The Utah State University Materials Physics Group has developed extensive testing capabilities to verify small satellites and components. Their Space Survivability Test chamber can simulate key aspects of the space environment, including electron flux, ionizing radiation, ultraviolet/visible/infrared flux, and temperature. It allows for cost-effective testing of multiple small-scale samples over prolonged exposure periods to accelerate aging and evaluate performance and material changes.
Space Radiation Superconductive Shield (SR2S) is an EU funded FP7 project which is researching new technology to protect astronauts in space from radiation. On 9th April 2014 in Torino, Italy, SR2S held their first conference to give an update on the project so far.
For more information visit:
www.sr2s.eu
Twitter - @SR2SMars
Space Radiation Superconductive Shield (SR2S) is an EU funded FP7 project which is researching new technology to protect astronauts in space from radiation. On 9th April 2014 in Torino, Italy, SR2S held their first conference to give an update on the project so far.
For more information visit:
www.sr2s.eu
Twitter - @SR2SMars
Researchers at the Desert Research Institute (DRI) are exploring ways in which unmanned aircraft systems are increasingly being used in civilian government work as well as the private sector for use in applications as diverse as cloud seeding to fighting forest fires.
The SORCE satellite was launched in 2003 with objectives to make highly accurate long-term measurements of total solar irradiance, solar ultraviolet irradiance from 120 to 300 nm, and visible to near-infrared solar irradiance from 0.3 to 2 μm. The satellite was launched on a Pegasus XL rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida into a 645km sun-synchronous orbit with a team from NASA, University of Colorado, and Orbital Sciences Corporation overseeing the 5-year mission.
A mathematical algorithm was developed to calculate effective density values within Apollo lunar core samples using digitized radiographs. Code was written in MATLAB to produce density maps based on the algorithm. Factors like varying X-ray intensities due to the Inverse Square Law and different material thicknesses were accounted for. The resulting density maps provide reasonable values compared to previously measured bulk densities, but more information is needed to address issues in radiography and the physical parameters of the X-ray setup. With this additional information, density values as a function of depth and porosity can be accurately evaluated.
The Juno mission is a NASA project to study Jupiter. It involves sending a solar-powered spacecraft into a polar orbit around Jupiter to measure the composition, gravity, magnetic fields, and dynamics of the planet. The spacecraft is designed to withstand the extreme radiation environment around Jupiter while carrying instruments to analyze Jupiter's atmosphere, interior structure, polar magnetosphere, and auroras. A key challenge is for the instruments to obtain scientific measurements while the spacecraft design protects against the high-radiation environment, which increases risk over the course of its orbit cycles around Jupiter.
The document provides an overview of the 2010 CEOS Land Comparison campaign carried out at Tuz Gölü, Turkey from August 13-27, 2010. The campaign involved cross-calibration of field instrumentation from multiple international teams at the Tuz Gölü site and in laboratories. Measurements included spectral reflectance, BRDF characterization, and atmospheric measurements to characterize the site for satellite calibration and validation. The campaign helped establish best practices and traceability for satellite calibration sites.
This document discusses using k-means clustering to detect minerals from remote sensing images. It begins with an abstract describing using k-means clustering on hyperspectral images to segment and extract features to detect minerals like giacomo. It then provides background on remote sensing, k-means clustering algorithms, and describes the giacomo mineral deposit in Peru that contains silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. It concludes with discussing using sobel edge detection as part of the mineral detection process from remote sensing images.
Space Radiation Superconductive Shield (SR2S) is an EU funded FP7 project which is researching new technology to protect astronauts in space from radiation. On 9th April 2014 in Torino, Italy, SR2S held their first conference to give an update on the project so far.
For more information visit:
www.sr2s.eu
Twitter - @SR2SMars
Space Radiation Superconductive Shield (SR2S) is an EU funded FP7 project which is researching new technology to protect astronauts in space from radiation. On 9th April 2014 in Torino, Italy, SR2S held their first conference to give an update on the project so far.
For more information visit:
www.sr2s.eu
Twitter - @SR2SMars
Researchers at the Desert Research Institute (DRI) are exploring ways in which unmanned aircraft systems are increasingly being used in civilian government work as well as the private sector for use in applications as diverse as cloud seeding to fighting forest fires.
The SORCE satellite was launched in 2003 with objectives to make highly accurate long-term measurements of total solar irradiance, solar ultraviolet irradiance from 120 to 300 nm, and visible to near-infrared solar irradiance from 0.3 to 2 μm. The satellite was launched on a Pegasus XL rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida into a 645km sun-synchronous orbit with a team from NASA, University of Colorado, and Orbital Sciences Corporation overseeing the 5-year mission.
A mathematical algorithm was developed to calculate effective density values within Apollo lunar core samples using digitized radiographs. Code was written in MATLAB to produce density maps based on the algorithm. Factors like varying X-ray intensities due to the Inverse Square Law and different material thicknesses were accounted for. The resulting density maps provide reasonable values compared to previously measured bulk densities, but more information is needed to address issues in radiography and the physical parameters of the X-ray setup. With this additional information, density values as a function of depth and porosity can be accurately evaluated.
The Juno mission is a NASA project to study Jupiter. It involves sending a solar-powered spacecraft into a polar orbit around Jupiter to measure the composition, gravity, magnetic fields, and dynamics of the planet. The spacecraft is designed to withstand the extreme radiation environment around Jupiter while carrying instruments to analyze Jupiter's atmosphere, interior structure, polar magnetosphere, and auroras. A key challenge is for the instruments to obtain scientific measurements while the spacecraft design protects against the high-radiation environment, which increases risk over the course of its orbit cycles around Jupiter.
