امتحان ع الباب الثالث - الفصل الاول - كيمياء 1ث 2015Mohamed Shalaby
امتحان ع الباب الثالث - الفصل الاول - كيمياء 1ث 2015
م/محمد أحمد محمد شلبي الحواله
مهندس بقسم الفيزيقا والرياضيات الهندسية
قسم هندسة الالكترونيات والاتصالات الكهربية
امتحان ع الباب الثالث - الفصل الاول - كيمياء 1ث 2015Mohamed Shalaby
امتحان ع الباب الثالث - الفصل الاول - كيمياء 1ث 2015
م/محمد أحمد محمد شلبي الحواله
مهندس بقسم الفيزيقا والرياضيات الهندسية
قسم هندسة الالكترونيات والاتصالات الكهربية
This document discusses solutions, suspensions, and acids and bases. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, suspension, acid, and base. It describes the properties of solutions like being homogeneous mixtures where the solute particles are evenly mixed and too small to settle out. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where insoluble particles remain visible and can settle out. Factors that affect solubility and dissolving rates are described. Examples of applications in homes and industries are provided. Properties of acids and bases like their tastes and effects on indicators are summarized.
This document provides an overview of membrane transport and permeability. It discusses several types of passive transport processes, including simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Simple diffusion is the random movement of molecules down their concentration gradient. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down its concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport molecules down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. The document also introduces several concepts related to membrane permeability and transport, such as concentration gradients, tonicity, and the roles of carriers and channels.
This document discusses diffusion and osmosis in cells. It describes diffusion as the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration in order to dilute the solution. The document contains diagrams and experiments to demonstrate these concepts, such as showing how plant and animal cells react differently in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions through shrinking and bursting.
This document summarizes key concepts about cell structure and function from a biology textbook. It discusses the plasma membrane and how it is selectively permeable, allowing passage of some molecules via diffusion or transport proteins. Transport can occur through passive diffusion down a concentration gradient or active transport against a gradient using carrier proteins like the sodium-potassium pump. The document also describes osmosis and transport of molecules into and out of cells through endocytosis and exocytosis.
The document outlines chapter 5 of a biology textbook on membrane structure and function. It discusses:
1) The structure of the plasma membrane, including the phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins.
2) Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport that allow molecules to cross the membrane down a concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure.
3) Active transport mechanisms that require cellular energy to move molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to solutions and solubility. It defines solutions, solutes, and solvents. It discusses factors that affect solubility such as temperature, concentration in terms of molarity and percent by volume/mass. It also covers colligative properties, colloids, osmosis, and their relationships to cell physiology.
Meiosis is the process by which germ cells are produced. It involves two rounds of cell division resulting in four haploid gametes or sex cells from one original diploid cell. The key stages of meiosis are: 1) Prophase I where homologous chromosomes pair up, 2) Metaphase I where homologous chromosomes line up, 3) Anaphase I where homologous chromosomes separate, 4) Telophase I forming two haploid cells, 5) Prophase II where chromosomes condense again, 6) Metaphase II where chromosomes align, 7) Anaphase II where sister chromatids separate, and 8) Telophase II forming four haploid gametes. This ensures genetic variation between
The document describes the stages of the meiotic cell cycle. It begins with interphase where the cell grows in size. This is followed by prophase I where the chromosomes condense. In metaphase I, the chromosomes line up at the center. Anaphase I separates the chromosomes, followed by cytokinesis which divides the cell. Telophase I reforms the nuclei. The cells then enter interphase II and the process repeats with prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and cytokinesis II, finally ending with telophase II where fully divided cells are formed.
This document discusses the stages of meiosis, including the key differences between meiosis I and II. Meiosis I involves homologous chromosomes lining up beside each other instead of in a single line during metaphase I. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis except chromosomes do not duplicate in prophase II. The end result of meiosis is the production of four sex cells with unique genetic combinations compared to the original cell. Examples are provided to illustrate how meiosis halves the number of chromosomes from the original parent cell to the produced sex cells.
The document provides information about basic pharmaceutical measurements and calculations including:
- Comparing Roman and Arabic numerals and examples of conversions
- Guidelines for finding a common denominator when adding or subtracting fractions
- Common metric units for weight and basic conversions between grams, milligrams, etc.
- Examples of setting up and solving ratio-proportion calculations for determining quantities in pharmaceutical problems.
Basic Pharmacy Calculations and PharmacokinetesJoy Awoniyi
This was a lecture presented to the Davie campus of Florida A&M University College of Pharmacy P4 students. The lecture was presented during their final semester, at a course geared towards NAPLEX preparation. During the lecture, students wer asked to participate. We worked through each problem together and questions were encouraged.
Toxicity is a function of solubility. Insoluble compounds as well as the metallic forms often exhibit negligible toxicity. The toxicity of any metal depends on its ligands. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs.
This document discusses solutions, suspensions, and acids and bases. It defines key terms like solute, solvent, solution, suspension, acid, and base. It describes the properties of solutions like being homogeneous mixtures where the solute particles are evenly mixed and too small to settle out. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures where insoluble particles remain visible and can settle out. Factors that affect solubility and dissolving rates are described. Examples of applications in homes and industries are provided. Properties of acids and bases like their tastes and effects on indicators are summarized.
This document provides an overview of membrane transport and permeability. It discusses several types of passive transport processes, including simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. Simple diffusion is the random movement of molecules down their concentration gradient. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane down its concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion uses membrane proteins to transport molecules down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. The document also introduces several concepts related to membrane permeability and transport, such as concentration gradients, tonicity, and the roles of carriers and channels.
