Upper respiratory tract infection

1. UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT INFECTION

2. DEFINITION
 An upper respiratory tract infection, or
upper respiratory infection, is an
infectious process of any of the
components of the upper airway.

3. CLASSIFICATION
 RHINITIS/ COMMON COLD
 SINUSITIS
 EPIGLOTTITIS
 PHARYNGITIS
 LARYNGITIS

4. 1. Common cold
 Colds often go away on their own. Colds can:
 Occur at any age.
 Have a wide range of symptoms.
 Spread through direct contact with respiratory secretions
 Last about 7 to 10 days, though a cough can last up to
three weeks.
 Lead to complications such as ear infections, eye
infections, sinus infections and pneumonia.
Treatment
 Use acetaminophen
 Stay hydrated.
 Get plenty of rest.

5. 2. Sinusitis
 Sinusitis, or a sinus infection, is a common problem.
S/S
 Postnasal drip (mucus dripping into throat)
 Green mucus from nose.
 Stuffiness or congestion.
 Pain when press on face, especially on the bones right under
eyes.
 Bad breath.
 Cough.
 Fatigue.
 Fever.
 Headaches
Treatment
 Antibiotics may be needed to clear up a sinus infection in this case

7. 3. Epiglottitis
 Epiglottitis is when the epiglottis gets inflamed.
 This condition can be serious, it can block your airway.
Symptoms of epiglottitis include:
 Difficulty breathing or swallowing.
 Fever and Severe sore throat.
Epiglottitis requires treatment at a hospital or medical facility.
 Supplemental oxygen
 IV fluids to keep you hydrated until you can swallow
without problems.
 Antibiotics, if your provider thinks you may have a
bacterial infection.
 Steroids to reduce the swelling.

9. 4. Pharyngitis
 Pharyngitis is also known as a sore throat.
S/S
 Severe throat pain.
 Difficulty swallowing and speaking.
 Ear pain.
 Tender lymph nodes in the neck.
 Swollen, red tonsils.
Treatment
 If the throat swab (strep test) is positive for strep throat, take a course
of antibiotics, such as penicillin.
 If the test is negative, may recommend:
 Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs,
to help with throat pain.
 Gargling with warm salt water to soothe your throat.
 A single dose of a steroid to help with symptoms.

10. 5. Laryngitis
 Laryngitis is when the larynx becomes inflamed.
s/s
 Become very hoarse.
 Only be able to talk at a low volume.
 Lose voice entirely.
 a fever, have difficulty swallowing and sore throat.
Treatment
 Voice rest. Try not to speak. If you do need to speak, talk in a
low voice rather than a whisper. Whispering can irritate larynx.
 Drink plenty of extra fluids.
 Breathe in steam.
 Use cough suppressants.

12. Clinical features
 Cough.
 Fever.
 Hoarse voice.
 Fatigue and lack of energy.
 Red eyes.
 Runny nose.
 Sore throat.
 Swollen lymph nodes (swelling on the
sides of your neck).

13. Diagnostic measures
 Lung (chest) X-ray.
 Lung CT scan.
 Lung (pulmonary) function test
 Nasal swab.
 Throat swab.
 Sputum test.

14. Do’s
Live a healthy lifestyle:
 Wash hands, especially
before eating or
preparing food.
 Sneeze and cough into a
tissue and wash hands
after.
 Take rest
 Avoid contact with sick
 Drink plenty of fluids.
 Get enough sleep.
Treatment
 Head elevation
 Gargling
 Steam inhalation
 Antibiotic therapy
 Keep up with routine
checkups and
immunizations.
 get the pneumococcal
vaccine, which prevents
pneumonia.

15. Don’ts
 do not let children breathe in steam from
a bowl of hot water as there's a risk of
scalding
 do not give aspirin to children under 16
 do not smoke – it may worsen
symptoms
 Do not allow visitors
 Don’t smoke

17. Definition
 Chronic irreversible dilation of the
bronchi and bronchioles
 Permanent abnormal dilation of
one or more large bronchi

18. Incidence
 Bronchiectasis predominantly affect
extremes of age.
 The prevalence of bronchiectasis rises
steeply from 4-5 per 100,000 adults
aged 18-34 years to 250 to 300 per
100,000 individuals aged > 75 years.

19. Types
 Cylindrical bronchiectasis : it’s a
mildest form and reflects the loss of
the normal tapering of the airways.
 Saccular bronchiectasis : its more
severe, with further distortion of the
airway. Produce sputum
 Cystic bronchiectasis : is the most
severe form , chronic productive
cough.

21. Risk factors
• Primary disorders of structures in the bronchi
• Severe childhood bronchial infection
• Inflammatory disease
• Pneumonia
• Inhaled foreign bodies
• Bronchial tumors
• Tuberculosis
• Cystic fibrosis-Inherited disorder, which affect
the cells that produce mucus, sweat &
digestive juice. Causes these fluid thick &
sticky, then they plug tubes, duct & passage

22. Pathophysiology
Pulmonary infection
Inflammation
Epithelial injury and mucus hypersecretion
Reduced mucociliary clearance
Plugging of airway
Airway damage
Bronchiectasis

23. Clinical manifestation
o Chronic Coughing
o Purulent sputum in copious amount
o Foul smelling mucus
o Hemoptysis
o Clubbing
o Dyspnea
o Wheezing
o Chest pain
o Weakness
o Fatigue

24. Diagnostic measures
 History collection
 Physical examination
 Chest x ray-opacities
 Blood test
 Sputum study
 CT scan-excellent view of dilated bronchi
and bronchioles
 Bronchoscopy-to find out the cause
 PFT-find out the extend & severity of ds

25. Management
• Bronchodilator medication ,eg : Albuterol
• Steroids , eg : Fluticasone and salmeterol
• Antibiotics : augmentin, gemifloxacin,
clindamycin, ciprofloxacin,
(Corner stone therapy for bronchiectatic exacerbation)
• Mucus thinners and expectorants ,eg :
acetylcysteine
• Chest physiotherapy
• Hydration
• O2 therapy

26. Surgical Management
 Segmental resection. The
diseased segment of a lobe is
removed.
 Lobectomy. The diseased lobe is
removed.
 Pneumonectomy. The entire
diseased lung segment is
removed, but this rarely happens.

28. Complication
 Atelectasis. Collapse of the alveoli
is a common complication.
 Pneumonia. Infection is recurrent in
patients with bronchiectasis.
 Empyema. Overproduction of
sputum causes the bronchi to be
filled with pus

29. Nursing assessment
 Nursing assessment of a patient with
bronchiectasis include:
 Evaluation of current smoking status.
 Evaluation of current exposure to
occupational toxins or pollutants and
in indoor/outdoor pollution.
 Assess the patient’s current level of
functioning.

30. Nursing Diagnosis
 Impaired gas exchange related to
ventilation-perfusion imbalance.
 Ineffective airway clearance related to
increased mucus production.
 Ineffective breathing pattern related to
mucus and airway irritants.
 Activity intolerance related to
hypoxemia and ineffective breathing
patterns.

31. Nursing Intervention
 Smoking cessation.
 Bronchodilators. Administer
bronchodilators as prescribed.
 Postural drainage. Perform postural
drainage with percussion and vibration in
the morning
 Antibiotics. Administer antibiotics as
prescribed.
 Activities. Encourage alternating activity
with rest periods.

32. Client education
 Smoking cessation.
 Postural drainage.
 Exposure to infections.
 Signs of infection.
 Nutrition.

33. THANK YOU