The document provides an overview of the 2010 CEOS Land Comparison campaign carried out at Tuz Gölü, Turkey from August 13-27, 2010. The campaign involved cross-calibration of field instrumentation from multiple international teams at the Tuz Gölü site and in laboratories. Measurements included spectral reflectance, BRDF characterization, and atmospheric measurements to characterize the site for satellite calibration and validation. The campaign helped establish best practices and traceability for satellite calibration sites.
This document discusses using k-means clustering to detect minerals from remote sensing images. It begins with an abstract describing using k-means clustering on hyperspectral images to segment and extract features to detect minerals like giacomo. It then provides background on remote sensing, k-means clustering algorithms, and describes the giacomo mineral deposit in Peru that contains silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide. It concludes with discussing using sobel edge detection as part of the mineral detection process from remote sensing images.
IrSOLaV provides solar energy consulting services including solar radiation estimation from satellite images, analysis of power plant production, auditing of solar plants, and meteorological data quality reports. The company's team of experts has experience in over 500 MW of CSP and PV projects. Key products and services include long-term solar irradiance estimation from satellite images, analysis of thermal and electrical production for solar energy systems, and quality assurance of radiometric data and plant performance.
This document outlines validation plans for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) instrument on the NPOESS Preparatory Project satellite. It discusses:
1) The calibration and validation team members and their roles in characterizing instrument performance through comparisons with other satellite and ground-based instruments from launch through long-term monitoring.
2) The schedule of major validation tasks from pre-launch testing through intensive in-orbit validation in the first two years and transition to long-term monitoring.
3) Examples of early tests and comparisons that will be done with internal instrument measurements, early solar views, and single days of Earth view data to evaluate performance.
The document describes various geophysical lab equipment used for exploration, including their specifications and applications. It discusses the Terrameter SAS 4000 and Terraloc MK-6 used for resistivity and seismic surveys respectively. Other equipment covered are the shielded antenna GPR for medium resolution surveys, gravimeter for gravity surveys, magnetometer for magnetic surveys, portable well logger for shallow well logging, and Mini-Seis seismograph for blast monitoring and earthquake detection. Each equipment is described along with its specifications, accessories, and uses in applications like mineral, oil and gas exploration, engineering projects, and archaeology.
Remote Sensing Methods for operational ET determinations in the NENA region, ...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Validation of pediatric thyroid phantom using Single-Energy and Dual-Energy CTMOAYYAD ALSSABBAGH
1. The researcher fabricated a pediatric thyroid phantom and validated it using single-energy and dual-energy computed tomography (CT).
2. CT scans of the phantom in air and water were performed at various voltages. Mass attenuation coefficients calculated from the CT images matched closely with literature values from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
3. Both single-energy and dual-energy CT can accurately determine the mass attenuation coefficients of materials in the thyroid phantom.
Meteorological Technology International, Jan 2010laurajairam
This document discusses advances in satellite sensor technology that enable more accurate climate monitoring from space. Specifically:
1. Prior satellite sensors had limitations like coarse spectral resolution and degrading calibration over time, making it difficult to establish long-term climate trends from space data.
2. New technologies can achieve much greater measurement accuracy, stability over decades, fine spectral resolution, and precise knowledge of spectral response needed for undisputed climate monitoring.
3. Advances like onboard high-accuracy blackbody calibration sources and hyperspectral imaging bring National Institute of Standards and Technology calibration capabilities to satellites. This eliminates prior limitations and allows climate trends to be reliably measured from space.
The document describes the development and implementation of an automatic track counting system for CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors. The system uses a MATLAB software program to automatically count tracks from microscope images of etched CR-39 detectors. CR-39 detectors were exposed to different radiation levels and counted manually and automatically. Results found the automatic counts had up to 30% difference from manual counts, with the new digital microscope providing more accurate automatic counts than the traditional microscope. The system takes less than one minute to count tracks per detector. Future work aims to improve counting of overlapping tracks and develop an automatic thresholding algorithm.
The document provides details about a course on fundamentals of remote sensing, including:
- The course code, module name and code, university, and department offering the course.
- An outline of the course content and schedule, divided into 3 weeks covering topics like introduction to remote sensing, electromagnetic energy and remote sensing, satellites and image characteristics, and GPS.
- Recommended assessments including tests, lab exercises, and a group project to evaluate students' understanding of the material.
Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+,
and EO-1 ALI sensors
Gyanesh Chander a,⁎, Brian L. Markham b, Dennis L. Helder c
a SGT, Inc. 1 contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, SD 57198-0001, USA
b National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
c South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA
This document discusses remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about objects without direct contact, using electromagnetic radiation. It describes how remote sensing uses platforms like aircraft and satellites to collect passive and active sensor data. It provides examples of different sensor types, including photography, infrared, LIDAR, and multispectral scanning. It also discusses important remote sensing concepts like spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. Finally, it highlights how the SLOSH model uses remote sensing data to accurately predict hurricane storm surges and inundation areas.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
This document describes experiments using lasers to penetrate and crack rocks. It discusses the lasers used, which were CO2 lasers with powers up to 18,000 watts. Experiments tested the penetration of quartzite, basalt, and granite samples using continuous wave laser beams focused on the rock surface. A computer program was also developed to model the thermal and mechanical stresses induced in rocks from laser irradiation in order to predict efficient cracking conditions. Preliminary results found that laser irradiation could potentially crack and remove rocks, though more energy was required than the computer models predicted. Further optimization of laser parameters could improve the effectiveness and efficiency of using lasers for rock excavation.
