ÈÅÌÁÔÁ PEDIATRIC
ÐÁÉÄÉÁÔÑÉÊÙÍ INFECTIOUS
ËÏÉÌÙÎÅÙÍDISEASES ISSUES
Åêäüôåò Editors
É. Êáâáëéþôçò J. Kavaliotis
Å. Ñïçëßäçò E. Roilidis
ÅéóçãÞóåéò Lectures of
4ïõ
Óåìéíáñßïõ 4th
Seminar
Ðáéäéáôñéêþí Ëïéìþîåùí on Pediatric infectious Diseases
Èåóóáëïíßêç 10-2-2001 Thessaloniki 10-2-2001
Õðü ôçí áéãßäá ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò Åôáéñåßáò Ëïéìþîåùí
Under the auspice of Hellenic Society for Infectious Diseases
3. Schwartz B,Moore PS, Broome CV. Global epidemiology of meningococcal disease.
Clin Microbiol Rev 1989, 2:S118-S24.
4. Morrow HW, Slaten DD, Reingold AI, et al. Risk factors associated with a school-re-
lated outbreak of serogroup C meningococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis: 1990,
9:394-8.
5. Gedde-Dahl TW, Bjark P, Hoiby EA, et al. Severity of meningococcal disease: As-
sessment by factors and scores and implications for patient management. Rev Infect
Dis 1990, 12:973-91.
6. Ronne T, Berthelson L, Buhl LH, et al. Comparative studies on pharyngeal carriage
of Neisseria meningitidis during a localized outbreak of serogroup C meningococcal
disease. Scand J Infect Dis 1993, 25:331-9.
7. PHLS Meningococcal Infections Working Group and Public Health Medicine. Envi-
ronmental Group. Control of meningococcal disease: guidance for consultants in
communicable disease control. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995, 5:R189-95.
8. Jones DM, Kaczmarski EB. Meningococcal infections in England and Wales:1994.
Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1995, 5:R125-34.
9. Obaro SK, Monteil MA, Henderson DC. The pneumococcal problem. Brit Med J
1996, 312:1521-5.
10. Cartwright K, Kroll S. Optimising the investigation of meningococcal disease. BMJ
1997, 315:757-8.
11. Brandtzaeg P. Systemic meningococcal disease clinical pictures and pathophy-
siological background. Rev Med Microbiol 1996, 7:63-72.
12. Scott SM. Initial approach to the child who presents with infections of the central
nervous system. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1996, 7:3-12.
13. Tappero JW, Reporter R, Wenger JD, et al. Meningococcal disease in Los Angeles
county, California, and among men in the county jails. N Engl J Med 1996,
335:833-40.
14. Fontanals D, Van Esso D, Pons I, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of Neisseria
meningitidis in a randomly sampled population. Serogroup, serotype and subtype
distribution and associated risk factors. Clin Microbiol Infect 1996, 2:145-7.
15. Davies AL, O’Flanagan D, Salmon RL, et al. Risk factors for Neisseria meningitidis
in a school during a community outbreak of meningococcal disease. Epidemiol In-
fect 1996, 117:259-66.
16. Fischer M, Perkins BA. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B: Emergence of the ET-5
complex. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1997, 8:50-6.
17. Stuart JM, Monk PN, Lewis DA, et al. On behalf of the PHLS Meningococcus
Working Group and Public Health Medicine Environmental Group. Commun Dis
Rep 1997, 7:R3-5.
18. CDC. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Control and prevention of
meningococcal disease and control and prevention of serogroup C meningococcal
disease: Evaluation and management of suspected outbreaks. Morb Mortal Wkly
37
39.
Rep 1997, 46(RR-5):1-21.
19. Hubert B, Caugant DA. Recent changes in meningococcal disease in Europe.
Eurosurveillance 1997, 2:69-71.
20. Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G, Vakalis N, et al. Cases of Neisseria meningitidis in
Greece. Eurosurveillance 1997, 2:78.
21. Connolly M, Noah N. Surveillance of bacterial meningitis in Europe 1996. London:
King’s European Meningitis Surveillance Unit, 1997.
22. Riordan T. A college outbreak of group C meningococcal infection: how widely
should investigation and prophylaxis extend? Commun Dis Rep 1997, 7:R5-9.
23. Riordan T, Cartwright K, Andrews N, et al. Acquisition and carriage of meningococci
in marine commando recruits. Epidemiol Infect 1998, 121:495-505.
24. Moore KA, Osterholm MT. Meningococcal disease and public health practice. A
complicated road map. JAMA 1998, 279:472-3.
25. Stanek RJ, Mufson MA. A 20-year epidemiological study of pneumococcal meningi-
tis. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 28:1265-72.
26. Bou R, Dominguez A, Fontanals D, et al. Prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae
pharyngeal carriers in the school population of Catalonia. Eur J Epidemiol 2000,
16:521-6.
