Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia are discussed. Key points include:
1) Advances in diagnosis include identifying reduced hippocampus volume and genes associated with impaired neurogenesis as potential causes of schizophrenia symptoms.
2) Treatment has advanced with evidence that antipsychotics can increase neurogenesis and effectively treat symptoms.
3) Challenges remain in developing more effective treatments as some patients still do not respond well to existing medications and schizophrenia can cause significant disabilities.
1534Kumar Shivam1, Amir Riyaz Khan1 International_vol 8 (1)shivam kumar
This document discusses the psychological symptoms and therapy aspects of schizophrenia. It describes the main types of symptoms - positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms involving reduced emotional expression and motivation, and cognitive symptoms impacting thinking and memory. It outlines the different types of schizophrenia like catatonic schizophrenia characterized by decreased movement and disorganized schizophrenia. Psychosocial therapy aims to help patients manage symptoms and improve social and occupational functioning through medication alongside social and community support.
Epidemiological studies in psychiatry in IndiaSujit Kumar Kar
Epidemiological studies in psychiatry have been conducted in India for over 60 years, starting with Dr. K.C. Dube's 1961 study in Agra. Initial studies found wide variation in prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders from 9.5 to 370 per 1000 population. Landmark international studies provided more standardized approaches. However, Indian studies were inadequate to assess non-psychotic disorders. Substance use epidemiological studies included the National Household Survey and Drug Abuse Monitoring System. The National Mental Health Survey was the largest nationwide survey and found treatment gaps of 73-85% for mental disorders. Ongoing national surveys continue to inform mental healthcare in India.
This study aims to investigate whether cognitive remediation can improve cognitive and psychosocial function in patients at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. The FOCUS trial will enroll 126 UHR patients and randomly assign them to either cognitive remediation plus standard treatment, or standard treatment alone. The cognitive remediation involves 24 weekly group sessions and 12 individual sessions targeting neurocognition and social cognition. Outcomes will be assessed at 6 and 12 months and include cognition, functioning, symptoms, and rates of transition to psychosis. This is the first trial to evaluate the effects of comprehensive cognitive rehabilitation for UHR patients.
improving health systems and healthcare for mental health_engaluckyrodrigo
This document outlines a strategy for improving mental health systems and services. It begins by noting that mental disorders affect 1 in 4 people worldwide but many countries have inadequate mental health systems. An integrated approach is needed to develop good quality mental health systems using primary care as a foundation. The strategy involves developing mental health policies and plans, enacting rights-based legislation, organizing services according to a pyramid model, planning and budgeting services, improving quality, training the workforce, developing information systems, ensuring access to medicines, and having sustainable financing. Following these recommendations can help countries establish comprehensive yet efficient mental health systems to improve outcomes and human rights for those suffering from mental disorders.
Coping Strategies Among Caregivers Of Patients With Schizophrenia: A Descript...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Factors Affecting Awareness of Mental Health among Adults of Selected Area of...ijtsrd
Background Mental health awareness delivers a wide range of knowledge and encompasses recognition and help seeking behaviour. Mental health services should be assess at ground level to monitor its delivery. Different mean of communication can use to highlight the mental health issues. Objective To identify the factor affecting awareness of mental health among adults. Materials and methods Quantitative research approach with descriptive design was adapted for present study. Total 126 adults were selected through systematic random sampling. The tools administered consisted of baseline data, structured questionnaire on factor affecting awareness of mental health. Descriptive and inferential statistics used for analyses. Result This study showed that the samples reported that majority of the factors affecting awareness of mental health was superstitious belief, history of mental illness, peer group. Conclusion The study explored that majority of the factors responsible for mental illness was superstitious belief, history of mental illness, peer group. Rahul Singh Gusain | Grace M. Singh | Rajkumari Sylvia "Factors Affecting Awareness of Mental Health among Adults of Selected Area of Dehradun, Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29305.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/29305/factors-affecting-awareness-of-mental-health-among-adults-of-selected-area-of-dehradun-uttarakhand/rahul-singh-gusain
1534Kumar Shivam1, Amir Riyaz Khan1 International_vol 8 (1)shivam kumar
This document discusses the psychological symptoms and therapy aspects of schizophrenia. It describes the main types of symptoms - positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms involving reduced emotional expression and motivation, and cognitive symptoms impacting thinking and memory. It outlines the different types of schizophrenia like catatonic schizophrenia characterized by decreased movement and disorganized schizophrenia. Psychosocial therapy aims to help patients manage symptoms and improve social and occupational functioning through medication alongside social and community support.
Epidemiological studies in psychiatry in IndiaSujit Kumar Kar
Epidemiological studies in psychiatry have been conducted in India for over 60 years, starting with Dr. K.C. Dube's 1961 study in Agra. Initial studies found wide variation in prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders from 9.5 to 370 per 1000 population. Landmark international studies provided more standardized approaches. However, Indian studies were inadequate to assess non-psychotic disorders. Substance use epidemiological studies included the National Household Survey and Drug Abuse Monitoring System. The National Mental Health Survey was the largest nationwide survey and found treatment gaps of 73-85% for mental disorders. Ongoing national surveys continue to inform mental healthcare in India.
This study aims to investigate whether cognitive remediation can improve cognitive and psychosocial function in patients at ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis. The FOCUS trial will enroll 126 UHR patients and randomly assign them to either cognitive remediation plus standard treatment, or standard treatment alone. The cognitive remediation involves 24 weekly group sessions and 12 individual sessions targeting neurocognition and social cognition. Outcomes will be assessed at 6 and 12 months and include cognition, functioning, symptoms, and rates of transition to psychosis. This is the first trial to evaluate the effects of comprehensive cognitive rehabilitation for UHR patients.
improving health systems and healthcare for mental health_engaluckyrodrigo
This document outlines a strategy for improving mental health systems and services. It begins by noting that mental disorders affect 1 in 4 people worldwide but many countries have inadequate mental health systems. An integrated approach is needed to develop good quality mental health systems using primary care as a foundation. The strategy involves developing mental health policies and plans, enacting rights-based legislation, organizing services according to a pyramid model, planning and budgeting services, improving quality, training the workforce, developing information systems, ensuring access to medicines, and having sustainable financing. Following these recommendations can help countries establish comprehensive yet efficient mental health systems to improve outcomes and human rights for those suffering from mental disorders.
Coping Strategies Among Caregivers Of Patients With Schizophrenia: A Descript...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Factors Affecting Awareness of Mental Health among Adults of Selected Area of...ijtsrd
Background Mental health awareness delivers a wide range of knowledge and encompasses recognition and help seeking behaviour. Mental health services should be assess at ground level to monitor its delivery. Different mean of communication can use to highlight the mental health issues. Objective To identify the factor affecting awareness of mental health among adults. Materials and methods Quantitative research approach with descriptive design was adapted for present study. Total 126 adults were selected through systematic random sampling. The tools administered consisted of baseline data, structured questionnaire on factor affecting awareness of mental health. Descriptive and inferential statistics used for analyses. Result This study showed that the samples reported that majority of the factors affecting awareness of mental health was superstitious belief, history of mental illness, peer group. Conclusion The study explored that majority of the factors responsible for mental illness was superstitious belief, history of mental illness, peer group. Rahul Singh Gusain | Grace M. Singh | Rajkumari Sylvia "Factors Affecting Awareness of Mental Health among Adults of Selected Area of Dehradun, Uttarakhand" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29305.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/29305/factors-affecting-awareness-of-mental-health-among-adults-of-selected-area-of-dehradun-uttarakhand/rahul-singh-gusain
This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of 150 adolescent students regarding psychoactive substance abuse. It found that most students had adequate knowledge of addictive substances and their harms, but only a minority knew about treatment options. A minority also had negative attitudes toward substance abusers. The study concluded there was a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude. Knowledge scores were associated with the education level of the father, while attitude scores were associated with the sex of the adolescent. It recommends educational programs to improve adolescent knowledge and attitudes regarding psychoactive substance abuse.
Community Family Care Intervention Model For Families LivingCharlotteEngelbrecht
This document summarizes a study on families living with severe mental illness in the KwaZulu-Natal community of South Africa. It discusses the challenges families face in caring for members with mental illness at home, as well as their needs. Through narrative interviews with 4 families, the study found that principal caregivers experienced frustration, financial difficulties, and feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities. Living with mental illness affected relationships and participants desired more community support services. The findings confirm that families living with mental illness face layers of challenges in impoverished, stigmatizing environments with limited resources.
The Impact of Spiritual Health Care on Patients’ Clinical Outcomeijtsrd
MethodA systematic literature review was conducted to determine the definition of spirituality and the impact of spiritual health care on HIV AIDS Patients’ response to treatment. We conducted an internet search using the following questions on google scholar Definition of spirituality what is spiritual health care Impact of spiritual Health care on HIV AIDS Patients response to treatment. Results.Our findings reveal that spirituality and spiritual care positively When God is portrayed as Loving and caring and negatively When God is portrayed as judgmental punishing the sick with the condition impact on the health of HIV AIDS patients. However a Majority of findings show positive impact of spirituality on HIV AIDS patients’ response to treatment.ConclusionSpirituality and spiritual Health care which improve on patients’ spirituality positively impacts HIV AIDS patients’ response to treatment. Thus spiritual interventions could be beneficial in promoting adherence and positive health outcomes in HIVAIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy. Che Joseph Ngwa | Dickson Shey Nsagha | Same Ekobo Legrand | Doumta Charles Falang "The Impact of Spiritual Health Care on Patients’ Clinical Outcome" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33646.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33646/the-impact-of-spiritual-health-care-on-patients’-clinical-outcome/che-joseph-ngwa
Community Mental Health Services in india At Nmhans Power Point Students.AIIMS
The document discusses the history and development of community mental health services in India. It notes that early reports from 1947 and 1964 highlighted a significant shortage of mental health resources and facilities in the country. Several key initiatives helped integrate mental health into primary care starting in the 1970s. These included the National Mental Health Program in 1982 and expanding services to additional districts in the 1990s. The document also outlines the community psychiatry services developed at NIMHANS, including rural clinics and home care services. It discusses the teaching, training, research and roles provided in community mental health.
Concepts of normal and abnormal behaviorNURSING WAY
Psychiatry aims to understand abnormal behavior, but defining normal and abnormal is difficult due to socio-cultural influences. Several models have been proposed: 1) The medical model views abnormality as caused by organic pathology, with disturbances in thought and behavior. 2) The statistical model defines normality as within two standard deviations of test norms. 3) The socio-cultural model sees normalcy as adherence to cultural norms, with deviations viewed as abnormal. 4) The behavior model sees adaptive behavior as normal and maladaptive behavior as abnormal, acquired through learning.
Addiction psychiatry focuses on evaluating, diagnosing, and treating people suffering from substance use and other addictive disorders. It is a medical subspecialty within psychiatry that has expanded due to growing scientific knowledge about addiction and treatments. Addiction psychiatrists must be certified general psychiatrists who have completed an accredited residency program in addiction psychiatry in order to treat addiction along with any co-occurring psychiatric conditions using medication, psychotherapy, and other methods.
1) This study recruited a cohort of 802 young people (aged 12-25) seeking help at four headspace youth mental health services in Australia to longitudinally examine a clinical staging model of mental disorders.
2) At baseline, the cohort showed heterogeneity in the nature and severity of mental health problems. 51% met criteria for generalized anxiety, 45% had moderate-severe depressive symptoms, and over a third had subthreshold psychotic symptoms. Impairment was also common, with 39% functionally impaired.
3) The variation in clinical presentations, from mild to severe psychopathology and impairment, makes this cohort well-suited to empirically test a clinical staging model of mental disorders longitudinally over time
the importance of epidemiological studies, important historical research on mental health, techniques and processes, and epidemiological research findings on mental health during covid 19 are included.
Mental health issues in pakistan (July 2010)Pk Doctors
Mental health issues in Pakistan are a significant problem. There are only 400 psychiatrists and 200 clinical psychologists serving a population of 170 million people. Historically, Pakistan had very few mental health facilities, with only 3 hospitals at the time of independence in 1947. The first rehabilitation facility was not opened until 1971 by the Lahore Mental Health Association. Current issues with mental health care in Pakistan include stigma, shortages of professionals, insufficient beds, brain drain, and inadequate peripheral services. Suggestions to improve the system include increasing psychiatric faculty, appointing consultants in rural areas, implementing the 2001 Mental Health Act, public awareness campaigns, and structured training for general practitioners.
This document discusses psychiatric assessment. It describes the purpose of assessment as making a diagnosis for clinical, forensic, or medico-legal reasons. Methods of assessment include taking patient history, conducting a mental status examination, mini mental status examination, physical examination, investigations, and using assessment tools. A nursing assessment also includes risk assessment and obtaining background health information.
Mental health in primary health care in India: The Gumballi experiencePrashanth N S
Invited panel presentation at the 10th European Conference on Tropical Medicine & International Health held at Antwerp (16-20 October 2017) by Prashanth N Srinivas. Presentation based on the book chapter by the same name by Prashanth N S, Sridharan V S, Seshadri T, Sudarshan H, Kishore Kumar K V & Murthy RS in the Palgrave Handbook on socio-cultural perspectives on Global Mental Health
This study assessed the spiritual health of 990 elderly people in Jaipur, India. It found that the majority (68.89%) had poor spiritual health according to the Spiritual Health Assessment Scale. Poorer spiritual health was strongly associated with poorer psycho-wellness. The study also found that self-realization, the deepest domain of spirituality, had the lowest mean score, followed by self-actualization and then self-development. In conclusion, poorer spiritual health among the elderly leads to poorer psycho-wellness.
Transitioning Mental Health & Psychosocial Support from Short-Term Emergency ...Purvi P. Patel
Report of the Mental Health and Psychosocial Support working group from the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit, hosted by Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)
The Mental Health Commission of NSW, Australia hosted a public lecture on 21 March 2016 by US-based psychiatrist and advocate for “more humble, humane and honest” psychiatry, Dr Sandra Steingard.
The lecture was held in Sydney and focused on ‘slow psychiatry’, which Dr Steingard describes as the integration of ‘need-adapted’ models of mental health care such as Open Dialogue with the use of psychoactive agents in a “cautious and humble way”.
Dr. Sandra Steingard is Medical Director at Howard Center, a community mental health organisation where she has worked for the past 17 years. Named among the “Best Doctors in America", she is also clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the College of Medicine at the University of Vermont. For more than 20 years, her clinical practice has primarily included patients who have experienced psychosis. She regularly writes for Mad in America, an online resource and community for those interested in rethinking psychiatric care in the United States and abroad. Dr. Steingard is Board Secretary for the Foundation for Excellence in Mental Health Care.