Hyperspectral remote sensing for oil explorationJayanth Joshua
Hyperspectral remote sensing uses sensors that collect data across a wide range of electromagnetic wavelengths, with more than 100 contiguous bands that provide detailed spectral signatures. This allows identification of subtle mineral and material differences that can indicate oil and gas deposits. Seeps at the surface cause alterations detectable by hyperspectral analysis, like calcite, pyrite and clay changes. A Hydrocarbon Index highlights absorption peaks related to hydrocarbons. Classification algorithms like Spectral Angle Mapper can map hydrocarbon-bearing zones by comparing spectra to known samples. Soil tonal anomalies from bleaching or iron/clay changes also indicate subsurface structures and seepage areas for exploration.
This study measured environmental radioactivity in Palestine using in situ gamma-ray spectroscopy. Measurements were taken at 18 locations across the West Bank. The detected radionuclides were naturally occurring gamma emitters from 238U, 232Th and 40K decay chains, with 137Cs also identified at a few locations. Activity concentrations ranged from 8-203 Bq/kg for 40K, 6-32 Bq/kg for 238U and 5-30 Bq/kg for 232Th. The total outdoor gamma dose rate was calculated to be 6-30 nGy/h, with an average of 18 ± 7 nGy/h or about 30% of the world average. The results provide a baseline for environmental
Hankerson_2012_Estimation of evapotranspiration from fields with and without ...Brett Hankerson
This document summarizes a study that used the METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) model to estimate evapotranspiration (ETa) rates from fields with cover crops and fields without cover crops in northeastern South Dakota. The study utilized remote sensing imagery from 9 dates between May and October, including 5 dates during the cover crop season. METRIC estimates of ETa were compared to ETa estimates from a Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance System (BREBS) and were found to successfully differentiate between fields with and without cover crops, with the METRIC estimates being within 7% of the BREBS estimates for the cover crop season.
Iirs lecure notes for Remote sensing –An Overview of Decision MakerTushar Dholakia
The document provides an overview of remote sensing including:
1) Defining remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy.
2) Describing the basic components and processes of remote sensing including emission, transmission, interaction with the surface, and sensor data acquisition.
3) Detailing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with Earth's surfaces and the information that can be derived from changes in magnitude, direction, wavelength and other properties.
4) Explaining the different types of remote sensing platforms, sensors, resolutions and wavelengths used in remote sensing from visible light to microwaves.
5) Providing an overview of Indian remote sensing satellites
CSP Training series : solar resource assessment 1/2Leonardo ENERGY
The key factors that can explain inconsistencies and large disagreements between solar resource maps include:
1. Differences in the cloud data sources or periods used to create the maps
2. Inconsistent aerosol data used in the models
3. Use of long-term monthly average aerosol data versus mean daily data
4. Reliance on empirical algorithms that may degrade in accuracy for some areas
5. Lack of validation against actual ground-measured DNI data, which is limited
Proper validation against available ground measurements and consistency in input data are important to improve agreement between solar resource maps. The scarcity of DNI data makes validation challenging.
The Utah State University Materials Physics Group and Space Dynamics Laboratory have developed test facilities for simulating the space environment and testing small satellites and materials. Their Space Survivability Test chamber can simulate electron flux, ionizing radiation, UV/visible/infrared radiation, and temperature. It also provides vacuum conditions to simulate low Earth orbit. Additional facilities allow dynamic magnetic field testing, mass property measurements, attitude control testing, solar array testing, thermal vacuum testing, vibration testing, and outgassing measurements. Together these facilities provide a versatile and cost-effective means of testing small satellites, components, and materials to ensure functionality and reliability in the space environment.
Utah State University developed a test chamber to simulate the effects of space radiation on spacecraft materials. A strontium-90 source that emits high-energy electrons was installed to replicate conditions in geostationary orbit. Various samples were irradiated to study radiation damage. Shielding materials were implemented to minimize employee exposure to x-rays. Calculations of x-ray attenuation through shielding correlated well with measurements, showing shielding lowers dose rates to safe levels outside the chamber. The test chamber can now simulate key effects of the electron radiation environment in space.
This document summarizes the calibration of the broadband photometric system for the RCT 1.3-meter Robotic Telescope. It finds that the linear color transformations and extinction corrections are consistent with similar KPNO facilities, with a photometric precision of 10% at 1 sigma. Some instrumental errors were identified that likely contributed to the overall uncertainty, related to engineering and maintenance issues for the new robotic facility. A preliminary verification showed the calibration solution is robust, perhaps to a higher precision than indicated by the initial calibration. The RCT has been executing regular science operations since 2009.
IrSOLaV provides solar energy consulting services including solar radiation estimation from satellite images, analysis of power plant production, auditing of solar plants, and meteorological data quality reports. The company's team of experts has experience in over 500 MW of CSP and PV projects. Key products and services include long-term solar irradiance estimation from satellite images, analysis of thermal and electrical production for solar energy systems, and quality assurance of radiometric data and plant performance.
This document outlines validation plans for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) instrument on the NPOESS Preparatory Project satellite. It discusses:
1) The calibration and validation team members and their roles in characterizing instrument performance through comparisons with other satellite and ground-based instruments from launch through long-term monitoring.
2) The schedule of major validation tasks from pre-launch testing through intensive in-orbit validation in the first two years and transition to long-term monitoring.
3) Examples of early tests and comparisons that will be done with internal instrument measurements, early solar views, and single days of Earth view data to evaluate performance.
The document describes various geophysical lab equipment used for exploration, including their specifications and applications. It discusses the Terrameter SAS 4000 and Terraloc MK-6 used for resistivity and seismic surveys respectively. Other equipment covered are the shielded antenna GPR for medium resolution surveys, gravimeter for gravity surveys, magnetometer for magnetic surveys, portable well logger for shallow well logging, and Mini-Seis seismograph for blast monitoring and earthquake detection. Each equipment is described along with its specifications, accessories, and uses in applications like mineral, oil and gas exploration, engineering projects, and archaeology.