38
BÉÂËÉÏÃÑÁÖÉÁ
1. Gold R,Artenstein MS. Meningococcal infections. Bull Wld Hlth Org 1971, 45:279-82.
2. Ôïýëéïõ Ì, Êáâáëéþôçò É, ÌÜíéïò Ó. ÐáñÜãïíôåò ðñïãíþóåùò óôç ìçíéããéôéäïêïêêéêÞ
ëïßìùîç. ÐáéäéáôñéêÞ 1983, 46:21-7
3. Kaplan S, Feigin R. Clinical presentations, prognostic factors and diagnosis of bacterial
meningitis. In Sande MA, Smith AL, Root RK, eds. Bacterial meningitis. N. York:
Churchill Livingstone, 1985: 83-94.
4. Káâáëéþôçò É, ×áëäáéïðïýëïõ Ê, ÌÜíéïò Ó. ÐáñÜãïíôåò íïóçñüôçôáò êáé ðñüãíùóçò
óôçí ðíåõìïíéïêïêêéêÞ ìçíéããßôéäá. ÐáéäéáôñéêÞ 1987, 50:17-24.
5. Káâáëéþôçò É. MéêñïâéáêÞ ìçíéããßôéäá. 18ï Ðáéäéáôñéêü Óõìðüóéï ÐÅÂÅ, Èåóóá-
ëïíßêç 2-3/4/1988. ÐñáêôéêÜ Óõìðïóßïõ 1988:55-76.
6. Êáâáëéþôçò É, Ôñéáíôáöõëëßäïõ Å, Ðåðüíç Å, êáé óõí. Ìçíéããßôéäá 1ïõ êáé 2ïõ ìÞíá
ôçò æùÞò: äåäïìÝíá êáé ðáñáôçñÞóåéò óå 83 ðåñéðôþóåéò ôçò ðåñéüäïõ 1967-1988. 27ï
ÐáíåëëÞíéï Ðáéäéáôñéêü ÓõíÝäñéï, Ñüäïò 24-25/6/1989.
7. Êáâáëéþôçò É. ÊëéíéêÞ õðïøßá ìçíéããßôéäáò. Ðáéäéáôñ Â Åëë 1991, 3:72-4.
8. ÓéáêáâÝëëáò Ê, Êüíóïõëá Ã, Êáâáëéþôçò É. ÌåëÝôç ôïõ åîáíèÞìáôïò óôç ìçíéããéôé-
äïêïêêéêÞ ëïßìùîç. 29ï ÐáíåëëÞíéï Ðáéäéáôñéêü ÓõíÝäñéï, ÇñÜêëåéï - ÊñÞôçò
25-26/5/1991.
9. Shlech WF. The epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. In Schonfeld H, Helwig H, eds.
Bacterial meningitis. Basel: Karger, 1992:1-17.
10. Isenberg H. Bacterial meningitis:signs and symptoms. In Schonfeld H, Helwig H, eds.
Bacterial meningitis. Basel: Karger, 1992:79-95
11. Êáâáëéþôçò É, ÓéáêáâÝëëáò Ê, Êüíóïõëá Ã, êáé óõí. Ñáãïåéäßôéäá ùò åðéðëïêÞ
ìçíéããéôéäïêïêêéêÞò óçøáéìßáò. ÐáéäéáôñéêÞ 1992, 55:104-8.
12. Êáâáëéþôçò É, ÓéáêáâÝëëáò Ê, Êáíóïõæßäïõ Á, êáé óõí. ÅðéêñÜôçóç ôùí ïñïïìÜäùí
ôçò Neisseria meningitidis óôç Âüñåéá ÅëëÜäá êáé óõó÷Ýôéóç ôïõò ìå äéáöüñïõò
ðáñáìÝôñïõò ôïõ íïóÞìáôïò. Åëëçí Éáôñ 1992, 58:236-41.
13. Êáâáëéþôçò É, Êüíóïõëá Ã, Êùíóôáíôïðïýëïõ Ê, êáé óõí. Ìçíéããßôéäá áðü Haemo-
philus influenzae type b. ÐáñáôçñÞóåéò ìéáò 15åôßáò. Ðáéäéáôñ Â Åëë 1992, 4:271-6.
14. Êáâáëéþôçò É, ×áñìáíäÜñç Å, Áíáóôáóßïõ Á, êáé óõí. Ç èÝóç ôçò áîïíéêÞò
ôïìïãñáößáò åãêåöÜëïõ óôç ìéêñïâéáêÞ ìçíéããßôéäá. ÐáéäéáôñéêÞ 1994, 57:312-7.
15. Êavaliotis J, Arvanitidis N, Siakavelas K, et al. Bacterial meningitis of childhood in
Northern Greece. Epidemiological data of a 25-year period (1968-1992). 1st
European
Congress of Paediatrics, Paris 9-12/3/1994.
16. Segreti J, Harris A. Acute bacterial meningitis. Infect Dis Emerg 1996, 10:797-809.
17. Salzman Mk, Rubin LG. Meningococcemia. Infect Dis Emerg 1996, 10:709-25.
18. Pikis A, Kavaliotis J, Tsikoulas J, et al. Long-term sequelae of pneumococcal meningitis
in children. Clinical Pediatrics February 1996: 72-8.