Stress, Anxiety, Trauma and Mental Functioning Amidst the Pandemic of the Cen...ijtsrd
During an outbreak of any viral infectious disease, the psychological reactions of the population play a vital role in shaping both spread of the disease and the prevalence of emotional distress and social disorder during and after the outbreak. While this might be evident in the acute phase, when health systems prioritize testing, reducing transmission and critical patient care, psychological and psychiatric needs should not be overlooked and should be given the adequate importance. These are clearly crucial issues to consider in the management including COVID 19. Psychological reactions to pandemics include maladaptive behaviours, emotional distress and defensive responses, anxiety, stress, trauma and depressive relapses. Both the threat and realization of loss due to the core and ancillary can be traumatic and may lead to chronic stress, depression, anxiety, and bereavement. Thus it is fare to state that extreme, stress anxiety and psychiatric co morbidities that were already increasing at an alarming rate has been aggravated by COVID 19 pandemic, the dreaded pandemic of the century. Further sample based study and research is warranted. Dr. Ankit Halder | Dr. Avinanda Biswas | Dr. Navna Panchami Ravindran | Dr. Devavrat Harshe "Stress, Anxiety, Trauma and Mental Functioning Amidst the Pandemic of the Century" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41262.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/41262/stress-anxiety-trauma-and-mental-functioning-amidst-the-pandemic-of-the-century/dr-ankit-halder
The document discusses a community mental health program (CMHP) that aims to promote mental health and rehabilitate those with mental illness. The CMHP includes inpatient and outpatient services, emergency services, and education/training. It adopts strategies like integrating mental health with primary care and providing tertiary institutions. Welfare agencies assist with emergency care, treatment programs, and aftercare. The CMHP aims to reduce psychological impacts of disasters and strengthen community preparedness and monitoring. However, it faces limitations like shortages of professionals, funding, and coordination between national and community departments.
The document discusses community psychiatry and hospital-based community psychiatry services. It describes the components of hospital-based services including assertive community teams and acute home care. It provides criteria for inclusion in these programs and the functions of the teams which include assessment, home visits, interventions, and rehabilitation. The document also describes community mental health centers and their role in providing accessible, continuing treatment for mental disorders in the community.
23 September 2010 - National Council for Palliative Care / National End of Life Care Programme / the neurological alliance 15 February 2013 - National End of Life Care Programme / Whole Systems Partnership
This document aims to set out an EoLC framework for implementation that speciï¬cally meets the needs of those with neurological conditions.
It covers:
Strategic context
End of life care tools
End of life care in neurological disease
Communication and advance care planning
Co-ordination and multidisciplinary approach to care
Management of physical symptoms
Holistic care - psychosocial and spiritual aspects
Care at the end of life
Carers
Workforce, education and training
Commissioning health and social care services
1534 kumar shivam1, amir riyaz khan1 international vol 8 (1)shivam kumar
This document discusses the psychological symptoms and therapy aspects of schizophrenia. It describes the main types of symptoms - positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms involving reduced emotional expression and motivation, and cognitive symptoms impacting thinking and memory. It outlines the different types of schizophrenia like catatonic schizophrenia characterized by decreased movement and disorganized schizophrenia. Psychosocial therapy aims to help patients manage symptoms and improve social and occupational functioning through medication alongside social and community support.
Halloween tiene su origen en la festividad celta del Samhain, celebrada para marcar el final del verano y el comienzo del invierno. Los celtas creían que en esta fecha, el velo entre el mundo de los vivos y los muertos se hacía más delgado. Modernamente, la tradición se ha popularizado en países occidentales a través de la influencia estadounidense, y se caracteriza por actividades como disfraces, truco o trato y fiestas.
East Coast Transport-MACRO POINT CASE STUDYPaul Berman
East Coast Transport, a third-party logistics provider, implemented MacroPoint's freight tracking software to gain real-time visibility of load locations from start to finish. The software allows them to monitor every load with unprecedented precision and measure carrier performance. It has increased the carrier conversion rate to accept tracking from 50% to 80% over two years. MacroPoint saves East Coast Transport time by eliminating the need to continually call carriers and drivers for load updates.
This study assessed the knowledge and attitudes of 150 adolescent students regarding psychoactive substance abuse. It found that most students had adequate knowledge of addictive substances and their harms, but only a minority knew about treatment options. A minority also had negative attitudes toward substance abusers. The study concluded there was a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude. Knowledge scores were associated with the education level of the father, while attitude scores were associated with the sex of the adolescent. It recommends educational programs to improve adolescent knowledge and attitudes regarding psychoactive substance abuse.
Community Family Care Intervention Model For Families LivingCharlotteEngelbrecht
This document summarizes a study on families living with severe mental illness in the KwaZulu-Natal community of South Africa. It discusses the challenges families face in caring for members with mental illness at home, as well as their needs. Through narrative interviews with 4 families, the study found that principal caregivers experienced frustration, financial difficulties, and feeling overwhelmed by responsibilities. Living with mental illness affected relationships and participants desired more community support services. The findings confirm that families living with mental illness face layers of challenges in impoverished, stigmatizing environments with limited resources.
The Impact of Spiritual Health Care on Patients’ Clinical Outcomeijtsrd
MethodA systematic literature review was conducted to determine the definition of spirituality and the impact of spiritual health care on HIV AIDS Patients’ response to treatment. We conducted an internet search using the following questions on google scholar Definition of spirituality what is spiritual health care Impact of spiritual Health care on HIV AIDS Patients response to treatment. Results.Our findings reveal that spirituality and spiritual care positively When God is portrayed as Loving and caring and negatively When God is portrayed as judgmental punishing the sick with the condition impact on the health of HIV AIDS patients. However a Majority of findings show positive impact of spirituality on HIV AIDS patients’ response to treatment.ConclusionSpirituality and spiritual Health care which improve on patients’ spirituality positively impacts HIV AIDS patients’ response to treatment. Thus spiritual interventions could be beneficial in promoting adherence and positive health outcomes in HIVAIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy. Che Joseph Ngwa | Dickson Shey Nsagha | Same Ekobo Legrand | Doumta Charles Falang "The Impact of Spiritual Health Care on Patients’ Clinical Outcome" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33646.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/33646/the-impact-of-spiritual-health-care-on-patients’-clinical-outcome/che-joseph-ngwa
Community Mental Health Services in india At Nmhans Power Point Students.AIIMS
The document discusses the history and development of community mental health services in India. It notes that early reports from 1947 and 1964 highlighted a significant shortage of mental health resources and facilities in the country. Several key initiatives helped integrate mental health into primary care starting in the 1970s. These included the National Mental Health Program in 1982 and expanding services to additional districts in the 1990s. The document also outlines the community psychiatry services developed at NIMHANS, including rural clinics and home care services. It discusses the teaching, training, research and roles provided in community mental health.
Concepts of normal and abnormal behaviorNURSING WAY
Psychiatry aims to understand abnormal behavior, but defining normal and abnormal is difficult due to socio-cultural influences. Several models have been proposed: 1) The medical model views abnormality as caused by organic pathology, with disturbances in thought and behavior. 2) The statistical model defines normality as within two standard deviations of test norms. 3) The socio-cultural model sees normalcy as adherence to cultural norms, with deviations viewed as abnormal. 4) The behavior model sees adaptive behavior as normal and maladaptive behavior as abnormal, acquired through learning.
Addiction psychiatry focuses on evaluating, diagnosing, and treating people suffering from substance use and other addictive disorders. It is a medical subspecialty within psychiatry that has expanded due to growing scientific knowledge about addiction and treatments. Addiction psychiatrists must be certified general psychiatrists who have completed an accredited residency program in addiction psychiatry in order to treat addiction along with any co-occurring psychiatric conditions using medication, psychotherapy, and other methods.
1) This study recruited a cohort of 802 young people (aged 12-25) seeking help at four headspace youth mental health services in Australia to longitudinally examine a clinical staging model of mental disorders.
2) At baseline, the cohort showed heterogeneity in the nature and severity of mental health problems. 51% met criteria for generalized anxiety, 45% had moderate-severe depressive symptoms, and over a third had subthreshold psychotic symptoms. Impairment was also common, with 39% functionally impaired.
3) The variation in clinical presentations, from mild to severe psychopathology and impairment, makes this cohort well-suited to empirically test a clinical staging model of mental disorders longitudinally over time
the importance of epidemiological studies, important historical research on mental health, techniques and processes, and epidemiological research findings on mental health during covid 19 are included.
Mental health issues in pakistan (July 2010)Pk Doctors
Mental health issues in Pakistan are a significant problem. There are only 400 psychiatrists and 200 clinical psychologists serving a population of 170 million people. Historically, Pakistan had very few mental health facilities, with only 3 hospitals at the time of independence in 1947. The first rehabilitation facility was not opened until 1971 by the Lahore Mental Health Association. Current issues with mental health care in Pakistan include stigma, shortages of professionals, insufficient beds, brain drain, and inadequate peripheral services. Suggestions to improve the system include increasing psychiatric faculty, appointing consultants in rural areas, implementing the 2001 Mental Health Act, public awareness campaigns, and structured training for general practitioners.
This document discusses psychiatric assessment. It describes the purpose of assessment as making a diagnosis for clinical, forensic, or medico-legal reasons. Methods of assessment include taking patient history, conducting a mental status examination, mini mental status examination, physical examination, investigations, and using assessment tools. A nursing assessment also includes risk assessment and obtaining background health information.
Mental health in primary health care in India: The Gumballi experiencePrashanth N S
Invited panel presentation at the 10th European Conference on Tropical Medicine & International Health held at Antwerp (16-20 October 2017) by Prashanth N Srinivas. Presentation based on the book chapter by the same name by Prashanth N S, Sridharan V S, Seshadri T, Sudarshan H, Kishore Kumar K V & Murthy RS in the Palgrave Handbook on socio-cultural perspectives on Global Mental Health
This study assessed the spiritual health of 990 elderly people in Jaipur, India. It found that the majority (68.89%) had poor spiritual health according to the Spiritual Health Assessment Scale. Poorer spiritual health was strongly associated with poorer psycho-wellness. The study also found that self-realization, the deepest domain of spirituality, had the lowest mean score, followed by self-actualization and then self-development. In conclusion, poorer spiritual health among the elderly leads to poorer psycho-wellness.
Transitioning Mental Health & Psychosocial Support from Short-Term Emergency ...Purvi P. Patel
Report of the Mental Health and Psychosocial Support working group from the 2011 Humanitarian Action Summit, hosted by Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA)
The Mental Health Commission of NSW, Australia hosted a public lecture on 21 March 2016 by US-based psychiatrist and advocate for “more humble, humane and honest” psychiatry, Dr Sandra Steingard.
The lecture was held in Sydney and focused on ‘slow psychiatry’, which Dr Steingard describes as the integration of ‘need-adapted’ models of mental health care such as Open Dialogue with the use of psychoactive agents in a “cautious and humble way”.
Dr. Sandra Steingard is Medical Director at Howard Center, a community mental health organisation where she has worked for the past 17 years. Named among the “Best Doctors in America", she is also clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at the College of Medicine at the University of Vermont. For more than 20 years, her clinical practice has primarily included patients who have experienced psychosis. She regularly writes for Mad in America, an online resource and community for those interested in rethinking psychiatric care in the United States and abroad. Dr. Steingard is Board Secretary for the Foundation for Excellence in Mental Health Care.
Stress, Anxiety, Trauma and Mental Functioning Amidst the Pandemic of the Cen...ijtsrd
During an outbreak of any viral infectious disease, the psychological reactions of the population play a vital role in shaping both spread of the disease and the prevalence of emotional distress and social disorder during and after the outbreak. While this might be evident in the acute phase, when health systems prioritize testing, reducing transmission and critical patient care, psychological and psychiatric needs should not be overlooked and should be given the adequate importance. These are clearly crucial issues to consider in the management including COVID 19. Psychological reactions to pandemics include maladaptive behaviours, emotional distress and defensive responses, anxiety, stress, trauma and depressive relapses. Both the threat and realization of loss due to the core and ancillary can be traumatic and may lead to chronic stress, depression, anxiety, and bereavement. Thus it is fare to state that extreme, stress anxiety and psychiatric co morbidities that were already increasing at an alarming rate has been aggravated by COVID 19 pandemic, the dreaded pandemic of the century. Further sample based study and research is warranted. Dr. Ankit Halder | Dr. Avinanda Biswas | Dr. Navna Panchami Ravindran | Dr. Devavrat Harshe "Stress, Anxiety, Trauma and Mental Functioning Amidst the Pandemic of the Century" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41262.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/other/41262/stress-anxiety-trauma-and-mental-functioning-amidst-the-pandemic-of-the-century/dr-ankit-halder
The document discusses a community mental health program (CMHP) that aims to promote mental health and rehabilitate those with mental illness. The CMHP includes inpatient and outpatient services, emergency services, and education/training. It adopts strategies like integrating mental health with primary care and providing tertiary institutions. Welfare agencies assist with emergency care, treatment programs, and aftercare. The CMHP aims to reduce psychological impacts of disasters and strengthen community preparedness and monitoring. However, it faces limitations like shortages of professionals, funding, and coordination between national and community departments.
The document discusses community psychiatry and hospital-based community psychiatry services. It describes the components of hospital-based services including assertive community teams and acute home care. It provides criteria for inclusion in these programs and the functions of the teams which include assessment, home visits, interventions, and rehabilitation. The document also describes community mental health centers and their role in providing accessible, continuing treatment for mental disorders in the community.
23 September 2010 - National Council for Palliative Care / National End of Life Care Programme / the neurological alliance 15 February 2013 - National End of Life Care Programme / Whole Systems Partnership
This document aims to set out an EoLC framework for implementation that speciï¬cally meets the needs of those with neurological conditions.
It covers:
Strategic context
End of life care tools
End of life care in neurological disease
Communication and advance care planning
Co-ordination and multidisciplinary approach to care
Management of physical symptoms
Holistic care - psychosocial and spiritual aspects
Care at the end of life
Carers
Workforce, education and training
Commissioning health and social care services
1534 kumar shivam1, amir riyaz khan1 international vol 8 (1)shivam kumar
This document discusses the psychological symptoms and therapy aspects of schizophrenia. It describes the main types of symptoms - positive symptoms like hallucinations, negative symptoms involving reduced emotional expression and motivation, and cognitive symptoms impacting thinking and memory. It outlines the different types of schizophrenia like catatonic schizophrenia characterized by decreased movement and disorganized schizophrenia. Psychosocial therapy aims to help patients manage symptoms and improve social and occupational functioning through medication alongside social and community support.
Halloween tiene su origen en la festividad celta del Samhain, celebrada para marcar el final del verano y el comienzo del invierno. Los celtas creían que en esta fecha, el velo entre el mundo de los vivos y los muertos se hacía más delgado. Modernamente, la tradición se ha popularizado en países occidentales a través de la influencia estadounidense, y se caracteriza por actividades como disfraces, truco o trato y fiestas.
East Coast Transport-MACRO POINT CASE STUDYPaul Berman
East Coast Transport, a third-party logistics provider, implemented MacroPoint's freight tracking software to gain real-time visibility of load locations from start to finish. The software allows them to monitor every load with unprecedented precision and measure carrier performance. It has increased the carrier conversion rate to accept tracking from 50% to 80% over two years. MacroPoint saves East Coast Transport time by eliminating the need to continually call carriers and drivers for load updates.