Remote Sensing Methods for operational ET determinations in the NENA region, ...NENAwaterscarcity
Workshop on Operationalizing the Regional Collaborative Platform to Address ‘Water Consumption, Water Productivity and Drought Management’ in Agriculture, 27 - 29 October 2015, Cairo, Egypt
Validation of pediatric thyroid phantom using Single-Energy and Dual-Energy CTMOAYYAD ALSSABBAGH
1. The researcher fabricated a pediatric thyroid phantom and validated it using single-energy and dual-energy computed tomography (CT).
2. CT scans of the phantom in air and water were performed at various voltages. Mass attenuation coefficients calculated from the CT images matched closely with literature values from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
3. Both single-energy and dual-energy CT can accurately determine the mass attenuation coefficients of materials in the thyroid phantom.
Meteorological Technology International, Jan 2010laurajairam
This document discusses advances in satellite sensor technology that enable more accurate climate monitoring from space. Specifically:
1. Prior satellite sensors had limitations like coarse spectral resolution and degrading calibration over time, making it difficult to establish long-term climate trends from space data.
2. New technologies can achieve much greater measurement accuracy, stability over decades, fine spectral resolution, and precise knowledge of spectral response needed for undisputed climate monitoring.
3. Advances like onboard high-accuracy blackbody calibration sources and hyperspectral imaging bring National Institute of Standards and Technology calibration capabilities to satellites. This eliminates prior limitations and allows climate trends to be reliably measured from space.
The document describes the development and implementation of an automatic track counting system for CR-39 solid state nuclear track detectors. The system uses a MATLAB software program to automatically count tracks from microscope images of etched CR-39 detectors. CR-39 detectors were exposed to different radiation levels and counted manually and automatically. Results found the automatic counts had up to 30% difference from manual counts, with the new digital microscope providing more accurate automatic counts than the traditional microscope. The system takes less than one minute to count tracks per detector. Future work aims to improve counting of overlapping tracks and develop an automatic thresholding algorithm.
The document provides details about a course on fundamentals of remote sensing, including:
- The course code, module name and code, university, and department offering the course.
- An outline of the course content and schedule, divided into 3 weeks covering topics like introduction to remote sensing, electromagnetic energy and remote sensing, satellites and image characteristics, and GPS.
- Recommended assessments including tests, lab exercises, and a group project to evaluate students' understanding of the material.
Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+,
and EO-1 ALI sensors
Gyanesh Chander a,⁎, Brian L. Markham b, Dennis L. Helder c
a SGT, Inc. 1 contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, SD 57198-0001, USA
b National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
c South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA
This document discusses remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about objects without direct contact, using electromagnetic radiation. It describes how remote sensing uses platforms like aircraft and satellites to collect passive and active sensor data. It provides examples of different sensor types, including photography, infrared, LIDAR, and multispectral scanning. It also discusses important remote sensing concepts like spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. Finally, it highlights how the SLOSH model uses remote sensing data to accurately predict hurricane storm surges and inundation areas.
Using Remote Sensing Techniques For Monitoring Ecological Changes In Lakes: C...IJERA Editor
The ability to use remote sensing in studying lake ecology lies in the capability of satellite sensors to measure
the spectral reflectance of constituents in water bodies. This reflectance can be used to determine the
concentration of the constituents of the water column through mathematical relationships. This work identified a
simple linear equation for estimating suspended matter in Lake Naivasha with reflectance in Landsat7 ETM+
image. A R² = 0.94, n = 6 for suspended matter was obtained. Archive of Landsat imagery was used to
produce maps of suspended matter concentrations in the lake. The suspended matter concentrations at five
different locations in the lake over 30 year’s period were then estimated. It was therefore concluded that the
ecological changes Lake Naivasha is experiencing is the result of the high water abstraction and the effect of
climate change.
This document describes experiments using lasers to penetrate and crack rocks. It discusses the lasers used, which were CO2 lasers with powers up to 18,000 watts. Experiments tested the penetration of quartzite, basalt, and granite samples using continuous wave laser beams focused on the rock surface. A computer program was also developed to model the thermal and mechanical stresses induced in rocks from laser irradiation in order to predict efficient cracking conditions. Preliminary results found that laser irradiation could potentially crack and remove rocks, though more energy was required than the computer models predicted. Further optimization of laser parameters could improve the effectiveness and efficiency of using lasers for rock excavation.
Hyperspectral remote sensing for oil explorationJayanth Joshua
Hyperspectral remote sensing uses sensors that collect data across a wide range of electromagnetic wavelengths, with more than 100 contiguous bands that provide detailed spectral signatures. This allows identification of subtle mineral and material differences that can indicate oil and gas deposits. Seeps at the surface cause alterations detectable by hyperspectral analysis, like calcite, pyrite and clay changes. A Hydrocarbon Index highlights absorption peaks related to hydrocarbons. Classification algorithms like Spectral Angle Mapper can map hydrocarbon-bearing zones by comparing spectra to known samples. Soil tonal anomalies from bleaching or iron/clay changes also indicate subsurface structures and seepage areas for exploration.