19. Booy R, Êroll JS. Bacterial meningitis and meningococcal infection. Cur Opin
Pediatr 1998, 10:13-8.
20. Kavaliotis J, Kansouzidou A, Filioti I, et al. The clinical profile of meningococcal
disease during the period 1996-1998.17th
Annual Meeting of the European Society for
Paediatric Énfectious Diseases, Heraklion, Crete-Greece, 19-21/5/1999.
48
50.
21. Kavaliotis J.Farmaki E. Tsagaropoulou H. Kawasaki disease during the course of
bacterial meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis. Report of three cases. 17th
Annual
Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Énfectious Diseases, Heraklion, Crete-
Greece, 19-21/5/1999.
22. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Fifth
edition – CD ROM. N. York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000.
23. Short WR, Tunkel AR. Changing epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the United
States. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000, 2:327-31.
24. Hussein AS, Shafran SD. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults. A 12-year review.
Medicine (Baltimore) 2000, 79:360-8
25. Pickering LK, Martone WJ. Meningococcal infections: recognizing, treating and
preventing infections caused by N. meningitidis. National Foundation for Infectious
Diseases, USA 2000.
26. VanDeuren M, Brandtzaeg P, van der Meer J. Update on meningococcal disease with
emphasis on pathogenesis and clinical management. Clin Microb Rev 2000, 13:144-6.
27. American Academy of Pediatrics. Meningococcal infections. In Pickering L, ed. 2000
Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25th
ed. Elk Grove Village,
Il: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000:396-401.
28. Jolley KA, Kalmusova J, Feil EJ, et al. Carried meningococci in the Czech republic: a
diverse recombining population. J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38:4492-8
29. Mohammed I, Nasidi A, Alkali AS, et al. A severe epidemic of meningococcal
meningitis in Nigeria, 1996. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000, 94:265-70.
30. Norheim G, Rosenqvist E, Aavitsland P, et al. Meningococcal disease in Africa- epide-
miology and prevention. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2000, 120:1735-9.
31. Robinson JM, Doughty I, Marshall R, et al. Meningococcal disease among children of
Indian subcontinent ethnic origin. Lancet 2000, 355:2052.
32. Jones R, Finlay F, Crouch V, et al. Meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia. Arch
Dis Child 2000, 82:428.
33. Barton-Forbes MA, Samms-Vaughan M, Irons B. Epidemiology of Haemophilus
influenzae invasive disease in Jamaica, 1990-1993. West Indian Med J 2000, 49:200-4.
34. Peltola H. Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type b disease at the beginning of the 21st
century: global analysis of the disease burden 25 years after the use of the poly-
saccharide vaccine and a decade after the advent of conjugates. Clin Microbiol Rev
2000, 13:302-317.
35. Taylor HG, Schatschneider C, Minich NM. Longitudinal outcomes of Haemophilus
influenzae meningitis in school-age children. Neuropsychology 2000 Oct;14(4):509-18
36. Mencia Bartolome S, Casado Flores J, Marin Barba C, et al. Pneumococcal meningitis
in children. Review of 28 cases. An Esp Pediatr 2000, 53:94-9.
37. Hogg GG, Strachan JE, Lester RA. Invasive pneumococcal disease in the population of
Victoria. Med J Aust 2000, 2;173 Suppl:S32-5.
38. Peltola H. Burden of meningitis and other severe bacterial infections of children in
Africa: implications for prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:64-75.
39. Sleeman K, Knox K, George R. Invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales:
vaccination implications. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:239-46.
49
ÐáñÜ ôç óçìáíôéêÞåîÝëéîç óôïí ôïìÝá ôçò ðñüëçøçò, ðáñáìÝíïõí êÜðïéá å-
ñùôÞìáôá ãéá ôá äýï íÝá åìâüëéá êáôÜ ôçò ìçíéããßôéäáò. ÅñùôÞìáôá ðïõ áöïñïýí
óôï ÷ñüíï ðñïóôáóßáò, óôçí áíÜãêç åðáíáëçðôéêþí äüóåùí, óôïí åðçñåáóìü ôçò
öïñßáò, óôçí ôõ÷üí áíôéêáôÜóôáóç ïñïôýðùí, óôç äõíáôüôçôá êõêëïöïñßáò ôùí
åìâïëßùí áõôþí óõíäåäåìÝíùí ìå åìâüëéá ñïõôßíáò ôçò ðáéäéêÞò çëéêßáò. Ðé-
óôåýïõìå üôé óýíôïìá èá äïèïýí áðáíôÞóåéò êáé üôé ôá íÝá åìâüëéá èá ðñïóöÝ-
ñïõí ü,ôé êáé ôï åìâüëéï êáôÜ ôïõ Hib.
ÂÉÂËÉÏÃÑÁÖÉÁ
1. Takala AK, Eskola J, Leinomen M, et al. Reduction of oropharyngeal carriage of
Haemophilus influenzae type b in children immunized with a Hib conjugate vaccine.
J Infect Dis 1991, 164:982.