Calendrier des activités de JEADER _ AFRIQUE _ 2016 JEADER
2016 a été une année spéciale grâce à vous ! Merci pour votre support et revisitez les activités phares de 2016.
Ensemble faisons de 2017 une année tout aussi EXTRAORDINAIRE !
This document summarizes an article from The Corporate Governance Advisor on tools for boards to oversee cybersecurity risk. It discusses the business impacts and litigation/regulatory risks of cyber attacks. It outlines how boards have an oversight duty to ensure proper information and reporting systems exist to manage cybersecurity risk. The document provides examples of cybersecurity disclosure from companies like Target and Home Depot. It discusses SEC guidance on cybersecurity disclosure and notes boards must exercise oversight in good faith to avoid liability for failures.
Experience the wonders of Sri Lanka from the best individual tour operator with BUDGET PRICES.
TRUST US WITH YOUR HOLIDAYS WE HAVE FOR YOU .WE OFFER A WIDE CHOICE OF TOURS: OUR EXPERTS CAN ALSO “TAILOR “A HOLIDAY TO YOUR PERSONAL WISHES.
Este documento ofrece consejos para periodistas sobre cómo informar de manera objetiva, independiente y ética. En resumen, recomienda: 1) informar sobre los hechos verdaderos y no sobre ficciones o deseos; 2) anteponer la verdad a otras consideraciones y evitar mentiras; 3) ser tan objetivo como un espejo plano al informar.
Product Cost Analytics solution overviewSridhar Pai
The document discusses a product cost analytics solution from ConverBiz Technologies. It provides self-service reporting on product cost management data through pre-built dashboards. The solution allows assembly cost analysis, commodity analysis, supplier spend projection, and sourcing performance tracking. Sample dashboards show cost breakdowns, top cost drivers, and supplier spending charts. The solution is built on Oracle Product Lifecycle Analytics and integrates with Oracle Agile Product Cost Management.
This document provides an agenda and logistical information for the 2017 Michigan Road Scholars Tour orientation. The tour will take place from May 1-5, 2017 and will involve visits to various locations across Michigan, including Detroit, Flint, Sault Ste. Marie, Traverse City, Grand Rapids, and Lansing. The goals of the tour are to increase understanding of Michigan's economy, culture, and issues through interactions with communities and to encourage collaboration among university faculty. The agenda outlines details of travel arrangements, accommodations, packing suggestions, and activities at each tour location.
A Administração e a Contabilidade : Uma relação que gera vantagem competitiva...Cra-es Conselho
Nesta palestra o Prof. Hercules Vander de Lima Freire fala sobre as diferenças entre as profissões, a Características qualitativas da informação contábil-financeira útil; Características qualitativas fundamentais e Características qualitativas de melhoria.
Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA 1
Working with Families
1. Effects of a psych educational intervention program on the attitudes and health perceptions of relatives of patients with schizophrenia
The article highlights the importance of both family and relatives to support the victim who has schizophrenia. Moreover, the article goes further and highlights the purpose of the study. The article assesses the effectiveness of a family psych educational program in the different outlook and health insights of the relatives of the patient with suffering from schizophrenia. Various programs aid in supporting both the family and relatives to gain more information about the schizophrenia and how they can best offer support to them.
The psych educational program was efficient in adjusting to the caregivers’ outlooks. Nonetheless, the program did not influence the perceptions of healthcare. Moreover, the family and relative psych educational management program transforms the deleterious approaches of both family and relatives to schizophrenia. On the other hand, not all the agenda of this type may advance health difficulties; otherwise, their consequences might only appear in a long-term condition or situation.
The psycho-educational plan gave an enhancement in the outlooks of families to schizophrenia. Besides, this signifies that they have known how to think, feel, and act, in a positive method in regards to the disorder.
Seeing the unfortunate result of the majority of people who have schizophrenia, the process has made it possible for individuals to discover the influence of psych educational programs, which may aid indirectly or directly to advancing the quality and the course of life of these people and their families. Besides, it is vital to evaluate the efficiency of the agendas in diverse cultures and nations.
2. The Mediating Effect of Family Cohesion in Reducing Patient Symptoms and Family Distress in a Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Parallel-Process Latent-Growth Model
The paper examines whether a CIT-S (Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia outdid the usual family psych education (PSY-ED) by not only in reducing patient schizophrenia signs but also in diminishing a person’s DASS. Since CIT-S nurtured family consistency in therapy; moreover, it is anticipated that an increase in family solidity would facilitate the cure effects.
The procedure permitted individual’s to be fixed in latent-change or latent-growth models to check the treatment impacts and guarantee the model fit was sufficient prior to joining them to parallel-procedure models and investigating the secondary outcomes. The latent-change model is assessing the medication influence on family solidity from standard to average, as shown in a Time Treatment Interaction (TTI). The CIT-S team displayed a natural growth of approximately on.
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
3
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
9
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
14
14
19
19
21
32
34
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a disruption in mental well-being.
The risk factors to mental health problems are not limited and therefore everyone is entitled to the problem irrespective of gender, economic status, and ethnic group. For example, data shows that in America one out of five individuals experience mental health problems annually; with mental disorders being recognized as the leading cause of disability not only in the United States but also globally (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). Mental health disorders are seen to be complex and of many forms such as anxiety, mood, and schizophren.
Psychiatric Social Work Intervention for Social Rejection of persons with Sch...inventionjournals
This document describes a study that examined the impact of a psychiatric social work intervention on social rejection and orientation towards mental illness for persons with schizophrenia in rural areas. The study used a before-after experimental design without a control group. It involved 30 persons with schizophrenia and their family members who received a 2-month intervention consisting of psychoeducation and skills training delivered in group sessions. Social rejection and orientation were assessed before and after the intervention using standardized scales. The results showed significant changes in social rejection and orientation after the intervention, indicating the intervention was effective in improving social functioning for patients in rural areas.
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
10 STRATEGIC POINTS
2
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
RSD-851: Residency: Dissertation
Grand Canyon University
October 5, 2020
10 Strategic Points
My Degree: Ph.D.
Program Emphasis: Industrial Organizational Psychology
Ten Strategic Points
Comments or Feedback
Broad Topic Area
Factors that Influence Utilization of Public Mental Health Services
Lit Review
(Theoretical Framework (Theory)
Gaps
Themes
All Citations
Gaps
A. Basu, Rehkopf, Siddiqi, Glymour, & Kawachi (2016). According to the authors, there is a gap here in the changes being experienced in social policies in recent years. It has created a gap among women with low income in South Texas. Accordingly, the authors used the determination of the differences in income to understand the relationships between health outcomes and welfare reforms as it impacts the less privileged women in comparison to the most affected women.
B. Ly, A. (2019). This study focused on the factors that influence the utilization of mental health among Vietnamese Americans and the barriers to seeking help in Texas. The study had 12 participants including providers and community leaders who were familiar with the target population. The findings of the study indicated that there is a gap here in cultural acceptance of mental health treatment. Hence the need to culturally specify mental health intervention to improve mental health utilization in the community. However, the study was limited by the small sample size; therefore, the findings cannot be generalized. Further studies should include more cultural groups to validate the findings of this research.
C. Kwan, P. P., Soniega-Sherwood, J., Esmundo, S., Watts, J., Pike, J., Sabado-Liwag, M., & Palmer, P. H. (2020). The authors of this study aimed to evaluate the facilitators and barriers to mental health utilization among Pacific Islanders. Semi structure interviews were used to collect information from 12 pacific islanders. Trained community leaders recruited eligible candidates for the study. The study was limited by the small sample size. Five themes arose from the study. There is a gap here in regard to cost of healthcare, mental health stigma and language and culture barriers, which were the themes that emerged concerning barriers affecting the utilization of mental health services. The researchers indicated the need for future studies to include a larger sample size to enable generalization of the findings.
D. Volkert, J., Andreas, S., Härter, M., Dehoust, M. C., Sehner, S., Suling, A., . . . Schulz, H. (2018). The aim of this study was to evaluate various aspects of the utilization of mental health services among the elderly. The study had 3,142 participants aged between 65-84 years. Logic regression approach was used to analyze predisposing, enabling, and need factors among the participants. Similarly, the study found that there is ...
RESEARCH Open AccessAssessment of mental distress among pr.docxaudeleypearl
RESEARCH Open Access
Assessment of mental distress among prison
inmates in Ghana’s correctional system:
a cross-sectional study using the Kessler
Psychological Distress Scale
Abdallah Ibrahim1*, Reuben K Esena1, Moses Aikins1, Anne Marie O’Keefe2 and Mary M McKay3
Abstract
Background: Applying global estimates of the prevalence of mental disorders suggests that about 2.4 million
Ghanaians have some form of psychiatric distress. Despite the facts that relatively little community-based treatment
is available (only 18 psychiatrists are known to actively practice in Ghana), and that mental disorders are more
concentrated among the incarcerated, there is no known research on mental disorders in Ghana prisons, and no
forensic mental health services available to those who suffer from them. This study sought to determine the rate
of mental distress among prisoners in Ghana.
Methods: This cross-sectional research used the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale to estimate the rates and
severity of non-specific psychological distress among a stratified probability sample of 89 male and 11 female
prisoners in one of the oldest correctional facilities in the country. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine the
rates of psychological distress within the study population.
Results: According to the Kessler Scale, more than half of all respondents had moderate to severe mental distress
in the four weeks preceding their interviews. Nearly 70% of inmates with only a primary education had moderate
to severe mental distress. Though this was higher than the rates among inmates with more education, it exceeded
the rates for those with no education.
Conclusions: The high rate of moderate to severe mental distress among the inmates in this exploratory study
should serve as baseline for further studies into mental disorders among the incarcerated persons in Ghana. Future
research should use larger samples, include more prison facilities, and incorporate tools that can identify specific
mental disorders.
Keywords: Mental health, Ghana prisons, Northern Ghana, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale
Background
Every year millions of people worldwide are diagnosed with
one or more disabling mental disorders. Unfortunately,
mental disorders, which are responsible for increasing
medical care costs and lost productivity every year, do not
get the same attention that physical illnesses do. It is esti-
mated that globally, mental disorders account for 12%
of the burden of diseases, and this is expected to increase
to 15% by 2020 [1]. However, among the adult popula-
tion alone in Ghana, mental disorders account for 13% of
the nation’s burden of disease [2]. The World Health
Organization (WHO) also estimates that worldwide, about
25% of a country’s population will suffer from a mental
disorder at some point in their lives. At any point in time,
an estimated 10% of people suffer from a psychiatric con-
dition, including an estimated one percent who have a se-
vere form o ...
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH
1
ADVANCED NURSING RESEARCH 2
Evidence Based Practice Grant Proposal
Table of Contents
31.Purpose
42.Background
5Research objectives
6Theoretical framework
63.EBP Model
74.Proposed Change
85.Outcomes
86.Evaluation Plan
97.Dissemination Plan
9Tools to be Used
9Peer review tools for the proposal
11Grant Request
11Proposed Tasks
11Task 1: Case study- Reviewing existing literature on stigma around mental health complications
11Task 2: Interviewing clinicians that have dealt with the study topic
12Task 3: Interviewing patients of mental health
12Schedule
13Budget
148.Appendices
14a.Informed Consent
19Certificate of Consent
19Signature or Date
21b.Literature Matrix
32c.Tools and equipment to be used
34References
Grant Proposal-Assessing the role of stigma towards mental health patients in help seeking
Study problem
There are several studies that have shown that stigmatization towards mental health patients have been present throughout history and even despite the evolution in modern medicine and advanced treatment. For example, Verhaeghe et al., (2014), captures in a publication in reference to a study that he conducted that stigmatization towards mental health patients has been there even as early is in the 18th Century. People were hesitant to interact with people termed or perceived to have mental health conditions.
Stigmatization has resulted from the belief that those with mental problem are aggressive and dangerous creating a social distance (Szeto et al., 2017). Also, mental health-related stigma has become of major concern as it creates crucial barriers to access treatment and quality care since it not only influences the behaviour of the patients but also the attitude of the providers hence impacting help-seeking. Timmermann, Uhrenfeldt and Birkelund (2014), have identified stigma as a barrier that is of significance to care or help seeking while the extent to which it still remains a barrier have not been reviewed deeply. Therefore, this study will assess the role contributed by stigma in help seeking in depth. 1. Purpose
The intention of the research study is to review the association between stigma, mental illness and help seeking in order to formulate ways in which the stigma that is around mental health is done away with to enable as many people suffering from mental health complications to seek medical help.2. Background
Mental health is crucial in every stage of life. It is defined as the state of psychological well-being whereby the individual realizes a satisfactory integration instinctual drive acceptable to both oneself and his or her social setting (Ritchie & Roser, 2018). The status of mental health influences physical health, relationships, and most importantly day-to-day life. Mental health problems arise when there is a ...
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long re.docxniraj57
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long response
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves.
Mental health.
I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that
“
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs.
These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health
issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care settings, and
psychiatric hospitalization, incarceration, residential alcohol/drug treatment or homelessness. The target population is all individuals within
Chatham County, ...
Applications of psychology with reference to pakistanuni of Gujrat
1. Clinical psychology focuses on diagnosing and treating mental disorders. It became recognized in the late 19th century and involves psychological assessment and psychotherapy. Clinical psychologists in Pakistan work in hospitals, clinics, and other settings and help treat disorders like depression and anxiety.
2. Counseling psychology involves both research and applied work to improve well-being, reduce distress, and help with life issues. In Pakistan, counseling psychology is growing in importance and can help address issues like career counseling and trauma.
3. Educational psychology studies human learning and applies findings to optimize teaching and learning. In Pakistan, the scope of educational psychology is growing as it helps improve education and addresses needs in schools.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that affects how people think, feel and behave. It is most commonly diagnosed in late adolescence for males and early twenties to early thirties for females. The symptoms include delusions, disorganized speech, catatonia. The most common treatments are a combination of antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. CBT focuses on teaching coping methods and problem solving to reduce relapse risk. Effective long-term treatment of schizophrenia requires a consistent lifelong treatment plan but allows individuals to live productive lives with family and work.
Relationship between Perceived Social Support and Readiness for Treatment in ...iosrjce
Patients having Conversion disorder receives and reinforced by attention and social support thus
they assume sick role unintentionally. Present study aims to examine the characteristics and symptoms of
patients with conversion disorder while find out the relationship of perceived social support and readiness for
treatment. This study was conducted in Lahore, Pakistan. Fifty Conversion patients diagnosed by
psychologist/psychiatrist from different psychiatric departments of hospitals of Lahore were selected and were
required to complete the questionnaires. To assess the perceived social support and readiness for treatment,
Multidimensional Perceived Social Support scale (MPSS) and Client Motivation for Therapy Scale (CMOTS)
was administered respectively. Pearson Product Movement Correlation and t-test was applied for statistical
analysis. Results showed significant relationship between perceived social support and Readiness for treatment.