This document discusses diffusion and osmosis in cells. It describes diffusion as the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration down a concentration gradient. Osmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration in order to dilute the solution. The document contains diagrams and experiments to demonstrate these concepts, such as showing how plant and animal cells react differently in hypertonic and hypotonic solutions through shrinking and bursting.
This document summarizes key concepts about cell structure and function from a biology textbook. It discusses the plasma membrane and how it is selectively permeable, allowing passage of some molecules via diffusion or transport proteins. Transport can occur through passive diffusion down a concentration gradient or active transport against a gradient using carrier proteins like the sodium-potassium pump. The document also describes osmosis and transport of molecules into and out of cells through endocytosis and exocytosis.
The document outlines chapter 5 of a biology textbook on membrane structure and function. It discusses:
1) The structure of the plasma membrane, including the phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins.
2) Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport that allow molecules to cross the membrane down a concentration gradient without cellular energy expenditure.
3) Active transport mechanisms that require cellular energy to move molecules across the membrane against a concentration gradient.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to solutions and solubility. It defines solutions, solutes, and solvents. It discusses factors that affect solubility such as temperature, concentration in terms of molarity and percent by volume/mass. It also covers colligative properties, colloids, osmosis, and their relationships to cell physiology.
Meiosis is the process by which germ cells are produced. It involves two rounds of cell division resulting in four haploid gametes or sex cells from one original diploid cell. The key stages of meiosis are: 1) Prophase I where homologous chromosomes pair up, 2) Metaphase I where homologous chromosomes line up, 3) Anaphase I where homologous chromosomes separate, 4) Telophase I forming two haploid cells, 5) Prophase II where chromosomes condense again, 6) Metaphase II where chromosomes align, 7) Anaphase II where sister chromatids separate, and 8) Telophase II forming four haploid gametes. This ensures genetic variation between
The document describes the stages of the meiotic cell cycle. It begins with interphase where the cell grows in size. This is followed by prophase I where the chromosomes condense. In metaphase I, the chromosomes line up at the center. Anaphase I separates the chromosomes, followed by cytokinesis which divides the cell. Telophase I reforms the nuclei. The cells then enter interphase II and the process repeats with prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and cytokinesis II, finally ending with telophase II where fully divided cells are formed.
This document discusses the stages of meiosis, including the key differences between meiosis I and II. Meiosis I involves homologous chromosomes lining up beside each other instead of in a single line during metaphase I. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis except chromosomes do not duplicate in prophase II. The end result of meiosis is the production of four sex cells with unique genetic combinations compared to the original cell. Examples are provided to illustrate how meiosis halves the number of chromosomes from the original parent cell to the produced sex cells.
The document provides information about basic pharmaceutical measurements and calculations including:
- Comparing Roman and Arabic numerals and examples of conversions
- Guidelines for finding a common denominator when adding or subtracting fractions
- Common metric units for weight and basic conversions between grams, milligrams, etc.
- Examples of setting up and solving ratio-proportion calculations for determining quantities in pharmaceutical problems.
Basic Pharmacy Calculations and PharmacokinetesJoy Awoniyi
This was a lecture presented to the Davie campus of Florida A&M University College of Pharmacy P4 students. The lecture was presented during their final semester, at a course geared towards NAPLEX preparation. During the lecture, students wer asked to participate. We worked through each problem together and questions were encouraged.
Toxicity is a function of solubility. Insoluble compounds as well as the metallic forms often exhibit negligible toxicity. The toxicity of any metal depends on its ligands. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs.
3. الخاصٌة األسموزٌة ( االنتشار خالل األغشٌة )
مقدمة:
فً االنتشار تكون الجزٌئات حرة الحركة فً أي اتجاه ولكن ٌطلق على
انتشار الجزئٌات خالل الغشاء ( اسم األسموزٌة ).
فإذا كان لدٌنا محلول ٌحتوي على 01% سكر و 09% ماء نقً
وضعناهما فً إناء ثم سكبنا فوقهما ماء نقً 001% فإنه تبعا لقوانٌن
االنتشار تنتشر جزٌئات السكر من أسفل إلى أعلى [ من المحلول إلى
الماء النقً] أما جزئٌات الماء النقً فتنتشر من أعلى إلى أسفل.
أما إذا فصل السائلٌن بغشاء فإن ما سٌحدث ٌتوقف على طبٌعة هذا
الغشاء فإذا كان هذا الغشاء غٌر منفذ بقً السائالن على حالٌهما دون
امتزاج أما إذا كان الغشاء منفذ فإنه سوف ٌسمح لجزئٌات المادة والمذٌب
بالمرور خالله حتى ٌمتزج السائالن على حسب قوانٌن االنتشار العادٌة.
4. أما إذا كان الغشاء شبه منفذ فإنه سوف ٌسمح
لجزٌئات المذٌب [ الماء ] بالمرور خالله فً حٌن
ال ٌسمح لجزئٌات المادة المذابة بالمرور ومن ثم
فإن جزٌئات الماء التً سوف تنفذ من خالل الغشاء
من طبقة الماء النقً إلى محلول السكر. وإذا كان
هناك ما ٌقاوم الزٌادة فً الحجم فإنه ٌنشأ عن ذلك
ضغط على الجدار ٌسمى
بالضغط األسموزي.