2. Êáâáëéþôçò É. Ðñïöýëáîç áðü ôç ìéêñïâéáêÞ ìçíéããßôéäá. Ðáéäéáôñ Â. Åëë. 1992,
4:11-8.
3. Adams W, Deaver K, Cochi S, et al. Decline of childhood Haemophilus influenzae
type b disease in the Hib vaccine era. JAMA 1993, 269:221.
4. Êáâáëéþôçò É. ÁíôéìéêñïâéáêÜ åìâüëéá. 32ï ÐáíåëëÞíéï Ðáéäéáôñéêü ÓõíÝäñéï,
ÊÝñêõñá, 17-19/6/1994.
5. Êáâáëéþôçò É. Åìâüëéï Ýíáíôé ôïõ áéìïößëïõ ôçò éíöëïõÝíôæáò ôýðïõ b. ÐñÝðåé íá
åíôá÷èåß óôïõò âáóéêïýò åìâïëéáóìïýò ôçò ÷þñáò ìáò; Ðáéäéáôñ  Åëë 1994,
6:219-22.
6. Dagan R, Melamed R, Muallem M, et al. Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of
pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate
pneumococcal vaccine. J Énfect Dis 1996, 174:1271-6.
7. Êáâáëéþôçò É. Ðïëõóáê÷áñéäéêÜ åìâüëéá. Ðáéäéáôñ  Åëë 1998, 10: 151-3.
8. Chippaux J, Campagne G, Djibo S, et al. Preventive immunisation could reduce the
risk of meningococcal epidemics in the African meningitis belt. Ann Trop Med
Parasitol 1999, 93:505-10.
9. Paret G, Keller N, Barzilai A. Invasive meningococcal disease: patient and strain
characteristics set new challenge for prevention and control. Infection 1999,
27:261-4.
10. Harrison L, Dwyer D, Maples C. Risk of meningococcal infection in college stu-
dents. JAMA 1999, 281:1906-10.
11. WHO. Group A and C meningococcal vaccines. WHO position paper. Wkl Epid Rec
1999, 74:297-303.
12. Mbelle N, Huebner RE, Wasas AD et al. Immunogenicity and impact on nasopha-
ryngeal carriage of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 1999,
180:1171-6.
13. ACIP. Prevention and Control of Meningococcal Disease. Recommendations of the
70
72.
Advisory Committee onImmunization Practices. MMWR 2000, 49 (RR07): 1-10.
14. American Academy of Pediatrics. Meningococcal infections. In Pickering L, ed.
2000 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 25th
ed. Elk Grove
Village, Il: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2000:396-401.
15. Pickering LK, Martone WJ. Meningococcal infections: recognizing, treating and
preventing infections caused by N. meningitidis. National Foundation for Infectious
Diseases, USA 2000.
16. Norheim G, Rosenqvist E, Aavitsland P, Caugant DA. Meningococcal disease in Af-
rica—epidemiology and prevention. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2000, 120:1735-9.
17. Rouppe van der Voort E, Schuller M, Holst J, et al. Immunogenicity studies with a
genetically engineered hexavalent PorA and a wild-type meningococcal group B
outer membrane vesicle vaccine in infant cynomolgus monkeys. Vaccine 2000,
18:1334-43.
18. Choo S, Zuckerman J, Goilav C, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a
group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine compared with a group A + C
meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adolescents in a randomised ob-
server-blind controlled trial. Vaccine 2000;18:2686-92.
19. MacLennan JM, Shackley F, Heath PT, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and induction
of immunologic memory by a serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine in in-
fants: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000, 283:2795-801.
20. Robbins J, Schneerson R, Gotschlich E. A rebutal: epidemic and endemic me-
ningococcal meningitis in sub-saharan Africa can be prevented now by routine im-
munization with group A meningococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Pediatr
Infect Dis J 2000, 19:945-53.
21. Perdue DG, Bulkow LR, Gellin BG, et al. Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease
in Alaskan residents aged 10 years and older before and after infant vaccination pro-
grams. JAMA 2000, 283:3089-94.
22. Anderson P, Ingram D, Pichichero M, et al. A high degree of natural immunologic
priming to the capsular polysaccharide may not prevent Haemophilus influenzae
type b meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19:589-91.
23. Barton-Forbes MA, Samms-Vaughan M, Irons B. Epidemiology of Haemophilus
influenzae invasive disease in Jamaica, 1990-1993. West Indian Med J 2000,
49:200-4.
24. Peltola H. Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae type b disease at the beginning of the
21st
century: global analysis of the disease burden 25 years after the use of
polysaccharide vaccine and a decade after the advent of conjugate. Clin Microbiol
Rev 2000, 13:302-17.
25. American Academy of Pediatrics. Policy statement: recommendations for the pre-
vention of pneumococcal infections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate
vaccine (Prevnar), pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, and antibiotic prophy-
laxis. Pediatrics 2000, 106:362-6.
26. American Academy of Pediatrics: Technical report: prevention of pneumococcal in-
fections, including the use of pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccines
and antibiotic prophylaxis. Pediatrics 2000, 106:367-76.