No significant differences were found in both genders. Perceived social support is related with readiness for
treatment in patients with conversion disorder. No significant gender differences have been found in perceived
social support and readiness for treatment in conversion patients. The result can facilitate psychologist and
other professionals to design the psychotherapy based on increasing sense of perception toward social support
and motivational strategies for patients with conversion disorder.
The Relevance of Centering the African Concept of Mental Health in the Curren...ijtsrd
This paper invokes the relevance of centering the African concept of mental health in the globalized and digital world. Increasingly, African scholars are taking the initiative to redefine the African narrative and reconstruct the African knowledge systems to suit current reality of the African local and this is no different with mental health. The objectives of this present paper are to address the nuances and or the relevance of centering the African concept of mental health. From the popular adage which contents that “cultural diversity breeds strengthâ€, gives room to questions as have cultural differences become an instrument for destruction or strength The subject of mental health in Africa is increasingly growing and there is daring need to address the African views of such public health concern. The study comprises a web based survey, analysis of literature involving an excellent review of articles in addition to deductive content analysis of the data generated. In light of data that have been collected, there is need to re address and own a standard working knowledge system for Africans by Africans. Further, the findings show that centering the African concept of mental health evidently goes a long way to impact on change and the quality of public health this, thus, influences the development of research and mental health. Dr. Takang, Kelly Tabe | Dr. Daru, Roland Etta | Prince Dzingirayi | Esther Kerebi Nyamache "The Relevance of Centering the African Concept of Mental Health in the Current Globalizedand Digital World" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47668.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/47668/the-relevance-of-centering-the-african-concept-of-mental-health-in-the-current-globalizedand-digital-world/dr-takang-kelly-tabe
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia including its description, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that results in delusions, disordered thinking and behavior, and hallucinations. It is caused by a combination of genetic, chemical, structural, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy. While there is no cure, treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Week 8 Sample Section ExampleWritten by Jennifer Oddy, Entitled.docxhelzerpatrina
Week 8 Sample Section Example
Written by Jennifer Oddy, Entitled: Distress And Coping of Mothers of Children With Muscular Dystrophy
Sampling Method, Sample, and Setting
Sampling method. The participants will be recruited by criterion purposive sampling by their doctors/nurses at the Muscular Dystrophy Association clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital.
Sample. Inclusion criteria are the following: (1) You are 21 years of age or greater; (2) are the mother of a child with muscular dystrophy; (3) your child is aged between 4 and 17 and was 10 years or younger at their first physical assessment by a primary care provider; (4) you provide roughly 75% or more of the home care for the child.
People will not be eligible for this study if they: (1) have been diagnosed with a mental health disorder (bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or have a physical addiction to drugs or alcohol); (2) if the child is currently residing in a long-term care facility.
The sample size will ideally be about 10 participants. Phenomenological studies tend to rely on very small samples, since there is one guiding principle for selecting the sample: all participants must have experienced the phenomenon and must be able to articulate what it is like to have lived the experience (Polit & Beck, 2012). Data will be collected until saturation is accomplished.
Setting. The proposed setting for this study is at the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital located at 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA. There are two directors at the clinic, an orthopedic, and a pediatric neurologist. The team members include a social worker, physical therapist, and a genetic counselor. The number of patients at the clinic cannot be disclosed, however, Boston Children’s Hospital is considered an elite clinic and is included in the MDA network that supports clinical trials and research. The hospital offers the highest level of diagnostic and treatment services, with neurologists and other specialists being very experienced in treating children with muscular dystrophy.
Informed consent and ethical considerations
Before enrolling participants in this study, an informed consent must be signed and approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB, Appendix A). This will be obtained from the Muscular Dystrophy Association clinic at Boston Children’s Hospital, as well as from Regis College. An application and proposal will be sent to the IRB, requesting approval for this study. Since there is minimal risk to subjects, an expedited review will be requested (Polit & Beck, 2012). There is a risk that the participant may have feelings of discomfort while discussing the experiences of caring for a child with muscular dystrophy. This will be minimized by the researcher with empathy and compassion. If the participant would like counseling, a call will be made to their primary care provider.
There are no foreseen ethical issues involved in this research study. The interviews will be ta ...
This document provides an overview of disorganized schizophrenia, including key characteristics such as incoherent thoughts and behaviors. It discusses the complex nature of the disorder and treatment options, which typically involve medication, psychotherapy, and hospitalization. The document also presents a case study of a patient named Juan who experiences disorganized schizophrenia. His treatment plan involves prescription of antipsychotic and antidepressant medications as well as family psychoeducation therapy.
Similar to 4045 kumar shivam1, amir riyaz khan1 manuscript (1) (20)
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Can coffee help me lose weight? Yes, 25,422 users in the USA use it for that ...nirahealhty
The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
Dr. David Greene R3 stem cell Breakthroughs: Stem Cell Therapy in CardiologyR3 Stem Cell
Dr. David Greene, founder and CEO of R3 Stem Cell, is at the forefront of groundbreaking research in the field of cardiology, focusing on the transformative potential of stem cell therapy. His latest work emphasizes innovative approaches to treating heart disease, aiming to repair damaged heart tissue and improve heart function through the use of advanced stem cell techniques. This research promises not only to enhance the quality of life for patients with chronic heart conditions but also to pave the way for new, more effective treatments. Dr. Greene's work is notable for its focus on safety, efficacy, and the potential to significantly reduce the need for invasive surgeries and long-term medication, positioning stem cell therapy as a key player in the future of cardiac care.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Gemma Wean- Nutritional solution for Artemiasmuskaan0008
GEMMA Wean is a high end larval co-feeding and weaning diet aimed at Artemia optimisation and is fortified with a high level of proteins and phospholipids. GEMMA Wean provides the early weaned juveniles with dedicated fish nutrition and is an ideal follow on from GEMMA Micro or Artemia.
GEMMA Wean has an optimised nutritional balance and physical quality so that it flows more freely and spreads readily on the water surface. The balance of phospholipid classes to- gether with the production technology based on a low temperature extrusion process improve the physical aspect of the pellets while still retaining the high phospholipid content.
GEMMA Wean is available in 0.1mm, 0.2mm and 0.3mm. There is also a 0.5mm micro-pellet, GEMMA Wean Diamond, which covers the early nursery stage from post-weaning to pre-growing.
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
For More Details:
Map: https://cutt.ly/BwCeflYo
Name: Apollo Hospital
Address: Singar Nagar, LDA Colony, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226012
Phone: 08429021957
Opening Hours: 24X7
This particular slides consist of- what is hypotension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
2. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
Kumar Shivam1
, Amir Riyaz Khan1
,Narendra Pratap Singh2
, Balwant Kishan Malik1
, Pankaj
Taneja1
*
1
Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology
Sharda University, Greater Noida U.P.; India
2
Department of Psychiatry Patna Medical College and Hospital
*
Corresponding author: Associate Professor and Ramalingaswamy fellow, Department of
Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University
Email: pankaj.taneja@sharda.ac.in
ABSTRACT
Considers recommend that people have schizophrenia have diminished to hippocampus volume,
which is acknowledged to be brought on by of adult neurogenesis. Correspondingly, this ponder
might be the concealed negative neuron causes huge parts of the symptoms of the infirmity. In
addition, a couple inquire about papers insinuated four qualities dystrobrevin confining protein
(DNTBP1), neuregulin 1 (NRG1) bothered in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and neuregulin 1
receptor (ERBB4) as being maybe accountable for this deficiency in the run of the mill
recuperation of neuron. It is indispensable to express that, not under any condition like AZ
sickness, SZ is not depicted by degenerative neural limit, yet rather by a surprising rate of
neurogenesis and an abnormal neuroplasticity. On the other hand antipsychotic have shown a
critical assurance as a trustworthy way to deal with extend the rate of neurogenesis. These
finding comprehend the resemblances among debilitation and schizophrenia since these two
diseases could be associated. However, ask about must be done as such as to clearly show this
relationship
INTRODUCTION
Schizophrenia is an extreme and weakening mind and conduct issue influencing how one
considers, feels and acts. Individuals with schizophrenia can experience difficulty recognizing
reality from dream, communicating and overseeing ordinary feelings and deciding. Points of
view may likewise be complicated and the inspiration to take part in life's exercises might be
blunted. Those with the condition may hear nonexistent voices and trust others are perusing their
3. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
brains, controlling their contemplations or plotting to mischief them [1]. The vast majority with
schizophrenia experiences the ill effects of indications either constantly or discontinuously all
through life and are regularly seriously trashed by individuals who don't comprehend the
sickness [2]. In opposition to well known recognition, individuals with schizophrenia don't have
"split" or various identities and most represent no risk to others [3]. Be that as it may, the side
effects are startling to those beset and can make them lethargic, fomented or pulled back [4].
Individuals with schizophrenia endeavor suicide more frequently than individuals in the all
inclusive community, and evaluations are that up to 10 percent of individuals with schizophrenia
will finish a suicide in the initial 10 years of the sickness — especially young fellows with
schizophrenia [5]. While schizophrenia is an incessant issue, it can be treated with prescription,
mental and social medications, generously enhancing the lives of individuals with the
condition[6].
Indian circumstance
the most punctual depictions of a condition looking like schizophrenia in India was made by the
Ayurvedic doctor Charaka more than 3300 years prior in the content Charaka samhita. These
compared intimately with the depictions in Greek therapeutic messages by Hippocrates[7].
Along these lines, India's commitment to schizophrenia explore has not been substantive. The
Madras longitudinal study is a historic point think about on course and result of schizophrenia
[8]. The patients have been followed up from the primary onset for a long time and the study has
created a ton of data on related factors like mortality, occupations, marriage, and etc [9]. The
investigation of the principal scene psychoses at the Schizophrenia Research Foundation
(SCARF), Chennai, India, when contrasted and a Canadian study with a comparative specimen
has hurled some intriguing multifaceted findings [10]. Both the studies have repeated the need to
advance mindfulness about the turmoil which thus will encourage early discovery and aversion
of chronicity and handicap. With extremely restricted HR and budgetary imperatives, group care
is truly what's to come. Mind in the group is essentially not an outsider idea in India since more
than 90 for each penny of the seriously rationally sick live with their families. This is not just in
light of the fact that families will administer to them, additionally in light of the fact that option
alternatives for care are for all intents and purposes nonexistent. The quantity of mental doctor's
4. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
facility beds in the whole nation is terribly insufficient to give inpatient mind. While some non-
government organizations (NGOs) run group based focuses of care and recovery, these are just a
couple9. Other than a number of these are in the southern conditions of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka
and Kerala. Group based restoration, basically an off - shoot of group based medicinal care was
initially started in the 1980s the force gave by the National Mental Health Program of India.
Group mind procedures include working emotional wellness center. In an as of late finished up
randomized control trial in India where the viability of a collective group based care [where a
group wellbeing specialist (CHW) went by the home of the patient to convey interventions] was
contrasted and office based care (common care gave) for individuals with schizophrenia and
their families, it was seen that the mediation of the CHW was adequate and powerful particularly
among patients who were more symptomatic and had more prominent incapacity. The
achievability of an adequacy of conveying psychosocial intercessions through CHWs was
additionally established [11].Basic techniques for recovery have been the utilization of lay group
volunteers prepared in acknowledgment, distinguishing proof and referral of people with mental
issue playing out the principal level of rehabilitation. Recovery has additionally been encouraged
by systems administration with legislative and non-legislative associations required in social and
formative exercises. The NGOs additionally set out on group based projects, which albeit viable
and financially savvy were constantly confined by their reliance on time-constrained funding. Be
that as it may, joint efforts with NGOs are viewed as an essential way to deal with contact a wide
geographic range, with a common financial responsibility of the coordinated effort. There have
likewise been a few developments in the conveyance of group care. One of these has been the
utilization of portable tele-psychiatry by the Schizophrenia Research Foundation25. A transport
fitted with portable gear has been conveying psychological well-being consideration to the
number of inhabitants in a piece of Pudukottai district and broadly acknowledged by the
neighborhood populace [12]. The people group based projects have experienced poor assignment
of assets, cold-heartedness to the necessities of individuals with emotional sickness with respect
to both experts and arrangement organizers, and impassion to psychological well-being all in all
maintainability and progression of projects, particularly by NGOs are to a great extent restricted
as most projects are time-bound activities, dependent upon the subsidizing assets[13]. The need
in our nation is to make the District Mental Health Program (DMHP) more compelling and
productive, advance more group construct administrations lessening the reliance with respect to
5. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
enormous clinics and decreasing shame. Living with schizophrenia is no simple matter for
people with the confusion and their families. Regardless of the presentation of numerous new
antipsychotics in the most recent decade, there still stay a few patients who don't react well to
prescriptions. Schizophrenia can likewise create boundless handicaps and insufficiencies in
people [14]. In spite of the fact that the rationally debilitated are additionally qualified for
welfare benefits like different gatherings of handicapped, this procedure is yet to increase
uniform force in all conditions of the nation [15]. Schizophrenia is a serious mental issue
influencing numerous human resources and working. Progresses in research hold a great deal of
guarantee, yet until a ponder medication is discovered, we have to address the social and mental
issues in patients and families. Government strategies and projects should be equipped to
upgrading offices in the group for these people and enhance mindfulness about this condition
which thus will encourage early treatment and social consideration. the most punctual portrayals
of a condition looking like schizophrenia in India was made by the Ayurvedic doctor Charaka
more than 3300 years back in the content Charaka samhita. These related intimately with the
depictions in Greek medicinal messages by Hippocrates. Accordingly, India's commitment to
schizophrenia inquire about has not been substantive. The Madras longitudinal study is a historic
point concentrate on course and result of schizophrenia. The patients have been followed up
from the primary onset for a long time and the study has created a considerable measure of data
on related factors like mortality, occupations, marriage, and etc. The investigation of the main
scene psychoses at the Schizophrenia Research Foundation (SCARF), Chennai, India, when
contrasted and a Canadian study with a comparative specimen has hurled some fascinating
culturally diverse findings. Both the studies have repeated the need to advance mindfulness about
the turmoil which thusly will encourage early recognition and avoidance of chronicity and
inability. With extremely restricted HR and budgetary requirements, group care is truly what's to
come. Mind in the group is fundamentally not an outsider idea in India since more than 90 for
every penny of the seriously rationally sick live with their families. This is not just in light of the
fact that families will look after them, additionally in light of the fact that option alternatives for
care are for all intents and purposes nonexistent. The quantity of mental healing center beds in
the whole nation is horribly insufficient to give inpatient mind. While some non-government
associations (NGOs) run group based focuses of care and recovery, these are just a couple. Other
than a number of these are in the southern conditions of Tamil Nadu, Karanataka and Kerala.
6. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
Group based recovery, basically an off - shoot of group based therapeutic care was initially
started in the 1980s under the driving force gave by the National Mental Health Programmed of
India48. Group mind techniques include working emotional wellness facilities in the group and
an attention on psychological well-being education in the overall public. In an as of late closed
randomized control trial in India where the viability of a synergistic group based care [where a
group wellbeing specialist (CHW) went by the home of the patient to convey interventions] was
contrasted and office based care (regular care gave) for individuals with schizophrenia and their
families, it was seen that the intercession of the CHW was adequate and viable particularly
among patients who were more symptomatic and had more prominent handicap. The
achievability of a viability of conveying psychosocial mediations through CHWs was likewise
settled .Basic systems for restoration have been the utilization of lay group volunteers prepared
in acknowledgment, ID and referral of people with mental issue playing out the main level of
recovery. Restoration has additionally been encouraged by systems administration with
legislative and non-legislative associations required in social and formative exercises. The NGOs
likewise left on group based software engineers, which albeit solid and practical were constantly
confined by their reliance on time-constrained subsidizing. Be that as it may, coordinated efforts
with NGOs are viewed as an essential way to deal with connect with a wide geographic region,
with a mutual monetary responsibility of the cooperation. There have additionally been a few
advancements in the conveyance of group care. One of these has been the utilization of portable
story psychiatry by the Schizophrenia Research Foundation. A transport fitted with portable
hardware has been conveying psychological well-being consideration to the number of
inhabitants in a piece of Pudukottai region and generally acknowledged by the nearby
population. The people group based developers have experienced poor portion of assets,
obtuseness to the requirements of individuals with emotional sickness with respect to both
experts and strategy organizers, and lack of concern to psychological well-being all in all.
Supportability and progression of software engineers, particularly by NGOs are to a great extent
constrained as most developers are time-bound activities, dependent upon the financing assets.
The need in our nation is to make the District Mental Health Programmed (DMHP) more
compelling and proficient, advance more group construct administrations decreasing the reliance
in light of enormous clinics and diminishing shame. Living with schizophrenia is no simple
matter for people with the confusion and their families. In spite of the presentation of numerous
7. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
new antipsychotics in the most recent decade, there still stay a few patients who don't react well
to prescriptions62. Schizophrenia can likewise create colossal inabilities and inadequacies in
people. Despite the fact that the rationally crippled are.
SYMPTOMS
The primary indications of schizophrenia frequently show up as confounding, or notwithstanding
stunning, changes in conduct. Adapting to the manifestations can be particularly trying for
relatives who recall how imperative and present a man was before disease. The indications of
schizophrenia are sorted into three gatherings: positive, negative, and muddled. Indications may
incorporate the nearness of two or a greater amount of the accompanying for no less than one
week [16].
Positive Symptoms
Constructive side effects allude to the nearness of insane practices not seen in sound individuals.
Individuals with positive side effects frequently "lose touch" with reality. These indications can
go back and forth. At times they are serious and at different times scarcely perceptible,
contingent upon whether the individual is getting treatment [17]. They incorporate the
accompanying:
Hallucination
hallucination are things a man sees, listens, smells, or feels that nobody else can see, listen,
smell, or feel. "Voices" are the most widely recognized sort of mind flight in schizophrenia.
Numerous individuals with the turmoil hear voices. The voices may converse with the individual
about his or her conduct, may arrange the individual to do things, or caution the individual of
peril. In some cases the voices converse with each other. Individuals with schizophrenia may
hear voices for quite a while before family and companions see the issue. Different sorts of
mental trips incorporate seeing individuals or articles that are not there, noticing smells that
nobody else distinguishes, and feeling things like undetectable fingers touching their bodies
when nobody is close [18].
8. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
Movement disorder
Development issue may show up as fomented body developments [19] A man with a
development issue may rehash certain movements again and again. In the other extraordinary, a
man may get to be mental. Mental shock is a state in which a man does not move and does not
react to others [20]. Mental shock is uncommon today, however it was more regular when
treatment for schizophrenia was not accessible. Voices" are the most widely recognized kind of
mind flight in schizophrenia [21].
Negative Symptoms
Negative manifestations are connected with disturbances to typical feelings and practices these
side effects are harder to perceive as a component of the confusion and can be mixed up for
sadness or different conditions[22]. These manifestations incorporate the accompanying: "Level
effect" (a man's face does not move or he or she talks in a dull or tedious voice) Lack of delight
in regular day to day existence Lack of capacity to start and maintain arranged exercises
Speaking close to nothing, notwithstanding when compelled to associate [23]. Individuals with
negative side effects require help with regular undertakings. They regularly disregard essential
individual cleanliness[24]. This may make them appear to be lethargic or unwilling to help
themselves, yet the issues are manifestations brought on by the schizophrenia [25].
Cognitative symptoms
Psychological side effects are unpretentious [26]like negative indications, intellectual side effects
might be hard to perceive as a major aspect of the turmoil. Frequently, they are identified just
when different tests are performed[27]. Subjective manifestations incorporate the accompanying:
Poor "official working" (the capacity to comprehend data and utilize it to decide). Trouble
centering or focusing • Problems with "working memory" (the capacity to utilize data quickly in
the wake of learning it). Subjective side effects regularly make it difficult to lead an ordinary life
and procure a living. They can bring about extraordinary enthusiastic trouble [28].
9. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
Symptoms can be different depending on the type of schizophrenia:
Paranoid sorts regularly feel restless, are all the more frequently furious or pugnacious, and
erroneously trust that others are attempting to mischief them or their friends and family[29].
Disorganized sorts have issues thinking and communicating their thoughts plainly, regularly
display virtuous conduct, and habitually indicate little feeling. [30] Catatonic sorts might be in a
steady condition of agitation, or they may not move or be underactive. Their muscles and stance
might be unbending. They may scowl or have other odd outward appearances, and they might be
less receptive to others[31]. Undifferentiated sorts may have indications of more than one other
kind of schizophrenia[32]. Residual sorts encounter a few side effects, however not the same
number of as the individuals who are in an out and out scene of schizophrenia [33]. Other
symptoms may include: -
Absence of inspiration (abolition) - the patient loses their drive. Ordinary activities, for example,
washing and cooking, are relinquished. Poor articulation of feelings - reactions to glad or tragic
events might need, or unseemly. Social withdrawal - when a patient with schizophrenia pulls
back socially, it is regularly in light of the fact that they trust some individual is going to damage
them. Ignorant of disease - as the fantasies and dreams appear to be so genuine for patients, a
hefty portion of them may not trust they are sick. They may decline to take prescription because
of a paranoid fear of reactions, or for dread that the pharmaceutical might be toxic substance, for
instance. [35]Intellectual challenges - the patient's capacity to think, recollect things, prepare, and
to sort out their life are influenced. Correspondence turns out to be more troublesome [36].
Types of Schizophrenia
Cationic schizophrenia
Mental shock alludes to an arrangement of side effects that may create in a few patients with
schizophrenia. It can incorporate periods where the individual moves next to no and does not
react to directions.
10. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
At the flip side of the outrageous, the individual can show engine action that is viewed as
"inordinate" and "unconventional, for example, echolalia (imitating sounds) or Echopraxia
(mirroring developments). This is called mental energy. In this article, we will take a gander at
the indications of mental schizophrenia, its causes, conclusion, and how it is dealt with [37].
Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia
Mental schizophrenia is much rarer than it used to be because of enhanced medications. Mental
states are currently more prone to be found in sorts of emotional instability other than
schizophrenia, for example, neurodevelopment (conditions that influence kids amid the
improvement of their sensory system), insane bipolar, or depressive issue. People with mental
shock may flip amongst diminished and over the top engine movement [38]. With present day
medicines, patients with mental schizophrenia can deal with their indications less demanding,
making the probability of driving a more joyful and more advantageous life much more
prominent [39].The clinical picture of mental shock is commanded by no less than three of the
accompanying side effects:
Stupor - no psychomotor movement, no communication with nature , Catalepsy - incorporates
receiving uncommon stances,Waxy adaptability - if an analyst places the patient's arm in a
position, they will keep up this position until it is moved once more ,Mutism - constrained verbal
reactions ,Negativism - next to zero reaction to directions or outside jolts ,Posturing - effectively
holding a stance against gravity ,Mannerism - doing odd, misrepresented activities,Stereotypy -
dull developments without an obvious reason ,Agitation - for no known reason,Grimacing
Echolalia - imitating someone else's discourse. Echopraxia - imitating someone else's
developments [40]Without legitimate treatment, a mental scene can hold on for quite a long time
or even weeks. Cognitive troubles - the patient's capacity to focus, recollect things, prepare, and
to arrange is influenced and correspondence turns out to be more troublesome. Patients with the
side effects of mental schizophrenia are not typically ready to get restorative help all alone [41].
Frequently, it is a relative or companion who looks for medicinal offer assistance. [42]. Age of
guardians during childbirth - more seasoned guardians have a higher danger of having kids who
create schizophrenia. [43]Drugs - the utilization of medications that influence the brain amid pre-
adulthood may build the danger of creating schizophrenia [44].
11. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
Reason for cationic schizophrenia
No one is certain what the reasons for mental schizophrenia are. Look into demonstrates that
most types of schizophrenia are brought on by mind brokenness, we simply don't know why that
cerebrum brokenness happens. No doubt, it is created by a mix of hereditary qualities and
ecological triggers, for example, push. Specialists trust that a lopsidedness of dopamine, a
neurotransmitter, is included in the onset of schizophrenia. They trust that this lopsidedness is in
all probability brought about by qualities that make somebody vulnerable to the disease. A few
specialists say the levels of different neurotransmitters, similar to serotonin, may likewise be
included [45].
Complication of cationic schizophrenia
Untreated mental schizophrenia can bring about issues of a wellbeing, budgetary, behavioral, and
lawful nature - these issues may influence all aspects of the patient's life. Entanglements can
include: Depression, self-destructive considerations, self-destructive conduct - a noteworthy
number of patients with schizophrenia have times of discouragement, Malnutrition, Hygiene
issues, Substance manhandle - which may incorporate liquor, doctor prescribed medicines, and
illicit medications. Untreated mental schizophrenia can bring about issues of a wellbeing, money
related, behavioral, and legitimate nature - these issues may influence all aspects of the patient's
life. Inconveniences can include: Depression, self-destructive musings, self-destructive conduct -
a critical number of patients with schizophrenia have times of misery. Malnutrition, Hygiene
issues, Substance mishandle - which may incorporate liquor, professionally prescribed
pharmaceuticals, and unlawful medications. Inability to discover or look after occupation,
bringing about destitution and vagrancy. Prison, Serious family clashes, Inability to consider or
go to class and other instructive establishments, Being a casualty or culprit of wrongdoing
Smoking-related infections [46].
Childhood schizophrenia
Childhood schizophrenia, also known as very early-onset schizophrenia, is a rare and severe
form of the mental disorder. The condition is defined as schizophrenia that starts in children
younger than 13 years of age (and usually over seven years of age), and apart from age of onset
12. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
and severity, it is much the same as adultschizophrenia.This article will focus on the symptoms,
diagnosis and treatment of childhood schizophrenia. To learn more about schizophrenia in
general, including the possible causes of schizophrenia, please visit the Medical News Today
page on schizophrenia [47].
Disorganized Schizophrenia (Hebephrenic)
Disorganized schizophrenia, or hebephrenic (hebephrenic schizophrenia) is one of a few
subtypes of schizophrenia, an unending (long haul) dysfunctional behavior - it is thought to be an
extraordinary articulation of complication disorder that has been conjectured to be one element
of a 3-consider model of schizophrenia manifestations48; the others variables being
fancies/visualizations (reality twisting) and psychomotor neediness (poor discourse, absence of
unconstrained development, and blunting feeling). Muddled schizophrenia is described by
unintelligible and strange contemplations and practices; at the end of the day, excluded,
disturbed, and purposeless conduct. Specialists say complicated schizophrenia is a more extreme
schizophrenia sort on the grounds that the patient can't perform day by day exercises, for
example, planning suppers and dealing with individual cleanliness (washing). As indicated by
the analyst and specialist individuals will most likely be unable to comprehend what the
individual with confused schizophrenia is stating49. The patient may get to be baffled and
fomented, creating him/her to lash out sort in light of the fact that the patient can't perform every
day exercises, for example, get ready suppers and dealing with individual cleanliness (washing).
As per the analyst and specialist individuals will most likely be unable to comprehend what the
individual with complicated schizophrenia is stating. The patient may get to be disappointed and
upset, bringing on him/her to lash out[50].
Paranoid schizophrenia
Paranoid schizophrenia is a subtype of schizophrenia in which the patient has hallucinations
(false convictions) that a man or a few people are plotting against them or individuals from their
family [51]. Jumpy schizophrenia is the most well-known schizophrenia sort [52]. The dominant
part of individuals with suspicious schizophrenia, as with most schizophrenia subtypes may
likewise have sound-related fantasies [53] - they hear things that are not genuine [54]. They may
likewise have hallucinations of individual loftiness - a false conviction that they are much more
13. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
prominent and more effective and persuasive than they truly are [55]. A person with neurotic
schizophrenia may invest an unbalanced measure of energy concocting methods for shielding
themselves from their persecutors [56].
Commonly, a man with suspicious schizophrenia has less issues with memory, dulled feelings
and fixation contrasted with those with different subtypes; which permits them to think and
capacity all the more effectively[57]. All things being equal, jumpy schizophrenia is an incessant
(long haul, deep rooted) condition which may in the long run prompt difficulties, including self-
destructive considerations and conduct [58].
Risk factor
There are a few components that add to the danger of creating schizophrenia. Qualities and
environment: Scientists have long realized that schizophrenia now and then keeps running in
families[59]. Notwithstanding, there are numerous individuals who have schizophrenia who
don't have a relative with the turmoil and alternately, numerous individuals with one or all the
more relatives with the confusion who don't create it themselves [60]. Researchers trust that a
wide range of qualities may build the danger of schizophrenia, yet that no single quality causes
the confusion without anyone else. It is not yet conceivable to utilize hereditary data to foresee
who will create schizophrenia [61].Researchers likewise surmise that collaborations amongst
qualities and parts of the individual's surroundings are fundamental for schizophrenia to create.
Natural variables may include: [62] Presentation to infections. Lack of healthy sustenance before
birth, Issues amid birth
Psychosocial elements
Diverse cerebrum science and structure: Scientists imagine that a lopsidedness in the intricate,
interrelated compound responses of the mind including the neurotransmitters (substances that
mind cells use to speak with each other) dopamine and glutamate, and perhaps others, assumes a
part in schizophrenia [63].A few specialists likewise think issues amid mental health before birth
may prompt broken associations. The cerebrum likewise experiences real changes amid
pubescence, and these progressions could trigger maniacal side effects in individuals who are
helpless because of hereditary qualities or mind contrasts
14. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
Schizophrenia Statistics
Schizophrenia is the most serious of the maladjustments and can influence all circles of life,
including observation, thought, judgment, inclination, drive and at last, identity. Around fifteen
individuals in each thousand will be influenced over their lifetime. This will prompt well over a
million Australians (as family and companions) being straightforwardly included.
