chap-
ter 6. By far the best analysis of the colonial Chiriguanos is
Thierry Saignes, "Une 'fr ont.iere fossile': La Cordillere
Chiriguano au XIXe siecle" (Ph.D. diss., Ecole des Hautes
Etudes, Paris, 1974).
General studies on the Chiriguanos include Bernardino
de Nino, Etnografia chiriguana (La Paz, 1912); Alfred
Metraux, "Chiriguano and Chane," in Handbook of South
American Indians, vol. 3, edited by Julian H. Steward, 465-
85(Washington, DC, 1948); Bratislava Susnik ,Chiriguanos
(Asuncion, 1968); and Lorenzo Calzavarini, Na.ci6n
chiriguana.: Grandeza y ocaso (La Paz, 1980).
____________ ...sr1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
For most of its 100-year existence, Oreo
was America’s best loved cookie, but today
it is a global brand. Faced with stagnation
in the domestic market, Kraft Foods moved
it into emerging markets where it made
some mistakes, learnt from them and
ultimately triumphed. This case study
looks at the strategies used to win over
customers in China and India.
By STEPHEN CLEMENTS, TANVI JAIN, SHERENE JOSE,
BENJAMIN KOELLMANN
27. March 31 2013 BUSINESS TODAY 109
CASE STUDY Oreo
SMA RT
spurred Kraft to turn to international
markets. With China and India rep-
resenting possibly the jewels in the
crown of international target mar-
kets due to their sheer size, Oreo was
launched in China in 1996.
The China launch was based on
the implicit assumption that what
made it successful in its home market
would be a winning formula in any
other market. However, after almost
a decade in China, Oreo cookies were
not a hit as anticipated, according to
Lorna Davis, in charge of the global
biscuit division at Kraft. And the
team even considered pulling Oreo
out of the Chinese market altogether.
In 2005, Kraft decided to re-
search the Chinese market to under-
stand why the Oreo cookie that was
so successful in most countries had
failed to resonate with the Chinese.
Research showed the Chinese were
not historically big cookie eaters.
According to Davis, Chinese con-
sumers liked the contrast of sweet
and bitter but “they said it was a little
28. bit too sweet and a little bit too bit-
ter”. Without the emotional attach-
ment of American consumers who
grew up with the cookie, the taste
and shape could be quite alien. In
addition, 72 cents for a pack of 14
Oreos was too expensive for the
value-conscious Chinese.
Kraft’s Chinese division used this
information to formulate a modified
recipe, making the cookie more
chocolatey and the cream less cloy-
ing. Kraft developed 20 prototypes of
reduced-sugar Oreos and tested
them with Chinese consumers before
arriving at a formula that tasted
right. They also introduced different
packages, including smaller packets
for just 29 cents to cater to Chinese
buying habits.
The changes had a positive im-
pact on sales and prompted the com-
pany to ask some basic questions
challenging the core attributes of the
traditional Oreo cookie. Why does an
Oreo have to be black and white?
And why should an Oreo be round?
This line of questioning and an
ambition to capture a greater share
of the Chinese biscuit market led
C KIE
29. XECUTIVE SUMMARY:
or most of its 100-year existence, Oreo
spurred Kra
markets. W
resenting p
c o n of inO
n March 6, 2012, the fa-
mous cookie brand, Oreo,
celebrated its 100th birth-
day. From humble begin-
nings in a Nabisco bakery in New
York City, Oreo has grown to become
the bestselling cookie brand of the
21st century generating $1.5 billion
in global annual revenues. Currently
owned by Kraft Foods Inc, Oreo is
one of the company’s dozen billion-
dollar brands.
Until the mid-1990s, Oreo
largely focused on the US market – as
reflected in one of its popular adver-
tising slogans from the 1980s,
“America’s Best Loved Cookie”. But
the dominant position in the US lim-
ited growth opportunities and
March 31
33333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
3333333333333 2
I L L U S T R A T I O N B Y S R I S T I
30. 108 BUSINESS TODAY March 31 2013
LBS Case Study- OREO.indd 2-3LBS Case Study- OREO.indd
2-3 3/8/2013 5:40:03 PM3/8/2013 5:40:03 PM
Initially, successful brands begin with a tight core brand
proposition which is often unique at the level of the prod-
uct or product features. Just as McDonald’s was about ham-
burgers and Starbucks about coffee, Oreo was about its
distinctive cookie. As time goes by, consumers change and
the company needs growth. Sooner or later, the brand faces
an existentialist dilemma. Staying faithful to the traditional
proposition would lead to brand irrelevance, while
expanding it too much would lead to brand incoherence.