71
73.
27. Selman S,Hayes D, Perin LA, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for young
children. Manag Care 2000, 9:49-52, 54, 56-7.
28. Zielen S, Buhring I, Strnad N, et al. Immunogenicity and tolerance of a 7-valent
pneunococcal conjugate vaccine in nonresponders to the 23-valent pneunococcal
vaccine. Infect Immun 2000, 68:1435-40.
29. Black S, Shinefield H, Firemen B et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of
heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J
2000;19:187-95.
30. Choo S, Seymour L, Morris R et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine administered combined with a Haemophilus
influenzae type b conjugate vaccine in United Kingdom infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J
2000;19:854-62.
31. Rubin LG. Pneumococcal vaccine. Pediatr Clin N Amer 2000, 47:269-85.
32. Obaro SK, Adegbola RA, Chang I et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a nonavalent
pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CRM197 administered simultaneously but in a
separate syringe with diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccines in Gambian infants.
Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:463-9.
33. Shinefield H, Black. Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in large scale
field trials. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19:394-7.
34. ACIP. Preventing pneumococcal disease among infants and young children. MMWR
2000, 49/No RR-9.
35. Edwards KM, Thombs DD. The new pneumococcal vaccine: What practitioners
want to know. Contemp Pediatr 2000 October (Suppl): 3-15.
36. Peltola H. Burden of meningitis and other severe bacterial infections of children in
Africa: implications for prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:64-75.
37. Richmond P, Borrow R, Goldblatt D, et al. Ability of 3 Different Meningococcal C
Conjugate Vaccines to Induce Immunologic Memory after a Single Dose in UK Tod-
dlers. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:160-3.
38. Sun Y, Hwang Yi, Nahm MH. Avidity, potency, and cross-reactivity of monoclonal
antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotype 6B. Infect Immun
2001, 69:336-44.
39. Weaver M, Krieger J, Castorina J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of combined outreach for
the pneumococcal and influenza vaccines. Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:111-20.
40. Sleeman K, Knox K, George R. Invasive pneumococcal disease in England and
Wales: vaccination implications. J Infect Dis 2001, 183:239-46.
41. de Wals P, de Serres G, Niyonsenga T. Effectiveness of a mass immunization cam-
paign against serogroup C meningococcal disease in Quebec. JAMA 2001,
285:177-81.
42. Ramsay M. Impact of conjugate group C meningococcal vaccination in the United
Kingdom. Eurosurveillance Weekly 2001, 5: 010111.
43. United Kingdom. Department of Health. Biggest vaccination drive for 40 years
smashes meningitis C disease. Press release. London: DH, 3 January 2001.
72
íôáé óôç âáêôçñéáêÞìçíéããßôéäá êáé ðñïêáëïýí åãêåöáëéêÞ âëÜâç.
Èåñáðåßá
Ç åðéëïãÞ ôùí áíôéâéïôéêþí âáóßæåôáé óôïõò áéôéïëïãéêïýò ðáñÜãïíôåò êáé
óôéò öáñìáêïêéíçôéêÝò éäéüôçôåò ôùí áíôéâéïôéêþí óå íåïãíÜ ìå íåïãíéêÞ ìçíéã-
ãßôéäá, ôçí áíèåêôéêüôçôá ôùí âáêôçñéäßùí óôá ÷ïñçãïýìåíá áíôéâéïôéêÜ, ôç
÷ñïíïëïãéêÞ çëéêßá êáôÜ ôçí Ýíáñîç ôçò íüóïõ êáé óå åéäéêïýò ðáñÜãïíôåò áðü
ôïí áóèåíÞ.
Ç ìåëÝôç ãéá ôç ÷ïñÞãçóç èåñáðåßáò óôç íåïãíéêÞ ìçíéããßôéäá äåí Ýäåéîå
êáëýôåñá áðïôåëÝóìáôá üôáí ÷ïñçãåßôáé ãåíôáìéêßíç åíäïêïéëéáêÜ Þ áðåõèåßáò
óôï ÅÍÕ óå óýãêñéóç ìå ôçí åíäïöëÝâéá óõóôçìáôéêÞ ÷ïñÞãçóç. Ç ïóöõïíù-
ôéáßá ðáñáêÝíôçóç êáé ç êáëëéÝñãåéá ÅÍÕ ðñÝðåé íá åðáíáëáìâÜíïíôáé 48
þñåò ìåôÜ ôçí Ýíáñîç ôçò èåñáðåßáò. Ç äéÜñêåéá ôçò èåñáðåßáò ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé
ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí 2 åâäïìÜäåò ìåôÜ ôçí áðïóôåßñùóç ôïõ ÅÍÕ. Áõôü éóïäõíáìåß ìå
äýï åâäïìÜäåò èåñáðåßáò ãéá Gram (+) âáêôçñßäéá êáé Ýíá åëÜ÷éóôï 21 çìåñþí
ãéá ôç èåñáðåßá ìçíéããßôéäáò ðïõ ðñïêáëåßôáé áðü Gram (–) âáêôçñßäéá.