This study measured environmental radioactivity in Palestine using in situ gamma-ray spectroscopy. Measurements were taken at 18 locations across the West Bank. The detected radionuclides were naturally occurring gamma emitters from 238U, 232Th and 40K decay chains, with 137Cs also identified at a few locations. Activity concentrations ranged from 8-203 Bq/kg for 40K, 6-32 Bq/kg for 238U and 5-30 Bq/kg for 232Th. The total outdoor gamma dose rate was calculated to be 6-30 nGy/h, with an average of 18 ± 7 nGy/h or about 30% of the world average. The results provide a baseline for environmental
Hankerson_2012_Estimation of evapotranspiration from fields with and without ...Brett Hankerson
This document summarizes a study that used the METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) model to estimate evapotranspiration (ETa) rates from fields with cover crops and fields without cover crops in northeastern South Dakota. The study utilized remote sensing imagery from 9 dates between May and October, including 5 dates during the cover crop season. METRIC estimates of ETa were compared to ETa estimates from a Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance System (BREBS) and were found to successfully differentiate between fields with and without cover crops, with the METRIC estimates being within 7% of the BREBS estimates for the cover crop season.
Iirs lecure notes for Remote sensing –An Overview of Decision MakerTushar Dholakia
The document provides an overview of remote sensing including:
1) Defining remote sensing as acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors to detect reflected or emitted energy.
2) Describing the basic components and processes of remote sensing including emission, transmission, interaction with the surface, and sensor data acquisition.
3) Detailing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with Earth's surfaces and the information that can be derived from changes in magnitude, direction, wavelength and other properties.
4) Explaining the different types of remote sensing platforms, sensors, resolutions and wavelengths used in remote sensing from visible light to microwaves.
5) Providing an overview of Indian remote sensing satellites
CSP Training series : solar resource assessment 1/2Leonardo ENERGY
The key factors that can explain inconsistencies and large disagreements between solar resource maps include:
1. Differences in the cloud data sources or periods used to create the maps
2. Inconsistent aerosol data used in the models
3. Use of long-term monthly average aerosol data versus mean daily data
4. Reliance on empirical algorithms that may degrade in accuracy for some areas
5. Lack of validation against actual ground-measured DNI data, which is limited
Proper validation against available ground measurements and consistency in input data are important to improve agreement between solar resource maps. The scarcity of DNI data makes validation challenging.
The Utah State University Materials Physics Group and Space Dynamics Laboratory have developed test facilities for simulating the space environment and testing small satellites and materials. Their Space Survivability Test chamber can simulate electron flux, ionizing radiation, UV/visible/infrared radiation, and temperature. It also provides vacuum conditions to simulate low Earth orbit. Additional facilities allow dynamic magnetic field testing, mass property measurements, attitude control testing, solar array testing, thermal vacuum testing, vibration testing, and outgassing measurements. Together these facilities provide a versatile and cost-effective means of testing small satellites, components, and materials to ensure functionality and reliability in the space environment.
Utah State University developed a test chamber to simulate the effects of space radiation on spacecraft materials. A strontium-90 source that emits high-energy electrons was installed to replicate conditions in geostationary orbit. Various samples were irradiated to study radiation damage. Shielding materials were implemented to minimize employee exposure to x-rays. Calculations of x-ray attenuation through shielding correlated well with measurements, showing shielding lowers dose rates to safe levels outside the chamber. The test chamber can now simulate key effects of the electron radiation environment in space.
This document summarizes the calibration of the broadband photometric system for the RCT 1.3-meter Robotic Telescope. It finds that the linear color transformations and extinction corrections are consistent with similar KPNO facilities, with a photometric precision of 10% at 1 sigma. Some instrumental errors were identified that likely contributed to the overall uncertainty, related to engineering and maintenance issues for the new robotic facility. A preliminary verification showed the calibration solution is robust, perhaps to a higher precision than indicated by the initial calibration. The RCT has been executing regular science operations since 2009.
This document outlines a study exploring space radiation and its effects on biological matter. It describes the types of space radiation, the AE-8 and AP-8 radiation belt models from NASA, and simulation tools MULASSIS and Geant4. The document presents results from simulations of electron beam interactions with silicon and water samples of varying thicknesses. It concludes that exponential energy spectra have severe dose deposition effects and discusses further areas of investigation.
Importance of SSPS in SDG and ESG, and importance of antennas in SSPSAdvanced-Concepts-Team
SSPS has benefits for achieving SDGs and ESG goals by providing low emission, sustainable power. Key technologies include large antennas that can precisely direct microwave beams for power transmission. Antennas face challenges like developing arrays of thousands of precisely controlled elements. The presentation outlines a roadmap including technology verification experiments and test satellites to demonstrate SSPS technologies like deployable antennas in space before developing commercial-scale systems in geosynchronous orbit capable of generating several GW of power.
First results from a prototype for the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-...Toshihiro FUJII
The document describes the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) concept for observing ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The FAST prototype was tested using the EUSO-TA telescope and detected laser shots and 16 air shower candidates in coincidence with the Telescope Array fluorescence detector. A new FAST prototype is being constructed to establish its sensitivity and detect air shower profiles including the depth of shower maximum. The document outlines future plans to install FAST at the Pierre Auger Observatory and Telescope Array for cross-calibration and to independently measure energy and air shower maximum between the two experiments using a low-cost simplified fluorescence detector design.
Research Poster: Radiation testing on electronics Jemaris Martes
This document summarizes a research project that aims to study the effects of radiation on electronics by exposing three modules - ArduLab, Kicksat, and ArduSat - to different space environments. The modules will run programmed algorithms to identify specific radiation effects like total ionizing dose, displacement damage, and single event effects. It is expected that the modules will experience some radiation damage, particularly single event effects, providing valuable data on how electronics are affected by these conditions in space. The results of this experiment could inform further research on developing radiation mitigation techniques.