Continued success requires the brand to redefine its
core, finding in it a proposition that is still faithful to tradi-
tion, and yet encompasses modernity in a manner to keep
the brand relevant, differentiated and credible. The rise of
emerging markets with their different consumption pat-
terns and greater diversity of income distribution questions
the core proposition of many developed world brands. Just
as McDonald’s had to realise it was about clean, affordable
fast food and not hamburgers, Oreo had to go through a
candid self-exploration. The new Oreo brand proposition
is richer and more elaborate while allowing for brand
growth and innovation.
Similarly, Starbucks realised that when China was going
to be its second home market, coffee was not essential to the
core proposition. This required a change in the logo and the
word ‘coffee’ was dropped from it. In China, more than
coffee, people line up at Starbucks for cold refreshments.
However, brands are like rubber bands and can only be
31. stretched so far in the short run. In the long run, they
can often be more flexible than their brand managers.
Kraft to remake the product in 2006
and introduce an Oreo that looked
almost nothing like the original. The
new Chinese Oreo consisted of four
layers of crispy wafers filled with va-
nilla and chocolate cream, coated in
chocolate. The local innovations
continued and Oreo products in
China today include Oreo green tea
ice cream and Oreo Double-Fruit.
Another challenge for Kraft in
China was introducing the typical
twist, lick and dunk ritual used by
American consumers to enjoy their
Oreos. Americans traditionally twist
open their Oreo cookies, lick the
cream inside and then dunk it in
milk. Such behaviour was consid-
ered a “strangely American habit”,
according to Davis. But the team
noticed China’s growing thirst for
milk which Kraft tapped with a
grassroots marketing campaign to
tell Chinese consumers about the
American tradition of pairing milk
with cookies. A product tailored for
the Chinese market and a campaign
to market the American style of pair-
ing Oreos with milk paid off and
Oreos became the bestselling cookies
of that country.
32. The lessons from the Chinese
market have shaped the way Kraft
has approached Oreo’s launch in
India. Oreo entered India through
the import route and was initially
priced at `50 (about $1) for a pack of
14. But sales were insignificant
BRANDS FACE AN
EXISTENTIALIST DILEMMA
110 BUSINESS TODAY March 31 2013
“The new
Oreo brand
proposition is
richer and more
elaborate while
allowing for
brand growth
and innovation”
PROF NIRMALYA KUMAR,
Professor of Marketing and
Director of the Aditya Birla India
Centre at London Business School
CASE STUDY Oreo
partly because of limited availability
and awareness, but also because
they were prohibitively expensive for
the value-conscious Indian masses.
Learning from the Chinese success
story, the company under global CEO
Irene Rosenfeld took localisation
strategies seriously from 2007 on-
33. wards. The $19.1-billion acquisition
of Cadbury in 2009 provided Kraft
the local foothold it needed in India.
Unlike the Chinese, Indians love
their biscuits. Nielsen says India is
the world’s biggest market for bis-
cuits with a market share of 22 per
cent in volumes compared with 13
per cent in the US. While the lion’s
share of this market is for low-cost
glucose biscuits led by Parle-G, pre-
mium creams account for a substan-
tial chunk valued at around `5,500
crore ($1.1 billion). The way to the
Indian consumer’s stomach is
through competitive pricing, high
volumes and strong distribution, es-
pecially in rural areas.
Oreo developed a launch strategy
around taking on existing market
leaders in the cream segment –
Britannia, Parle and ITC. Internally,
they even have an acronym for this
strategy – TLD (Take Leaders Down).
The focus was to target the top 10
million households which account
for 70 per cent of cream biscuit con-
sumption. Oreo launched in India in
March 2011. It entered the market
March 31 2013 BUSINESS TODAY 111
T his is a good example of marketing excellence in three As in
India: Availability, Affordability and
34. Adaptability. The key to success in the Indian market is to
pursue a balanced marketing effort in terms of the three As.
Availability is a function of distribution and value
networks, which generates brand awareness when it goes
along with well-devised advertising campaigns.
Affordable pricing is one of the strategic value
propositions Kraft (Cadbury) is offering to valued
consumers in India. Better or more-for-less is the
mandate for the value proposition in this category.
Arguably, where Oreo India made a difference in is the fact
that it successfully overcame a real challenge each and
every marketer faces to realise affordable pricing
with profitability.
Excellence in adaptability to local culture also helped
Oreo capture a share of mouths and minds. One of the key
success factors for Oreo in India is replicating the learning
from China in terms of the intangible brand promise more
than tangible benefits like taste. The notion of togetherness
fits the Indian context of valuing the family and resonates
with the nuclear family in the expanding middle class.
Togetherness has successfully created emotional bonding
not only between the brand and consumers, but also
between parents and children when they experience the
brand through product consumption.