Cause for Schizophrenia
The correct reasons for schizophrenia are obscure, yet examine recommends that a mix of
physical, hereditary, mental and natural variables can make individuals more inclined to build up
the condition. Current deduction is that a few people might be inclined to schizophrenia, and a
distressing or enthusiastic life occasion may trigger a maniacal scene. Notwithstanding, it's not
known why a few people create indications while others don't. Expanded hazard things that
expansion the odds of schizophrenia creating include: Hereditary qualities -Schizophrenia tends
to keep running in families, however nobody quality is thought to be dependable. It's more
probable that distinctive blends of qualities make individuals more defenseless against the
condition. In any case, having these qualities doesn't really mean you will create schizophrenia.
Confirm the turmoil is incompletely acquired originates from investigations of twins.
Indistinguishable twins have similar qualities. In indistinguishable twins, on the off chance that
one twin creates schizophrenia; the other twin has a one in two shot of creating it as well. This is
genuine regardless of the possibility that they are raised independently. In non-indistinguishable
twins, who have diverse hereditary make-ups, when one twin creates schizophrenia, the other
just has a one in seven shotof building up the condition. While this is higher than in the all
inclusive community (where the possibility is around 1 in a 100), it proposes qualities are not by
any means the only component impacting the improvement of schizophrenia [64].
Mental health
Investigations of individuals with schizophrenia have appeared there are inconspicuous contrasts
in the structure of their brains. These progressions aren't seen in everybody with schizophrenia
and can happen in individuals who don't have an emotional sickness. In any case, they propose
schizophrenia may incompletely be a confusion of the cerebrum. [65]
15. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
Neurotransmitters
These are chemicals that convey messages between cerebrum cells. There is an association
amongst neurotransmitters and schizophrenia since medications that change the levels of
neurotransmitters in the mind is known to calm a portion of the manifestations of schizophrenia.
Look into recommends schizophrenia might be brought on by an adjustment in the level of two
neurotransmitters: dopamine and serotonin. A few studies show a lopsidedness between the two
might be the premise of the issue. Others have found an adjustment in the body's affectability to
the neurotransmitters is a piece of the reason for schizophrenia [66].
Pregnancy and birth entanglements
Inquire about has demonstrated that individuals who create schizophrenia will probably have
encountered inconveniences before and amid their introduction to the world, for example, a low
birth weight, untimely work, or an absence of oxygen (asphyxia) amid birth. It might be that
these things subtly affect mental health [67].
Triggers
Triggers are things that can make schizophrenia create in individuals who are at hazard. These
include: [68]The principle mental triggers of schizophrenia are upsetting life occasions, for
example, a loss, losing your employment or home, a separation or the end of a relationship, or
physical, sexual, passionate or racial mishandle. These sorts of encounters, however upsetting,
don't bring about schizophrenia, yet can trigger its advancement in somebody effectively helpless
against it [69]
Medicate mishandle
Medications don't straightforwardly bring about schizophrenia, however thinks about have
indicated tranquilize abuse builds the danger of creating schizophrenia or a comparable disease.
Certain medications, especially cannabis, cocaine, LSD or amphetamines, may trigger
manifestations of schizophrenia in individuals who are vulnerable. Utilizing amphetamines or
cocaine can prompt psychosis and can bring about a backslide in individuals recouping from a
prior scene. Three noteworthy studies have demonstrated adolescents under 15 who utilize
16. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
cannabis routinely, particularly "skunk" and other more powerful types of the medication, are up
to four times more inclined to create schizophrenia by the age of Schizophrenia is ten times more
regular than AIDS, bed demise and melanoma consolidated. It is assessed that schizophrenia
costs the group in any event $2.5 billion every year in direct costs, which can be increased
commonly to represent the circuitous expenses. The larger part of individuals will create
schizophrenia between the ages of 15 and 30 - amid their most developmental years.
Nonetheless, this normal does not prohibit more youthful or more seasoned individuals from
creating schizophrenia. Around 5 - 10% of individuals determined to have schizophrenia will end
their own particular lives. This is around 12 times the national normal and implies that roughly
18,000 Australians alive today will suicide as a consequence of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia
influences both guys and females alike, in any case, onset regularly happens prior in men than in
ladies and marginally a bigger number of men than ladies are influenced [70].
Diagnosis of schizophrenia
Diagnosing schizophrenia is troublesome in light of the fact that there is no single manifestation
which is one of a kind to schizophrenia and there are no conclusive blood tests or sweeps for the
turmoil. Making a determination as of now requires perceiving a heavenly body of
manifestations for no less than 6 months. Seeing weakening in the level of working of the
individual with the indications, and also 'precluding' other conceivable clarifications for the
watched unsettling influence[71].
There are two noteworthy frameworks right now utilized for the finding of schizophrenia,
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [72].the International Classification of Disease.
[73]These characterizations have enhanced the unwavering quality of finding. Symptomatic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Criteria for Schizophrenia
A. Qualities of Symptoms: TWO OR MORE of the accompanying, every present for a huge
parcel of time amid one-month duration (or less if effectively treated): Daydreams, Fantasies
Disarranged discourse (e.g. Visit wrecking or ambiguity) [74].
Horribly disordered or mental conduct
17. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
Negative side effects, i.e. Full of feeling leveling, logia or cancelation
Note: Only one "A" side effect is required if dreams are strange or mind flights comprise of a
voice keeping up a running discourse on the individual's conduct or considerations, or two or
more voices speaking with each other). B. Social/Occupational Dysfunction: for a critical divide
of time since the onset of the unsettling influence, one or more real ranges of working, for
example, work, interpersonal relations or self-care is uniquely beneath the level accomplished
before the onset (or when the onset is in youth or pre-adulthood, inability to accomplish expected
level of interpersonal, scholarly or word related accomplishment) [75].
C. Span: nonstop indications of the unsettling influence hold on for no less than six months. This
six-month time frame must incorporate no less than one month of side effects that meet rule An
(ie dynamic stage side effects) and may incorporate times of prodromal or remaining indications.
Amid these prodromal or lingering periods, the indications of unsettling influence might be
showed by just negative manifestations or two or more side effects recorded in measure A
present in a weakened frame, e.g. odd convictions, uncommon perceptual encounters)
[76].Prohibition Criteria: the rest of the criteria (D-F in the DSM-IV content) indicate that the
signs and side effects above are worse represented by another turmoil, either psychiatric (ie state
of mind issue, schizoaffective confusion or inescapable formative issue), substance mishandle
(e.g. amphetamine inebriation or withdrawal) or a general medicinal condition (e.g.
Hyperthyroidism) [77].
Global Classification of Disease (ICD-10) Criteria for Schizophrenia[78]
Either no less than one of the disorders, manifestations and signs recorded beneath under (1) or if
nothing else two of the side effects and signs recorded under would have been available for more
often than not amid a scene of maniacal ailment going on for no less than 1 month[79]No
lessthan ONE of the accompanying: Thought reverberate, thought inclusion or withdrawal and
thought broadcasting. Hallucinations of control, impact or lack of involvement, plainly alluded to
body or appendage developments or particular considerations, activities or sensations, and silly
discernment. Hallucinatory voices giving a running analysis on the patient's conduct or talking
18. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
about him/her between themselves or different sorts of hallucinatory voices originating from
some part of the body. Persevering fancies of different sorts those are socially unseemly or
doubtful, for example, religious or political character, superhuman forces and capacity and so
forth. [80]
No less than TWO of the accompanying:
Constant mental trips in any methodology, when joined by either momentary or half-framed
fancies without clear full of feeling substance or by tenacious over-esteemed thoughts or while
happening each day for a considerable length of time or months on end [81]. Breaks of
interjections in the line of reasoning, bringing about incongruity or unessential discourse or
neologisms [82]. Mental conduct, for example, fervor, acting or waxy adaptability, negativism,
quiets and trance.[83]Negative manifestations, for example, checked disregard, lack of discourse
and blunting or confusion of enthusiastic reactions (these more often than not bring about social
withdrawal and bringing down of social execution). It must be obvious that these are not because
of wretchedness or neuroleptic prescription [84].
Schizophrenia Statistics
Schizophrenia is the most extreme of the emotional sicknesses and can influence all circles of
life, including discernment, thought, judgment, state of mind, drive and at last, identity
[86].Around fifteen individuals in each thousand will be influenced over their life [87].
Schizophrenia is ten times more basic than AIDS, bunk demise and melanoma joined [88].It is
assessed that schizophrenia costs the group at any rate $2.5 billion every year in direct costs,
which can be increased ordinarily to represent the roundabout expenses [89]. The greater part of
individuals will create schizophrenia between the ages of 15 and 30 - amid their most
developmental years. In any case, this normal does not avoid more youthful or more established
individuals from creating schizophrenia [90].Around 5 - 10% of individuals determined to have
schizophrenia will end their own lives. This is about 12 times the national normal and implies
that around 18,000 Australians alive today will suicide as a consequence of schizophrenia [91].
Schizophrenia influences both guys and females alike, be that as it may, onset frequently
19. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
happens prior in men than in ladies and marginally a larger number of men than ladies are
influenced [92]. Roughly one fourth of individuals have maybe a couple scenes and totally
recoup [93]. The following half will have more scenes and will require progressing
pharmaceutical however will have a sensible personal satisfaction. The following quarter will
have an incessant type of the disease, ie they will experience issues finding a medicine that suits
and will be in and out of hospital [94].A critical and steady change in the general nature of a few
partsTherapy for schizophrenia. Here are two sorts of treatment Sorts of Psychotherapy.
Psychosocial Therapy
Sorts of Psychotherapy
Singular psychotherapy. Amid sessions, an advisor or therapist can educate your companion or
relative how to manage his musings and practices. He will take in more about his sickness and its
impact on him, and in addition how to differentiate between what's genuine and so forth. It
likewise can help him oversee regular daily existence.
ADHERENCE THERAPY
RCTs found that in spite of the fact that there was confirmation of enhanced states of mind
towards medicine,[95] A meta-examination of five there was no reliable confirmation to
recommend that adherence treatment was viable in moving forward basic results[96], for
example, manifestations, personal satisfaction or backslide, in people determined to have
schizophrenia[97]. It presumed that there was no vigorous confirmation for the utilization of
adherence treatment as a remain solitary mediation [98].
EXPRESSIONS THERAPIES
A meta-examination of six RCTs of expressions treatments versus any control found that a large
portion of the studies utilized gathering [99]. Based mediation. There were three treatment
modalities, music, craftsmanship and body-arranged psychotherapy. [100]The specimen sizes
were little (n=24-90) and a considerable lot of the concentrates either excluded data with respect
to Randomization and rater blinding or reported challenges in these regions which decreased
study quality. [101]There were high whittling down rates (>40%) into equal parts the studies and
there was regularly no control for specialist time. Expressions. Treatments were powerful in
20. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
diminishing negative indications (SMD in score at end of treatment - 0.59, 95% CI - 0.83 to -
0.36, from five studies), with some confirmation from two of the studies that medium to
substantial impact [102]Sizes found toward the end of treatment were maintained at up to six
months development (SMD in score - 0.77, 95% CI - 1.27 to - 0.26). Impacts remained when
broke down by setting of treatment demonstrating viability when conveyed. Through inpatient or
outpatient settings. There were no huge consequences for aggregate side effect score (reported in
Four studies) or positive side effect score (reported in two studies), social or psychosocial
working (one concentrate on), client fulfillment or personal satisfaction (one concentrate each).
No RCTs of dramatization treatment were recognized in this Populace group. The Multi-focus
investigation of Art Therapy inSchizophrenia - Systematic Evaluation (MATISSE) was a three-
arm, Multicentre parallel gathering, practical RCT contrasting the viability of referral with
gathering craftsmanship treatment in addition to Standard care (n=140), with referral to a
consideration control action assemble in addition to standard care, (n=140), or Standard care
alone. (n=137). The essential results were worldwide working and psychiatric side effects.
Assemble craftsmanship treatment did not enhance results at 24 months contrasted and
consideration control movement in addition to Standard care or standard care alone. The action
in addition to standard care amass had less positive manifestations. Contrasted with those
apportioned with gathering craftsmanship treatment at 12 and 24 months (balanced mean
distinction 1.4, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.26, p=0.03). In this study, amass craftsmanship treatment and
movement gatherings were offered on a week after week reason for an hour and a half more than
12 months. Take-up of trial and control mediations was poor. Just about 40% of study members
did not go to any craftsmanship treatment sessions and among the individuals who did, few went
to frequently. Overall members went to 11 (0-51) craftsmanship treatment gatherings and five (0-
45) action groups.There is inadequate astounding proof on which to base any suggestion for
expressions treatments as a rule. [103]B Group based craftsmanship treatment ought not be
routinely offered to people determined to have
Schizophrenias with schizophrenia.
Three resulting little randomized pilot studies were distinguished. Two of the studies found that
adherence. Mediations (adherence treatment and organization together upgrade treatment) did
not bring about enhanced clinical or Treatment outcomes. In the third study members recouping
21. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
from their first crazy scene and who Had been in treatment for under 12 months (n=24) were
randomized to 14 sessions of adherence-adapting Training (ACE) or to standard treatment.
People who got adherence treatment had a critical. Change in positive side effects toward the end
of treatment.[104]
Cogitative behavioral therapy
Psychological conduct treatment (CBT). This can educate your adored one to change his
reasoning and conduct. His advisor will indicate him approaches to manage "voices" and mental
trips. With a mix of CBT sessions and solution, he can inevitably tell what triggers his crazy
scenes (times when visualizations or hallucinations erupt) and how to lessen or stop them.
Subjective upgrade treatment (CET). This sort of treatment is additionally called intellectual
remediation. It shows individuals how to better perceive meaningful gestures, or triggers, and
enhance their consideration, memory, and capacity to arrange their contemplations. It
consolidates PC based cerebrum preparing and gather sessions. [95]ECT is one of the speediest
and best approaches to assuage side effects in seriously discouraged or self-destructive
individuals or the individuals who have madness or other emotional sicknesses. In schizophrenia,
ECT is frequently to a great degree successful for a disorder called mental shock, a disease in
which a man's body gets to be inflexible and can't be moved. Specialists may likewise utilize
ECT to ease different side effects of schizophrenia, for example, fancies, mind flights, or
disrupted considering. training in cash administration.[96]
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) to treat extreme melancholy. Here and there, they
additionally utilize it to regard other emotional instabilities, for example, schizophrenia. ECT is
one of the quickest and best approaches to soothe side effects in seriously discouraged or self-
destructive individuals or the individuals who have craziness or other emotional sicknesses [97].
22. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
Doctors may also use ECT to ease other symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions,
hallucinations, or disorganized thinking. Education in money management [98].
Psychosocial Therapy
Recovery. Schizophrenia for the most part creates amid the years we are building our vocations.