Ç èíçôüôçôá Ý÷åé ìåéùèåß óå <10% ôï 1997 óå ðñïçãìÝíåò ÷þñåò êáé áõôü
öáßíåôáé íá ïöåßëåôáé óôç ÷ñÞóç ôñßôçò ãåíéÜò êåöáëïóðïñéíþí. Ùóôüóï, ç íï-
óçñüôçôá ðáñáìÝíåé õøçëÞ. Äåí öáßíåôáé íá õðÜñ÷åé üöåëïò áðü ôç ÷ïñÞãçóç
äåîáìåèáæüíçò óôç íåïãíéêÞ âáêôçñéáêÞ ìçíéããßôéäá.
ÂÉÂËÉÏÃÑÁÖÉÁ
1. Sarff LD, Platt LH, McCracken GH. Cerebrospinal fluid evaluation in neonates:
comparison of high risk infants with and without meningitis. J Pediatr 1976, 68:
473-7.
2. Philip AGS. Decreased use of antibiotics using a neonatal sepsis screening tech-
nique. J Pediatr 1981, 98:795-9.
3. Edwards MS, Renchi MA, Hatar AAM, et al. Long term sequelae of group B strep-
tococcal meningitis in infants. J Pediatr 1985, 106:717-22.
4. Eldadah M, Frenkel LD, Hiatt M, et al. Evaluation of routine lumbar punctures in
newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987,
6:243-6.
5. Bonadio WA. Bacterial meningitis in children whose cerebrospinal fluid contains
polymorphonuclear leukocytes without pleocytosis. Clin Pediatr 1988, 27:198-200.
6. Dagan R, Jemista JA, Menegus MA. Association of clinical presentation, laboratory
findings with virus serotype with the presence of meningitis in hospitalized infants
78
80.
with enterovirus infection.J Pediatr 1988, 113:975-8.
7. De Louvois J, Harvey D. Infection in the newborn. London: John Wiley and Sons.
1990:107-15.
8. Rodriguez AF, Kaplan SL, Mason EO Jr. Cerebrospinal fluid in the very low birth
weight infants. J Paediatr 1990, 116:971-4.
9. McMahon P, Jewes L, de Louvois J. Routine lumbar punctures in the newborn – are
they justifies? Eur J Pediatr 1990, 149:797-9.
10. Bonadio WA, Smith DS, Goddard S, et al. Distinguishing cerebrospinal fluid abnor-
malities in children with bacterial meningitis and traumatic lumbar puncture. J Infect
Dis 1990, 161:251-4.
11. Wess MG, Ionides SP, Anderson CL. Meningitis in premature infants with respira-
tory distress: role of admission lumbar puncture. J Pediatr 1991, 119:973-75.
12. Fielkow S, Reuter S, Gottoff SP. Cerebrospinal fluid examination in symptom-free in-
fants with risk factors for infection. J Pediatr 1991, 119:971-3.
13. Schwersenski J, McIntyre L, Bauer CR. Lumbar puncture frequency and cere-
brospinal fuid analysis in the neonate. Am J Dis Child 1991, 145:54-8.
14. Weiss MG, Ionides SP, Anderson CL. Meningitis in premature infants with respira-
tory distress syndrome: role of admission lumbar puncture. J Pediatr 1991, 119:
973-5.
15. Gerdes JS. Clinicopathologic approach to the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Clin
Perinatol 1991, 18: 361-81.
16. Schwersenski J, McIntyre L, Bauer CR. Lumbar puncture frequency and cere-
brospinal fluid analysis in the neonate. Am J Dis Child 1991, 145: 54-8.
17. Bonadio WA. The cerebrospinal fluid: physiologic aspects and alterations associated
with bacterial meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992, 11:423-1.
18. Paap CM, Bosso JA. Treatment options for the pharmacological therapy of neonatal
meningitis. Drugs 1992, 43:700-12.
19. Hristeva L, Booy R, Bowler I, Wilkinson AR. Prospective surveillance of neonatal
meningitis. Arch Dis child 1993, 69:14-8.
20. Synnott MB, Morse DL, Hall SM. Neonatal meningitis in England and Wales: a re-
view of routine national data. Arch Dis Child 1994, 71:F75-80.
21. Ohga S, Aoki T, Odada K, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of interleukin-1
beta tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon gamma in bacterial meningitis. Arch
Dis Child 1994, 70:123-5.
22. Freij BJ, McCracken Jr, GH. Acute infections. In Avery G, Fletcher MA, Mc Donald
M. Neonatology, 4th Ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott 1994:1082-116.
23. Philip AGS. The changing face of neonatal infection: Experience at a regional medi-
cal center. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994, 13:1098-102.
24. Kumar P, Sarkar S, Narang A. Role of routine lumbar puncture in neonatal sepsis. J
Ped Child Health 1995, 31:8-10.
25. McIntyre P, Isaacs D. Lumbar puncture in suspected neonatal sepsis. J Pediatr Child
79
81.
Health 1995, 31:1-2.