The document discusses the Panel Processing of DebriSat project. DebriSat was a representative low earth orbit satellite that was destroyed in a hypervelocity impact test to generate debris fragments. The fragments were caught by foam panels in the test chamber. This summary discusses how the University of Florida processes these panels using archaeological techniques to maintain fragment integrity, tag locations, and organize large teams of workers. It also summarizes the extensive instrumentation used to document the catastrophic collision of DebriSat during the impact test.
Radiation testing on electronics official posterPROSSATeam
This document discusses an experiment to study the effects of radiation on electronics in space using three modules: ArduLab, KickSat, and ArduSat. ArduLab will be exposed on the International Space Station and run an algorithm to indicate radiation damage using LEDs. KickSat satellites will send a signal code to indicate long term effects. ArduSat will collect radiation exposure data while orbiting and is expected to experience single event effects. The modules will be programmed with algorithms and launched between 2013-2014 to test and compare the radiation effects on each in different orbital environments. The results could help develop techniques to mitigate radiation damage to electronics.
1. The document describes the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) project, which aims to develop an economical fluorescence detector array to detect ultra-high energy cosmic rays and neutral particles.
2. A full-scale FAST prototype is being constructed and tested. It is expected to be installed at the Telescope Array experiment site in Utah in June 2016 to perform calibration and cross-checks with the existing detectors.
3. Preliminary simulations show that the combined analysis of data from FAST and the surface detector array could provide an energy resolution of 10% and an Xmax resolution of 35 g/cm2 for protons at 10^19.5 eV.
The document summarizes research on photoferroic materials for solar cell applications. It discusses computational studies of the electronic and optical properties of three candidate photoferroic minerals: enargite, stephanite, and bournonite. The studies show they have suitable bandgaps and absorption properties. Rashba splitting was also found in bournonite. The document then discusses how defects could be tolerated in these materials through shallow defect levels related to their electronic structure. Finally, methods for further computational investigation of defects and spontaneous polarization are presented.
El Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA - US/CSIC/JA) es una de las infraestructuras Científico y Técnicas Singulares – ICTS en España, abiertas al uso por parte de instituciones públicas y empresas. Se hará una presentación de las instalaciones disponibles en el Centro, dando una visión global de las aplicaciones. Nos centraremos más detenidamente en los laboratorios disponibles para llevar a cabo ensayos de irradiación tanto en materiales como en dispositivos electrónicos.
This document discusses radiation hardness assurance (RHA) for electronics used in space systems. It notes that the space radiation environment can degrade electronics over time and discusses the need for RHA activities to ensure components perform as designed after radiation exposure. Some key points made:
- RHA consists of all steps to ensure components work as intended after radiation exposure, including environment definition, part selection/testing, layout, and mitigation techniques.
- Traditional particle accelerators may not accurately simulate the natural space radiation environment. High power lasers are a promising alternative for testing due to their similar exponential energy distributions.
- The document revisits the definition of RHA and notes it goes beyond just individual components to consider things like the radiation
Computations of Acoustic Wave Propagation in II-VI Hexagonal Semiconductor Compounds
Original Research Article
Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research Vol. 1 (3), 2014, 65–70
Pramod Kumar Yadawa *
Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) projectToshihiro FUJII
This document discusses the history and development of fluorescence detection techniques for ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR). It proposes a new concept called the Fluorescence detector Array of Single-pixel Telescopes (FAST) project. FAST aims to develop an optimized and economical fluorescence detector array to observe UHECRs above 1019.5 eV over a large area. The document outlines the design of FAST stations and reports on an initial test using the EUSO-TA prototype that successfully detected laser pulses and UHECR signals. It concludes by discussing plans to construct a new full-scale FAST prototype and the potential for FAST to increase UHECR exposure and help resolve questions about their origin.
This document summarizes the proceedings of the 3rd annual meeting of the NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) held on June 5-6, 2001 at NASA Ames Research Center. It provides an overview of proposals received and awards given by NIAC, as well as summaries of the status reports presented on innovative advanced aerospace concepts. The status reports covered concepts such as a space elevator, robotic planetary explorers, very large space telescopes, and in-situ resource utilization for Mars missions. Keynote speakers discussed visions for the future of aeronautics and space.
The document discusses direct conversion as an alternative to photovoltaics for space solar power. It summarizes two potential near-term and long-term direct conversion concepts - solar pumped masers in the near-term and shocked photonic crystals in the long-term. Calculations are provided for the expected mass per unit power and efficiency of these concepts, which could enable applications like space solar power satellites and electric propulsion with higher efficiency and lower mass than current technologies.
This document describes the design and testing of a cost-effective microcontroller-based dual axis solar tracking sensor. The sensor uses an organic photovoltaic cell to detect solar irradiance and track the maximum power point of the sun in both altitude and azimuth axes. It was found to track the true sun position with satisfactory accuracy. The compact design allows for easy mounting and integration with solar panels of any size. The sensor operates independently of location or time of day, stopping at night and returning the panel in the morning. It provides a low-cost solution for improving solar energy extraction through active tracking.
This document discusses developments in photon-counting detectors for single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. It describes two common optical configurations used: point-like excitation and detection of freely diffusing molecules, and wide field illumination and detection of surface-immobilized molecules. Each approach currently uses different optimal detectors, but there is room for improvement. Recent developments aim to increase the throughput of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy using parallel arrays of single-photon avalanche diodes, and develop large-area photon-counting cameras for fluorescence lifetime imaging at the single-molecule level with sub-nanosecond resolution.