So his restoration may incorporate employment advising, critical thinking support, and so on The
creative process, as well as of human development, psychological, and counseling theories and
TechniquesToday art therapy is widely practiced in a wide variety of settings including hospitals,
psychiatricand rehabilitation facilities, wellness centers, forensic institutions, schools, crisis
centers, senior Communities, private practice, and other clinical and community settings. During
individualand/or group sessions art therapists elicit their clients‘ inherent capacity for art making
to Enhance their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Research supports the use of
artTherapy within a professional relationship for the therapeutic benefits gained through artistic
self-expressionand reflection for individuals who experience illness, trauma, and mental health.
Problems and those seeking personal growth[99].
Family instruction. Your insight into psychosis and schizophrenia will help your companion or
relative. Inquire about demonstrates that individuals with schizophrenia who have a solid
emotionally supportive network show improvement over those without the consolation of loved
ones.[100]. Self-improvement gatherings. You ought to urge your adored one to take an interest
in group care and effort projects to keep taking a shot at his social abilities. The National
Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) is an effort association that offers a free Peer-to-Peer
program, for example. It incorporates 10 sessions for grown-ups with emotional sickness who
need to take in additional about their condition from individuals who have encountered it
themselves or been through it with a friend or family who makes art. The therapist interprets the
client's symbolic self-expression as communicated in the art and elicits interpretations from the
client.Analysis of transference is no longer always a component[101] Psychotherapy. This
approach employs the transference process between the therapist and the client Current
workmanship treatment incorporates an immense number of different methodologies, for
example, Person-Centered, Cognitive, Behavior, Gestalt, Narrative, Adlerian, Family (Systems)
23. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
and then some. The fundamentals of workmanship treatment include humanism, imagination,
accommodating passionate clashes, cultivating mindfulness, and self-improvement [102].
Treatment resistant schizophrenia(deep brain stimulation)
The inspiration driving this pilot study is to investigate the usage of significant personality
prompting (DBS) of the generous nigra norms reticulate (SNr) in subjects with treatment-safe
schizophrenia.[108] There is a subset of patients with schizophrenia who continue having
constant crazy reactions (sound-related mental outings and fancies) regardless of various
attractive medicine trials with antipsychotic drugs including clozapine [109]. There are starting
now no open medications for such patients who all around have poor limit and are always
crippled, not ready to work, live independently or have essential social associations[110].
Neuroimaging inspects in patients with schizophrenia have revealed information about masochist
neural circuits that could be sensible targets using significant cerebrum affectation[111]. In spite
of the way that not yet attempted in patients with schizophrenia, DBS is in early stage clinical
trials in other psychiatric issue[112]. This pilot study will investigate the use of DBS in
treatment-safe schizophrenia subjects who have drained all other therapeutic alternatives
however continue having enterprising incapacitating crazy signs[113]. Of note, DBS is not FDA
embraced for use in patients with schizophrenia[114]. The system will resemble that used as a
piece of sub thalamic center affectation in patients with Parkinson's disease115. In any case, the
anode will be advanced to some degree inferior into the SNr, an important surge center of the
basal ganglia, with the objective of realizing neighborhood deterrent of SNr overflowing
achieving disinhibition of the mediodorsal center of the thalamus (MD)[116]. Hypo capacity of
the MDN has been involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia in after death and moreover
various essential and utilitarian imaging focuses on[117]. Affirm suggests that brokenness of the
MD is entangled in both positive and subjective reactions, (for instance, working memory
inability) in schizophrenia.[118] Visit checking and clinical examination with psychiatric scales
will be used to screen treatment response[119]
Prognosis of schizophrenia
24. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
The assurance of anticipation in schizophrenia involves various troubles of such extent that it
would appear to be practically difficult to accomplish any level of legitimacy or dependability in
this association[120]. There are, most importantly, varieties in what is comprehended by the idea
of schizophrenia[121]. Defenders of the Kraepelinian idea of decay may have an alternate
perspective than the individuals who acknowledge the Ballerina idea of essential and optional
side effects122. Also, both of these will contrast from those ideas which depend on one of the
different psychodynamic hypotheses of schizophrenia[123]. Besides, even the individuals who
proclaim to hold fast to a steady arrangement of benchmarks will differ in their idea of the
schizophrenic disorder. Another muddling variable emerges from an inability to plainly portray
treatment system. Another wellspring of trouble is the variety in the procedure of follow-up
examination. [124]These components represent the extensive variety of reported insights on
purported unconstrained anticipation, and in addition forecast after treatment. In schizophrenia
one is managing a complex of indications with maybe different etiologies and with shifting
susceptibilities of the patient to impacts that influence him. It is most likely unproductive to
utilize the expression "unconstrained visualization." Rather, it appears to be officeholder upon
any agent to state what variables he is endeavoring to identify with guess. (PsycINFO Database
Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights saved)[125]
Conclusion
If you talk to the god you are praying if god talks to you, you have schizophrenia
Schizophrenia that affects thought and behaviors1percent of the population suffers globally ―It
has been greatest disorder of young age
References
1 Amering, Michaela, and Margit Schmolke. Recovery in mental health: reshaping
scientific and clinical responsibilities. Vol. 7. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
25. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
2 Moore, Laurie J., and James K. Boehnlein. "Posttraumatic stress disorder, depression,
and somatic symptoms in US Mien patients." The Journal of nervous and mental
disease 179, no. 12 (1991): 728-733.
3 Spiegel, David, and Etzel Cardeña. "Disintegrated experience: the dissociative disorders
revisited." Journal of abnormal psychology 100, no. 3 (1991): 366.
4 McDougle, Christopher J., Janice P. Holmes, Mary R. Bronson, George M. Anderson,
Fred R. Volkmar, Lawrence H. Price, and Donald J. Cohen. "Risperidone treatment of
children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders: a prospective, open-
label study." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, no.
5 (1997): 685-693.
5 Levine, Stephen Z., Shelly Bakst, and Jonathan Rabinowitz. "Suicide attempts at the time
of first admission and during early course schizophrenia: a population based
study." Psychiatry research 177, no. 1 (2010): 55-59.
6 Australian, Royal. "Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical
practice guidelines for the treatment of schizophrenia and related disorders." Australian
and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (2009).
7 Thara, R., R. Padmavati, and V. Nagaswami. "Schizophrenia in India. Epidemiology,
phenomenology, course and outcome." International Review of Psychiatry 5, no. 2-3
(1993): 157-164.
8 Thara R. Twenty-five years of schizophrenia: The Madras 10. longitudinal study. Indian J
Psychiatry 2012; 54 : 134-7.
9 Iyer SN, Mangala R, Thara R, Malla AK. 11. Preliminary findings from a study of first-
episode psychosis in Montreal, Canada and Chennai, India: comparison of outcomes.
Schizophr Res 2010; 121 : 227-33.
10 Patel V, Thara R. 12. Meeting the mental health challenges: role of NGO initiatives. New
Delhi: SAG E Publications; 2003.
11 Patel V, Thara R. 12. Meeting the mental health challenges: r
ole of NGO initiatives. New Delhi: SAG E Publications; 2003
11 Murthy RS. National mental health programme in India 13. (1982-1989) mid-point
appraisal. Indian J Psychiatry 1989; 31 : 267-70
26. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
12 Chatterjee S, Naik S, John S, Dabholkar H, Balaji M, Koschorke 14. M, Varghese M, et
al. Effectiveness of a community-based intervention for people with schizophrenia and
their caregivers in India (COPSI): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014; 383 : 1385-
94.
13 Thara R, Islam A, Padmavati R. Beliefs about mental illness : 15. a study of a rural south-
Indian community. Int J Ment Health 1998; 27 : 70-85.
14 Chatterjee, Sudipto, Aravind Pillai, Sumeet Jain, Alex Cohen, and Vikram Patel.
"Outcomes of people with psychotic disorders in a community-based rehabilitation
programme in rural India." The British Journal of Psychiatry195, no. 5 (2009): 433-439.
15 Thara, Rangaswamy, and Ramachandran Padmavati. "Community mental health care
in South Asia." World Psychiatry 12, no. 2 (2013): 176-177.
16 Schultze-Lutter, Frauke. "Subjective symptoms of schizophrenia in research and the
clinic: the basic symptom concept." Schizophrenia bulletin 35, no. 1 (2009): 5-8.
17 Rigg, Robert. "" ARE THERE NO PRISONS?" MENTAL HEALTH AND THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES." U. Denv. Crim. L. Rev. 4
(2014): 103-131.
18 Cavanna, Andrea Eugenio, Serena Servo, Francesco Monaco, and Mary May
Robertson. "The behavioral spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome." The Journal of
neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 21, no. 1 (2009): 13-23.
19 M Crang, P Crang, J May - 1999 - books.google.com
20 Donald W. Goodwin, MD; Randall Rosenthal, MD
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1971;24(1):76-80. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1971.01750070078011.
Coch, Donna, and Daniel Ansari. "Thinking about mechanisms is crucial to connecting
neuroscience and education." cortex 45, no. 4 (2009): 546-547.
21 Green, Michael Foster. Schizophrenia revealed: from neurons to social interactions.
WW Norton & Company, 2001.
22Nordgaard, Julie, and Josef Parnas. "Self-disorders and the schizophrenia spectrum: a
study of 100 first hospital admissions." Schizophrenia bulletin(2014): sbt239.
23Lezak, Muriel D. "The problem of assessing executive functions." International
journal of Psychology 17, no. 1-4 (1982): 281-297.
27. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
24 Shah, Pritesh G., and Bharti W. Gawali. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
and Schizophrenia as Disconnection Disorder." International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science 4, no. 4 (2013).
25 Sharma, Tonmoy, and Lena Antonova. "Cognitive function in schizophrenia: deficits,
functional consequences, and future treatment." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 26,
no. 1 (2003): 25-40.
26 A Olley, G Malhi, P Sachdev - Journal of Affective Disorders, 2007
27 Mayer, Richard E. "Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right
questions?." Educational psychologist 32, no. 1 (1997): 1-19.28 SJ Zuchowski, B
28 Zuchowski, Steven J., and Brian Kirkpatrick. "Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders." In Problem-based Behavioral Science and Psychiatry, pp. 377-402.
Springer International Publishing, 2016.
29 Sass, Louis A. "Self-disturbance and schizophrenia: Structure, specificity,
pathogenesis (Current issues, New directions)." Schizophrenia research 152, no. 1
(2014): 5-11.30 DM Dhossche, LE Wachtel - Pediatric neurology, 2010 – Elsevier
31 Sass, Louis A. "Self-disturbance and schizophrenia: Structure, specificity,
pathogenesis (Current issues, New directions)." Schizophrenia research 152, no. 1
(2014): 5-11.
32 Garety, Phillip A., Elizabeth Kuipers, David Fowler, Daniel Freeman, and P. E.
Bebbington. "A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis." Psychological
medicine 31, no. 02 (2001): 189-195.
33Garety, Phillip A., Elizabeth Kuipers, David Fowler, Daniel Freeman, and P. E.
Bebbington. "A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis." Psychological
medicine 31, no. 02 (2001): 189-195.
34 .Berkowitz, Ruth, Rosemarie Eberlein-Fries, Liz Kuipers, and Julian Leff. "Educating
relatives about schizophrenia." Schizophrenia bulletin 10, no. 3 (1984): 418-429.
35 Green, Michael F. "Cognitive impairment and functional outcome in schizophrenia and
bipolar disorder." The Journal of clinical psychiatry 67, no. 10 (2006): 12-12.
28. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
36Friedman, Howard. "Perceptual regression in schizophrenia: an hypothesis suggested by the
use of the Rorschach test." The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology 81,
no. 1 (1952): 63-98.
37Abrams, Richard, and Michael Alan Taylor. "Catatonia: a prospective clinical study." Archives
of General Psychiatry 33, no. 5 (1976): 579-581.
38 Calagé, Carla, Raphael Dalleo, Luis Duno-Gottberg, Clevis Headley, and David
Nicholls. "Haiti in the Americas Graduate Seminar, Fall 2014 Course description."
39 R Tandon, HA Nasrallah, MS Keshavan - Schizophrenia research, 2009 – Elsevier
40 Hartelius, Lena, Maria Jonsson, Anneli Rickeberg, and Katja Laakso.
"Communication and Huntington's disease: qualitative interviews and focus groups with
persons with Huntington's disease, family members, and carers." International journal of
language & communication disorders 45, no. 3 (2010): 381-393.
41 Del Hierro Gangotena, Andrés. "Estudio de la eficacia de la terapia cognitivo
conductual para el tratamiento de un paciente con ataques de pánico e hipocondríasis."
(2013).
42 Jablensky, Assen V., Vera Morgan, Stephen R. Zubrick, Carol Bower, and Li-Anne
Yellachich. "Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications in a population cohort of
women with schizophrenia and major affective disorders." American Journal of
Psychiatry 162, no. 1 (2005): 79-91.
43 Chambers, R. Andrew, Jane R. Taylor, and Marc N. Potenza. "Developmental
neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction
vulnerability." American Journal of Psychiatry (2003).
44 Taylor, Michael Alan, and Max Fink. "Catatonia in psychiatric classification: a home
of its own." American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 7 (2003): 1233-1241.
45 Nsamenang, Sheri A., Jameson K. Hirsch, Raluca Topciu, Andrew D. Goodman, and
Paul R. Duberstein. "The interrelations between spiritual well-being, pain interference
and depressive symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis." Journal of behavioral
medicine 39, no. 2 (2016): 355-363.
46 Nsamenang, Sheri A., Jameson K. Hirsch, Raluca Topciu, Andrew D. Goodman, and
Paul R. Duberstein. "The interrelations between spiritual well-being, pain interference
29. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
and depressive symptoms in patients with multiple sclerosis." Journal of behavioral
medicine 39, no. 2 (2016): 355-363.
47 Jablensky, Assen. "The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and
future prospects." Dialogues Clin Neurosci 12, no. 3 (2010): 271-287.
48 Jablensky, Assen. "The diagnostic concept of schizophrenia: its history, evolution, and
future prospects." Dialogues Clin Neurosci 12, no. 3 (2010): 271-287.
49 PF Liddle - Seminars in general adult psychiatry, 2007 - books.google.com
50 Van Leeuwen, James M., Sara Adkins, Tavia Mirassou-Wolf, Wendi K. Schweiger,
and Ryan Grundy. "An evaluation of the Mental Health Facilitator programme in rural
Uganda: Successes and recommendations for future implementation." Journal of
Psychology in Africa 26, no. 3 (2016): 288-299.
51 Kambeitz-Ilankovic, Lana, Eva M. Meisenzahl, Carlos Cabral, Sebastian von Saldern,
Joseph Kambeitz, Peter Falkai, Hans-Jürgen Möller, Maximilian Reiser, and Nikolaos
Koutsouleris. "Prediction of outcome in the psychosis prodrome using neuroanatomical
pattern classification." Schizophrenia research 173, no. 3 (2016): 159-165.
52 Ellett, Lyn, Daniel Freeman, and Philippa A. Garety. "The psychological effect of an
urban environment on individuals with persecutory delusions: the Camberwell walk
study." Schizophrenia research 99, no. 1 (2008): 77-84
53Navarro, Papuico, and Korina Eiko. "Características estereotípicas que intervienen en
el proceso de evaluación de candidatos electorales." (2015).