26.Lopez-Cortes LF, Cruz-Ruiz M, Gomez-Mateos J, et al. Interleukin-8 in cere-
brospinal fluid from patients with meningitis of different etiologies: its possible role
as neutrophil chemotactic factor. J Infect Dis 1995, 172:581-4.
27. Wiswell TE, Baumgart S, Gannon CM, et al. No lumbar puncture in the evaluation
for early neonatal sepsis: will meningitis be missed? Pediatrics 1995, 95:803-6.
28. Ahmed A, Hickey SM, Ehrett S, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid values in the term neo-
nate. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996, 15:298-303.
29. Leib SL, Kim YS, Chow LL, et al. Reactive oxygen intermediates contribute to ne-
crotic and apoptotic neuronal injury in an infant rat model of bacterial meningitis
due to group B streptococci. J Clin Inv 1996, 98: 2632-9.
30. Johnson CE, Whitwell RN, Pette K, et al. Term newborns who are at risk for sepsis.
Are lumbar punctures necessary? Pediatrics 1997, 99: E10
31. Greenberg D, Shinwell ES, Ygupsky P, et al. A prospective study of neonatal sepsis
and meningitis in Israel. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997, 16:768-73.
32. Luster AD. Chemokines – chemotactic cytokines that mediates inflammation. N
Engl J Med 1998, 338:436-45.
33. Leib SL, Kim YS, Black SM. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and the effect of
aminoguanidine in experimental neonatal meningitis. J Infect Dis 1998, 38:692-700.
34. Harvey D, Holt DE, Bedford H. Bacterial meningitis in the newborn: a prospective
study of mortality and morbidity. Semin Perinatol 1999, 23:218-25.
35. Doud AS, Betieha A, Al Sheyyab M, et al. Lack of effectiveness of dexamethasone
in neonatal meningitis. Eur J Pediatr 1999, 158:230-3.
36. Takasaki J, Ogawa Y. Anti-interleukin 8-auto antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of
children with purulent meningitis. Pediatr Int 2000, 42:139-42.
80
6. Norris A,Buckley M. Central nervous system tuberculous. In Rossman M and Mac
Gregor R, eds. Tuberculosis. N. York: McCraw-Hill Inc. 1995:157-71.
7. Dastur D, Manghani D, Udani P. Pathology and pathogenetic mechanisms in
neurotuberculosis. Radiol Clin N Amer 1995, 33: 733-52.
8. Doerr C, Starke J, Ong L. Clinical and public health aspects of tuberculous meningi-
tis in children. J Pediatr 1995, 127: 27-33.
9. Jamieson D. Imaging intracranial tuberculosis in childhood. Pediatr Radiol 1995, 25:
165-70.
10. American Academy of Pediatrics. Tuberculosis. In. Pickering LK ed. 2000 Red
Book. Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25th
ed. Elk Grove Village
IL. AAP 2000:593-613.
11. Munoz F, Starke J. Tuberculosis in children. In Reichman L and Hershfield E, eds. Tu-
berculosis: A comprenhensive international approach. Philadelphia: Marcel Dekker
Inc. 2000:553-86.
90
2. Baranwal AK,Singhi PD, Khandelwal N, et al. Albendazole therapy in children
with focal seizures and single small enhancing computerized tomographic lesions: a
randomized, placebo-controlled, double blind trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998,
17:696-700
3. Geers TA, Gordon SM. Clinical significance of Candida species isolated from
cerebrospinal fluid following neurosurgery. Clin Infect Dis 1999, 28:1139-47.
4. McCullers JA, Vargas SL, Flynn PM, et al. Candidal meningitis in children with
cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:451-7.
5. Fernandez M, Moylett EH, Noyola DE, et al. Candida meningitis in neonates: A
10-year review. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31:458-63.
6. Morales NM, Agapejev S, Morales RR, et al. Clinical aspects of neurocysticercosis
in children. Pediatr Neurol 2000, 22:287-91.
7. Singhi PD, Ray M, Singhi SC, Khandelwal N. Clinical spectrum of 500 children
with neurocysticercosis and response to albendazole therapy. J Child Neurol 2000,
15:207-13.
98
cerebrospinal fluid shuntinfection. Neurosurgery 1980, 7:459-63.
3. Renier D, Lacombe J, Pierre-Kahn A, et al: Factors causing acute shunt infection.
Computer analysis of 1174 operations. J Neurosurg 1984, 61:1072-8.
4. Walters BC, Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, et al: Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection.
Influences on initial management and subsequent outcome. Neurosurg 1984,
60:1014-21.
5. Wen DY, Bottini AG, Hall WA, et al: Infections in neurologic surgery. The
intraventricular use of antibiotics. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1992, 3:343-54.
6. Bell WO: Management of infected cerebrospinal fluid shunts in children. Con-
tempor Neurosurg 1992, 14:6-16.
7. Choux M, Genitori L, Lang D, Lena G. Shunt implantation: reducing the incidence
of shunt infection. J Neurosurg 1992, 77:875-80.
8. Langley JM, LeBlanc JCDJ, Milner R: Efficacy of antimicrobial prophylaxis in
placement of cerebrospinal fluid shunts: Meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1993,
17:98-103.