Detection of an atmosphere around the super earth 55 cancri eSérgio Sacani
We report the analysis of two new spectroscopic observations of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e, in the near
infrared, obtained with the WFC3 camera onboard the HST. 55 Cancri e orbits so close to its parent
star, that temperatures much higher than 2000 K are expected on its surface. Given the brightness
of 55 Cancri, the observations were obtained in scanning mode, adopting a very long scanning length
and a very high scanning speed. We use our specialized pipeline to take into account systematics
introduced by these observational parameters when coupled with the geometrical distortions of the
instrument. We measure the transit depth per wavelength channel with an average relative uncertainty
of 22 ppm per visit and nd modulations that depart from a straight line model with a 6 condence
level. These results suggest that 55 Cancri e is surrounded by an atmosphere, which is probably
hydrogen-rich. Our fully Bayesian spectral retrieval code, T -REx, has identied HCN to be the
most likely molecular candidate able to explain the features at 1.42 and 1.54 m. While additional
spectroscopic observations in a broader wavelength range in the infrared will be needed to conrm
the HCN detection, we discuss here the implications of such result. Our chemical model, developed
with combustion specialists, indicates that relatively high mixing ratios of HCN may be caused by a
high C/O ratio. This result suggests this super-Earth is a carbon-rich environment even more exotic
than previously thought.
Detection of an atmosphere around the super earth 55 cancri e
4 Corners Poster
1. The Utah State University Materials Physics Group (MPG) has developed an extensive versatile and cost-
effective pre-launch test capability for verification and assessment of small satellites, system components,
and spacecraft materials. The facilities can perform environmental testing, component characterization,
system level hardware in-the-loop testing, and qualification testing to ensure that each element is
functional, reliable, and working per its design. A wide array of tests related to typical CubeSats—including
performance of solar arrays, electronics, sensor and memory components, radiation damage, basic
communication responses, structural integrity, etc.—acquired to demonstrate their test capabilities in a
cost effective way.
Fig. 7 SST Chamber.Fig. 6. Cutaway View with Source Beams.
C
B
A
D
E
V
S
C PlugSr90 DiscSST Storage Holder
SpringSr90 CanisterActuator
C Plug
SpringSr 90 Canister
Sr90 DiscSST Storage Holder
Actuator
Radiation Sources
A High Energy Electron Gun
A’ Low Energy Electron Gun
B UV/NIS/NIR Solar Simulator
C FUV Kapton Discharge Lamps
D Air Mass Zero Filter Set
E Flux Mask
E’ Sr90 Radiation Source
Analysis Components
F UV/VIS/NIR Reflectivity Spectrometers
G IR Emissivity Probe
H Integrating Sphere
I Photodiode UV/VIS/NIR Flux Monitor
J Faraday Cup Electron Flux Monitor
K Platinum Resistance Temperature Probe
Sample Carousel
L Samples
M Rotating Sample Carousel
N Reflectivity/Emissivity Calib. Standards
O Resistance Heaters
P Cryogen Reservoir
Chamber Components
Q Cryogen Vacuum Feedthrough
R Electrical Vacuum Feedthrough
S Sample Rotational Vacuum Feedthrough
T Probe Translational Vacuum Feedthrough
U Sapphire UV/VIS Viewport
V MgF UV Viewport
W Turbomolecular/Mech. Vacuum Pump
X Ion Vacuum Pump
Y Ion/Convectron Pressure Gauges
Z Residual Gas Analyzer
Chamber Components
CubeSat
CubeSat Test Fixture
Radiation Shielding
COTS Electronics
Rad Hard Breadboard
COTS Text Fixture
Electron Gun
Instrumentation (Not Shown)
Data Acquisition System
Temperature Controller
Electron Gun Controller
UV/VIS/NIR Solar Simulator Controller
FUV Kr Resonance Lamp Controller
Spectrometers and Reflectivity Source
Fig. 8. Sr90 Ionizing Radiation Source.
Unique capabilities for simulating and testing potential environmental-induced
modifications of small satellites, components, and materials are available at the Material
Physics Group’s (MPG) Space Environment Effects Materials (SEEM) test facility. Their
new versatile ultrahigh vacuum Space Survivability Test (SST) chamber [2] is particularly
well suited for cost-effective tests of multiple small scale materials samples over
prolonged exposure to simulate critical environmental components including: the neutral
gas atmosphere/vacuum, the far UV through near IR solar spectrum, electron plasma
fluxes, and temperature. Testing is available for a 10 cm X 10 cm CubeSat face sample
area (maximum sample area of 16 cm X 16 cm or 20 cm diameter), with exposure to
within <5% uniformity at intensities for >5X accelerated testing. A Sr90 β-radiation source
produces a high-energy (~200 keV to >2.5 MeV) spectrum similar to the GEO spectrum
for testing of radiation damage, single event interrupts, and COTS parts [2]. An
automated data acquisition system periodically records real-time environmental
conditions—and in situ monitoring of key satellite/component/sample performance
metrics and characterization of material properties and calibration standards—during the
sample exposure cycle [5].
Electron Flux
A high energy electron flood gun (A) (20 keV – 100 keV) provides ≤5 X 106
electrons/cm2 (~1pA/cm2 to 1 μA/cm2) flux needed to simulate the solar wind and
plasma sheet at more than the 100X cumulative electron flux. A low energy electron
gun (A’) (10 eV-10 keV) simulates higher flux conditions. Both have interchangeable
electron filaments.
Ionizing Radiation
A 100 mCi encapsulated Sr90 radiation source (E’) mimics high energy (~500 keV to
2.5 MeV) geostationary electron flux (see Fig. 2) [2].
Infrared/Visible/Ultraviolet Flux
A commercial Class AAA solar simulator (B) provides NIR/VIS/UVA/UVB
electromagnetic radiation (from 200 nm to 1700 nm) at up to 4 times sun equivalent
intensity. Source uses a Xe discharge tube bulbs with >1 month lifetimes for long
duration studies.