54 NA Rector, N Stolar, P Grant - 2011 - books.google.com
55 Hartman, David E. "Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (WAIS IV): return of the
gold standard." Applied neuropsychology 16, no. 1 (2009): 85-87.
56 Ginzburg, Karni, Cheryl Koopman, Lisa D. Butler, Oxana Palesh, Helena C. Kraemer,
Catherine C. Classen, and David Spiegel. "Evidence for a dissociative subtype of post-
traumatic stress disorder among help-seeking childhood sexual abuse survivors." Journal
of Trauma & Dissociation 7, no. 2 (2006): 7-27.
57 Tandon, Rajiv, Henry A. Nasrallah, and Matcheri S. Keshavan. "Schizophrenia,―just
the facts‖ 4. Clinical features and conceptualization." Schizophrenia research 110, no. 1
(2009): 1-23.
30. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
58 Hinduja, Sameer, and Justin W. Patchin. "Bullying, cyberbullying, and
suicide." Archives of suicide research 14, no. 3 (2010): 206-221.
59 Plomin, Robert, John C. DeFries, Valerie S. Knopik, and Jenae
Neiderheiser. Behavioral genetics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
60 Konstantareas, M. Mary, and Terri Hewitt. "Autistic disorder and schizophrenia:
Diagnostic overlaps." Journal of autism and developmental disorders 31, no. 1 (2001):
19-28.
61Tsuang, Ming T., William S. Stone, and Stephen V. Faraone. "Genes, environment and
schizophrenia." The British Journal of Psychiatry 178, no. 40 (2001): s18-s24.
62Tsuang, Ming. "Schizophrenia: genes and environment." Biological psychiatry 47, no.
3 (2000): 210-220.
63 Shah, Pritesh G., and Bharti W. Gawali. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
and Schizophrenia as Disconnection Disorder." International Journal of Advanced
Research in Computer Science 4, no. 4 (2013).
64 Lock, Margaret, Julia Freeman, Rosemary Sharples, and Stephanie Lloyd. "When it
runs in the family: putting susceptibility genes in perspective." Public Understanding of
Science 15, no. 3 (2006): 277-300.
65 Gur, Raquel E., and Samuel Chin. "Laterality in functional brain imaging studies of
schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 25, no. 1 (1999): 141-156.Source: Journal of
Consciousness Studies, Volume 9, Number 4, 1 April 2002, pp. 57-80(24)
66 Javitt, Daniel C., and Joseph T. Coyle. "Decoding schizophrenia." Scientific
American 290, no. 1 (2004): 48-55.
67Vorster, D. "An investigation into the part played by organic factors in childhood
schizophrenia." The British Journal of Psychiatry 106, no. 443 (1960): 494-522.
68 Worley, Adam. "Category Archives: My Psych ideas & work."
69 Thoits, Peggy A. "Stress and health major findings and policy implications." Journal
of health and social behavior 51, no. 1 suppl (2010): S41-S53.
31. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
70 Howes, Oliver D., and Shitij Kapur. "The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia:
version III—the final common pathway." Schizophrenia bulletin 35, no. 3 (2009): 549-
562.
71 Murray, Robin M., Anton Grech, Peter Phillips, and Sonia Johnson. "What is the
relationship between substance abuse and schizophrenia." The epidemiology of
schizophrenia 9 (2003): 317-342.
72 Hall, Wayne, Louisa Degenhardt, and Maree Teesson. "Cannabis use and psychotic
disorders: an update." Drug and alcohol review 23, no. 4 (2004): 433-443.
73 Greenfield, Patricia M. "The changing psychology of culture from 1800 through
2000." Psychological science 24, no. 9 (2013): 1722-1731.
74Schultz, Stephen H., Stephen W. North, and Cleveland G. Shields. "Schizophrenia: a
review." Am Fam Physician 75, no. 12 (2007): 1821-9.
75 Schultz, Stephen H., Stephen W. North, and Cleveland G. Shields. "Schizophrenia: a
review." Am Fam Physician 75, no. 12 (2007): 1821-9.
76 Ho, Beng-Choon, DONALD W. Black, and Nancy C. Andreasen. Schizophrenia and
other psychotic disorders. American Psychiatric Publishing: Arlington, 2003.
77 Flaum, Michael, and Susan K. Schultz. "The core symptoms of
schizophrenia." Annals of medicine 28, no. 6 (1996): 525-531.
78 Parkovnick, Meredith. "Overweight in infants increases the chance of having a gross
motor developmental delay at six months." PhD diss., The University of Western
Ontario, 2012.
79 World Health Organization. WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: second report. No.
982. World Health Organization, 2013.
80 Marneros, Andreas. "Schizoaffective disorder." Korean Journal of Schizophrenia
Research 15, no. 1 (2012): 5-12.
81 Mitchell, Kyle Robert. "Examining the Role of Episodic and Semantic Networks in
Anhedonia: Applying the Accessibility Model of Emotional Self-report to
Psychometrically-defined Schizotypy." PhD diss., faculty of Louisiana State University
Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
32. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Psychology by Kyle Robert Mitchell BS,
The University of Texas, 2015.
82de Jesus Mari, Jair, Denise Razzouk, Rangaswamy Thara, Julian Eaton, and Graham
Thornicroft. "Packages of care for schizophrenia in low-and middle-income
countries." PLoS Med 6, no. 10 (2009): e1000165.
83Gelenberg, Alan J., and Michel R. Mandel. "Catatonic reactions to high-potency
neuroleptic drugs." Archives of General Psychiatry 34, no. 8 (1977): 947-950.
Mitchell, Kyle Robert. "Examining the Role of Episodic and Semantic Networks in
Anhedonia: Applying the Accessibility Model of Emotional Self-report to
Psychometrically-defined Schizotypy." PhD diss., faculty of Louisiana State University
Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Psychology by Kyle Robert Mitchell BS,
The University of Texas, 2015.
85 Flaum, Michael, and Susan K. Schultz. "The core symptoms of
schizophrenia." Annals of medicine 28, no. 6 (1996): 525-531.
86Akiskal, Hagop S., and Charles Van Valkenburg. "Mood disorders." In Diagnostic
interviewing, pp. 79-107. Springer US, 1994.
87 Woolf, Anthony D., and Bruce Pfleger. "Burden of major musculoskeletal
conditions." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 81, no. 9 (2003): 646-656.
88Lunoe, Sandy. "Author Archives: homeopathyginatyler." Homeopathy (2012).
89 Wittchen, Hans‐Ulrich, Sabine Schönfeld, Christin Thurau, Sebastian Trautmann, Michaela
Galle, Kathleen Mark, Robin Hauffa et al. "Prevalence, incidence and determinants of PTSD and
other mental disorders: design and methods of the P89ID‐PTSD+ 3 study." International Journal
of Methods in Psychiatric Research 21, no. 2 (2012): 98-116
.90 Warner, Richard. Recovery from schizophrenia: Psychiatry and political economy.
Routledge, 2013.
92 Warner, Richard. Recovery from schizophrenia: Psychiatry and political economy.
Routledge, 2013.
94 Simoni, Jane M., Arianna Montgomery, Erin Martin, Michelle New, Penelope A.
Demas, and Sohail Rana. "Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for pediatric HIV
33. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
infection: a qualitative systematic review with recommendations for research and clinical
management." Pediatrics 119, no. 6 (2007): e1371-e1383.
95 Corvinelli, Antonietta. "Boredom in recovery for adult substance users with
HIV/AIDS attending an urban day treatment program." Occupational Therapy in Mental
Health 28, no. 3 (2012): 201-319.
96Kessler, Ronald C., G. Paul Amminger, Sergio Aguilar‐Gaxiola, Jordi Alonso, Sing
Lee, and T. Bedirhan Ustun. "Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent
literature." Current opinion in psychiatry 20, no. 4 (2007): 359.J Consult Clin Psychol.
2013 Oct; 81(5): 761–773.
Published online 2013 May 6. doi: 10.1037/a00322Sarah A. Hayes-Skelton, Lizabeth
Roemer, and Susan M. Orsillo
97Sriratanaviriyakul, Narumon, Mathews Nkhoma, Jaime Calbeto, Shih-Tsung Lee, and
Tri Lam. "Exploring Linkages between Consumer Trust and E-SCM in Food Safety: A
Case of Taiwanese Enterprises." In The Proceedings of 19th International Symposium on
Logistics, pp. 358-371. Centre for Concurrent Enterprise, 2014.
98Beck, Aaron T., and Neil A. Rector. "Cognitive approaches to schizophrenia: theory
and therapy." Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 1 (2005): 577-606.
99 Rothman, Kenneth J., Sander Greenland, and Timothy L. Lash, eds. Modern
epidemiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008.
101HPB (Oxford). 2008; 10(Suppl 1): 7–222Nakano, Hiroshi1; Oussoutzoglou, Elie2;
Rosso, Edoardo2; Giraudo, Giorgio2; Otsubo, Takehito3; Bachellier, Philippe2; Jaeck,
Daniel2
102 Mannuzza, Salvatore, Abby J. Fyer, Donald F. Klein, and Jean Endicott. "Schedule
for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime Version modified for the study of
anxiety disorders (SADS-LA): rationale and conceptual development." Journal of
psychiatric research 20, no. 4 (1986): 317-325.
103 Manoach, Dara S., Elkan F. Halpern, Todd S. Kramer, Yuchiao Chang, Donald C.
Goff, Scott L. Rauch, David N. Kennedy, and Randy L. Gollub. "Test-retest reliability of
34. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
a functional MRI working memory paradigm in normal and schizophrenic
subjects." American Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 6 (2001): 955-958.
104 Sendt, Kyra-Verena, Derek Kenneth Tracy, and Sagnik Bhattacharyya. "A
systematic review of factors influencing adherence to antipsychotic medication in
schizophrenia-spectrum disorders." Psychiatry research 225, no. 1 (2015): 14-30.
Sendt KV1, Tracy DK2, Bhattacharyya S3.
105ORAL, JUNE, and HALL SYDNEY. "XIII ESTSS Conference:‗‗Trauma and its
clinical pathways: PTSD and beyond‘‘, Bologna, June 2013." pathology13: 733Á753.
106 Gustafson, Carrie, and Peter H. Juviler. Religion and human rights: competing
claims?. ME Sharpe, 1999.
107 Huston, Paul E., and Max C. Pepernick. "Prognosis in schizophrenia." (1958).
108Johns, Michael ME, Mark Barnes, and Patrik S. Florencio. "Restoring balance to
industry-academia relationships in an era of institutional financial conflicts of interest:
promoting research while maintaining trust." Jama 289, no. 6 (2003): 741-746.
109 Johns Hopkins University
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
William S. Anderson, Johns Hopkins University
Potasiewicz A, Hołuj M, Kos T, Popik P, Arias HR, Nikiforuk A.
Neuropharmacology. 2016 Oct 4;113(Pt A):188-197. doi:
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.002.
PMID: 27717880
110 Gragnoli, C., G. M. Reeves, J. Reazer, and T. T. Postolache. "Dopamine–prolactin
pathway potentially contributes to the schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes
comorbidity." Translational psychiatry 6, no. 4 (2016): e785.
111 Eley, Thalia C., Jennifer L. Hudson, Cathy Creswell, Maria Tropeano, Kathryn J.
Lester, Peter Cooper, Anne Farmer et al. "Therapygenetics: the 5HTTLPR and response
to psychological therapy." Molecular psychiatry 17, no. 3 (2012): 236.
112 Synofzik, Matthis, and Thomas E. Schlaepfer. "Stimulating personality: ethical
criteria for deep brain stimulation in psychiatric patients and for enhancement
purposes." Biotechnology Journal 3, no. 12 (2008): 1511-1520.
35. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia
113 Goodman, Wayne K., Kelly D. Foote, Benjamin D. Greenberg, Nikki Ricciuti,
Russell Bauer, Herbert Ward, Nathan A. Shapira et al. "Deep brain stimulation for
intractable obsessive compulsive disorder: pilot study using a blinded, staggered-onset
design." Biological psychiatry 67, no. 6 (2010): 535-542.
114Wright, Kathleen M., Thomas W. Britt, Paul D. Bliese, Amy B. Adler, Dante
Picchioni, and DeWayne Moore. "Insomnia as predictor versus outcome of PTSD and
depression among Iraq combat veterans." Journal of Clinical Psychology 67, no. 12
(2011): 1240-1258.
115He, Xiao-Song, Ning Ma, Zhong-Lin Pan, Zhao-Xin Wang, Nan Li, Xiao-Chu Zhang,
Jiang-Ning Zhou, De-Fa Zhu, and Da-Ren Zhang. "Functional magnetic resource
imaging assessment of altered brain function in hypothyroidism during working memory
processing." European Journal of Endocrinology 164, no. 6 (2011): 951-959.
116Hikosaka, Okihide, Susan R. Sesack, Lucas Lecourtier, and Paul D. Shepard.
"Habenula: crossroad between the basal ganglia and the limbic system." The journal of
neuroscience 28, no. 46 (2008): 11825-11829.
117 Johansen, Nicholas S. "Testing and assessing the effects of Family-Aggression
Replacement Training (Family ART)." (2012).
118Charles, Lucie, Raphaël Gaillard, Isabelle Amado, Marie-Odile Krebs, Narjes
Bendjemaa, and Stanislas Dehaene. "Conscious and unconscious performance
monitoring: Evidence from patients with schizophrenia." NeuroImage (2016).
119 Moran, Paul, Morven Leese, Tennyson Lee, Paul Walters, Graham Thornicroft, and
Anthony Mann. "Standardised Assessment of Personality–Abbreviated Scale (SAPAS):
preliminary validation of a brief screen for personality disorder." The British Journal of
Psychiatry 183, no. 3 (2003): 228-232.
120Freud, Sigmund. The International journal of psycho-analysis. Edited by Ernest
Jones. Vol. 3. For the Institute of Psycho-analysis by Baillière, Tindall, 1922.
121DR Hemsley - Search for the causes of schizophrenia, 1987
122 Ghaemi, S. Nassir. "Nosologomania: DSM & Karl Jaspers' Critique of
Kraepelin." Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 4, no. 1 (2009): 1.
36. Airo International Research Journal December, 2016
Volume VIII, ISSN: 2320-3714
123 Phalen, Peter L., Giancarlo Dimaggio, Raffaele Popolo, and Paul H. Lysaker.
"Aspects of Theory of Mind that attenuate the relationship between persecutory delusions
and social functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders." Journal of Behavior
Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry (2016).
124Glassie, Henry. "Meaningful things and appropriate myths: The artifact's place in
American studies." Prospects 3 (1978): 1-49.
125Bohre, Priyanka, O. P. Chaubey, and P. K. Singhal. "Carbon Management by
Plantation Forests Raised on Degraded Lands." Vegetos-An International Journal of
Plant Research 26, no. 2s (2013): 76-87.