9. Haines SJ, Walters BC: Antibiotic prophylaxis for cerebrospinal fluid shunts: A
meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 1994, 34:87-92.
10. Williams BG, Hayes J, McCool S: Shunt infections in children: presentation and
management. J Neurosci Nurs 1996, 28:155-62.
11. Âayston R, Lambert E: Duration of prospective activity of cerebrospinal fluid shunt
catheters impregnated with antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial catheter-related
infection. J Neurosurg 1997, 87:247-54.
12. Berner R, Heinen F, Pelz K, et al: Ventricular shunt infection and meningitis due to
Bacillus cereus. Neuropediatrics 1997, 28:333-4.
13. Metersky ML, Williams A, Rafanan AL: Retrospective analysis: Are fever and al-
tered mental status indications for lumbar puncture in a hospitalized patient who has
not undergone neurosurgery? Clin Infect Dis 1997, 25:285-8.
14. Morris A, Low ED: Nosocomial bacterial meningitis, including central nervous sys-
tem shunt infections. Infect Dis Clin N Amer 1999, 13:735-50.
102
Streptococcus pneumoniae êáôÜôï 1998 óôçí ÁôôéêÞ. 25ï ÐáíåëëÞíéï Éáôñéêü
ÓõíÝäñéï, ÁèÞíá, 1999.
5. Monto AS, Robinson DP, Herlocher ML, et al. Zanamivir in the prevention of
influenza among healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999, 282: 31-5.
6. Cohen R, Levy C, Boucherat M, et al. Five vs. ten days of antibiotic therapy for acute
otitis media in young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19:458-63.
7. Cohen R, Levy C, De La Rocque, et al. 3-Day azithromycin (20mg/kg or 10mg/kg)
versus 10-day penicillin V for pediatric acute group A streptococcal tonsil-
lopharyngitis. In: Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial
Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto, 2000, abstr. no.1567.
8. Dagan R, Hoberman A, Leibovitz E et al. Bacteriological and clinical efficacy of a
new amoxicillin/clavulanate extra strength formulation (A/C14:1) in the treatment of
acute otitis media. In: Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial
Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto, 2000, abstr. no. 107.
9. Dagan R, Johnson C, McLinn S, et al. Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of
amoxicillin/clavulanate vs. azithromycin in acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J
2000, 19: 95-104.
10. Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Leiberman A, et al. Clinical significance of antibiotic resistance
in acute otitis media and implication of antibiotic treatment on carriage and spread of
resistant organisms. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19: S57-65.
11. Dagan R, Leibovitz E, Fliss DM, et al. Bacteriological efficacies of oral azithromycin
and oral cefaclor in treatment of acute otitis media in infants and young children
Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 2000, 44:43-50.
12. Drusano GL, Preston SL, Decosta P et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of
telithromycin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. In: Abstracts of the
40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Toronto,
2000, abstr. no. 1388.
13. Hayden FG, Gubareva LV, Monto AS, et al. Inhaled zanamivir for the prevention of
influenza in families. N Engl J Med 2000, 343: 1282-9.
14. Hedrick JA, Barzilai A, Behre U, et al. Zanamivir for treatment of symptomatic
influenza A and B infection in children five to twelve years of age: a randomized
controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19:410-7.
15. Kaiser L, Crump CE, Hayden FG. In vitro activity of pleconaril and AG 7088 against
selected serotypes and clinical isolates of human rhinoviruses. Antiviral Res 2000,
47:215-20.
16. Kearns GL, Bradley JS, Jacobs RF, et al. Single dose pharmacokinetics of pleconaril in
neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000, 19: 833-9.
17. Kimberlin DW, Lin CY, Sanchez P, et al. Ganciclovir treatment of symptomatic
congenital cytomegalovirus infections: Results of a phase III randomized trial. In:
Abstracts of the 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and
Chemotherapy. Toronto, 2000, abstr. no. 1942.
116
118.
18. Pfeil E,Gustafsson I, Cars O et al. Pharmacology of quinupristin- dalfopristin with
MSSA and MRSA in comparison to vancomycin. In: Abstracts of the 40th
Interscience
Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Toronto, 2000, abstr. no.
2257.
19. Syrogiannopoulos GA, Grivea IN, Davies TA, et al. Antimicrobial use and
colonization with erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece during
the first 2 years of life. Clin Infect Dis 2000, 31: 887-93.
20. Syrogiannopoulos GA, Grivea IN, Katopodis GD, et al. Carriage of antibiotic-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greek infants and toddlers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect
Dis 2000, 19:288-93.
21. Treanor JJ, Hayden FG, Vrooman PS, et al. Efficacy and safety of the oral
neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir in treating acute influenza. A randomized
controlled trial. JAMA, 2000, 283: 1016-24.
22. Ukkomen P, Varis K, Jernfors M, et al. Treatment of acute otitis media with an
antiadhesive oligosaccharide: a randomised, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial.
Lancet 2000, 356: 1398-402.
117