Far Ultraviolet Flux
Kr resonance lamps (C) provide FUV radiation flux (ranging from 10 to 200 nm) at 4
times sun equivalent intensity. Kr bulbs have ~3 month lifetimes for long duration
studies.
Temperature
Temperature range from 60 K [4] to 450 K is maintained to ±2 K [3].
Vacuum
Ultrahigh vacuum chamber allows for pressures <10-7 Pa to simulate LEO.
The Space Survivability Test (SST) chamber simulates several critical characteristics of
the space environment: electron flux, ionizing radiation, photon flux, temperature and
neutral gas environment. Figures 2 shows representative electron spectra for several
common environments. The solar UV/Vis/NIR spectrum is shown in Fig. 3. The range of
electron, ionizing radiation, and photon sources are shown above the environmental flux
graphs. Samples are in a low density particle environment, using a vacuum or controlled
neutral gas environment down to ~10-6 Pa. Temperature can be maintained for prolonged
testing from ~60 K to ~450 K. This chamber does not yet simulate ions, plasma or atomic
oxygen.
Fig. 2. Typical Space Electron Flux
Spectra. Bars show source ranges.
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
103
100
10-3
10-6
10-9
Wavelength (μm)
DifferentialFlux(nA-cm-2-eV-1)
Fig. 3. Solar Electromagnetic Spectrum. Bars show
source ranges.
Fig. 1. Solar wind and Earth’s
magnetosphere structure.
The harsh space environment can modify materials and
cause detrimental effects to satellites. If these
modifications are severe enough, the spacecraft will not
operate as designed or can fail altogether. In an ideal
situation a full spacecraft would be tested in all
applicable space environments over the mission lifetime
[1]. This, however, is obviously not practical. The key to
predicting and mitigating these deleterious effects is the
ability to accurately simulate space environment effects
through long-duration, well-characterized testing in an
accelerated, versatile laboratory environment.
1) JR Dennison, John Prebola, Amberly Evans, Danielle Fullmer, Joshua L. Hodges, Dustin H. Crider
and Daniel S. Crews, “Comparison of Flight and Ground Tests of Environmental Degradation of
MISSE-6 SUSpECS Materials,” Proceedings of the 11th Spacecraft Charging Technology
Conference, (Albuquerque, NM, September 20-24, 2010).
2) JR Dennison, Kent Hartley, Lisa Montierth Phillipps, Justin Dekany, James S. Dyer, and Robert H.
Johnson, “Small Satellite Space Environments Effects Test Facility,” Proceedings of the 28th
Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, (Logan, UT, August 2-7, 2014).
3) Robert H. Johnson, Lisa D. Montierth, JR Dennison, James S. Dyer, and Ethan Lindstrom, “Small
Scale Simulation Chamber for Space Environment Survivability Testing,” IEEE Trans. on Plasma
Sci., 41(12), 2013, 3453-3458. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2013.2281399
4) Justin Dekany, Robert H. Johnson, Gregory Wilson, Amberly Evans and JR Dennison, “Ultrahigh
Vacuum Cryostat System for Extended Low Temperature Space Environment Testing,” IEEE Trans.
on Plasma Sci., 42(1), 2014, 266-271. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2013.2290716
5) Amberly Evans Jensen, Gregory Wilson, Justin Dekany, Alec M. Sim and JR Dennison “Low
Temperature Cathodoluminescence of Space Observatory Materials,” IEEE Trans. on Plasma Sci.,
42(1), 2014, 305-310. DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2013.2291873
6) Ben Iannotta, “NOVA: Bright New Star for CubeSat Testing,” Aerospace America, 24-26, June 2012.
Scan code to access
accompanying paper and
references, as well as
other USU MPG articles.
Partially supported by an SDL IR&D award. Samples and support for test designs provided
by Vanguard Space Technologies, SparkFun and IM Flash.
Sample Stages
(Above left) 21 cm diameter sample stage (M) connected to
360º rotary feedthrough (S) to enhance flux uniformity by
periodic rotation. The standard breadboard allows versatile
sample configurations. (Left) 1U CubeSat mounted on
sample stage. (Right ) Stage with thermal control and linear
translation stage with in situ characterization probes.
H
N
MJ
L
K
G
I
Radiation testing of SparkFun Arduino Board COTS parts. In situ tests are run
on parts during irradiation with simultaneous tests on identical control
hardware. Periodic tests include:
• CPU diagnostics relayed via USB connection.
• μSD card memory read/write tests.
• Bluetooth and WiFi communication.
• Sensor tests with fixed sources for reproducible, periodic, variable stimuli for
magnetic Hall, temperature, photocell, IR, & acceleration sensors.
In situ monitoring during
irradiation of IV curves of
flexible solar panels for
CubeSats from Vanguard
Space Technologies
mounted on sample
stage.
Degradation studies of common spacecraft materials (coverglass, quartz,
sapphire, fused silica PI, LDPE, PTFE, ETFE). Pre- and post-irradiation
characterization of optical transmission, conductivity, surface composition and
morphology.
Channeled graphite
bilayer (inhibits
beta radiation from
leaving SST
chamber)
graphite plugs
stainless steel
substrate (inhibits
Bremsstrahlung)
The Space Survivability Test Chamber
Katie Gamaunt, Heather Tippets, Alex Souvall,
Ben Russon and JR Dennison
Physics Department, Utah State University
Space Environment Effects
Space Environment Characteristics
Overview Space Environment Effects and
Radiation Testing
SEEM Space Environment Test Facility
Space Survivability Test Chamber
Acknowledgments & References