When Oreo enters smaller towns, it will be able to enjoy
a sweet taste of the future as the case proves the existence
of global or universal consumers in India.
AVAILABILITY, AFFORDABILITY
AND ADAPTABILITY ARE KEY
“Affordable
35. pricing is
one of the
strategic value
propositions
Kraft is
offering valued
customers in
India”
HIROSHI OMATA,
CEO, Dentsu Marcom
e
s
e
e
s
s
d
n
”
A,
m
h
A
Adap
pursu
Av
nnnennnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn tw
along
36. Af
propo
consu
mand
A
AVA
AN
Premium creams
account for a huge
chunk of India’s total
biscuit market and are
valued at around
`5,500Cr
India is the world’s
biggest market
for biscuits with
a market share of
22% compared with
13% in the US
LBS Case Study- OREO.indd 4-5LBS Case Study- OREO.indd
4-5 3/8/2013 5:40:33 PM3/8/2013 5:40:33 PM
112 BUSINESS TODAY March 31 2013
37. BT receives scores of responses to its case studies.
Below is the best one on Burberry in the Feb 3, 2013 issueBEST
OF THE LOT
Ambarish Jambhorkar, [email protected]
The way smartphone sales are going north – as per CBS news
the world has
one billion active users – and data use is overtaking voice
revenue, social
media marketing is the future for branding and advertis-
ing This means customer approach will be precise in
STP (Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning). Also, as
discussed in the HBR issue of July-Aug’12 (Tweet Me
Friend Me Make Me Buy – Barbara Giamanco and Kent
Gregoire) this is the time when the right use of social
marketing management should be taught in business
schools as a subject. I think Indian companies should
start early and gain early.
Ambarish Jambhorkar wins a copy of Marketing as Strategy by
Nirmalya Kumar
a s C a d b u r y O r e o s b e c a u s e
Cadbury is a stronger brand name
than Kraft, and initially focused
on generating awareness and
rapid trials. The product was
sweetened to suit the Indian pal-
ate and Kraft exploited Cadbury’s
network of 1.2 million stores.
The Made in India tag meant
using locally-sourced ingredients,
modification of the recipe to suit
I n d i a n t a s t e s a n d p o s s i b l y
cheaper ingredients, a smaller
38. size and competitive prices. Oreo
launched its traditional chocolate
cookie with vanilla cream at `5 for a
pack of three to drive impulse pur-
chases and trials, `10 for a pack of
seven and `20 for a pack of 14 for
heavy usage. The cookie looks the
same as its international counter-
part with a motif of 12 florets and 12
dashes.
The company maintained the
heritage of the bitter chocolate
cookie with sweet vanilla cream to
stand out from me-too products and
meet customer expectations of hav-
ing the real thing. Kraft initially
chose to outsource its manufactur-
ing for the Indian market instead of
using Cadbury factories.
Communication and advertising
have been consistent across the world
as the core customer remains the
same. The company focused on using
the togetherness concept to sell Oreos
in India, with television forming the
main medium of communication al-
though other media are also being
tapped. Oreo India’s Facebook page is
one of the fastest growing in the
world. The company also went on a
bus tour to push the concept of to-
getherness among families across
nine cities and it used a smaller vehi-
39. cle for a similar campaign across 450
small towns. Oreo is driving point-of-
purchase sales with store displays
and in-store promotions in a bid to
overtake market leader Britannia
Good Day’s distribution.
With a strategy focused on rapid
brand awareness and extensive dis-
tribution, the Oreo India launch
story has been a success so far.
Its market share has grown
from a little over one per cent
after its debut to a massive 30
per cent of the cream biscuit
market. As awareness of the
Oreo brand grows in India,
Kraft is looking to shift from the
Cadbury distribution network to
a wider wholesale channel. It is
also eyeing kirana stores and
small towns apart from modern
stores in big cities.
Today, Oreo is more than just an
American brand. It is present in more
than 100 countries, with China oc-
cupying the No. 2 slot. Seven years
ago, this was highly improbable. ~
(This case study is from the Aditya
Birla India Centre of London Business
School.)
40. What can we learn from Kraft
Food’s experiences in India and China?
Write to [email protected]
or post your comments at www.
businesstoday.in/casestudy-oreo. Your
views will be published in our online
edition. The best response will win a
copy of Marketing as Strategy by
Nirmalya Kumar. Previous case
studies are at www.businesstoday.in/
casestudy.
The Made in
India tag meant
using locally-sourced
ingredients and
modifi cation of the
recipe to suit
Indian tastes
CASE STUDY Oreo
LBS Case Study- OREO.indd 6LBS Case Study- OREO.indd
6 3/8/2013 5:40:56 PM3/8/2013 5:40:56 PM
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