The document discusses research on alloy design and intercritically annealed TWIP+TRIP steels containing 6%-12% manganese. It summarizes a presentation given by B.C. De Cooman of the Materials Design Laboratory at Pohang University of Science and Technology in South Korea at the CAMS 2014 conference in Sydney, Australia. The Materials Design Laboratory is the world's only fully accredited institute focused on steel science and technology, conducting research in areas like computational metallurgy, microstructure control, and materials design.
IUMRS-ICAM 2015_Deformation Mechansims in IA Medium Mn Steel_OCT 25-29_2015Bruno Charles De Cooman
This document summarizes research from the Materials Design Laboratory at Pohang University of Science and Technology on deformation mechanisms in intercritically annealed medium manganese steel. It includes 3 key points:
1) The research examines deformation mechanisms such as twinning-induced plasticity and transformation-induced plasticity in austenite-ferrite medium Mn steel processed via intercritical annealing.
2) Microstructure observations and constitutive modeling are used to study the interactions between the ultrafine-grained ferrite and austenite phases during deformation.
3) Preliminary results suggest increasing the aluminum content in a Fe-6Mn-3Al-1.5Si-0.15C
MS&T’15_Mechanical Properties Plasticity Enhancement Q&P Medium Mn Steel_OCT ...Bruno Charles De Cooman
1. The document describes research on the tensile behavior and plasticity enhancement of steel using Quench and Partitioning (Q&P) processing.
2. Q&P processing involves quenching steel to form martensite followed by partitioning to produce retained austenite. This results in a microstructure with tempered martensite and stabilized retained austenite.
3. Experimental results on a Q&P processed steel found maximum retained austenite and enhanced properties at an optimal quench temperature, with properties dependent on the carbon content and stability of the retained austenite.
MSEC 2014_microstructural analysis and nanoindentation characterization of ti...Xiaoqing Wang
This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V parts fabricated by electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) and the effect of build height. The top layers exhibited the finest columnar prior β grain structure on the side surfaces and the highest elastic modulus and hardness of 127.9 GPa and 6.5 GPa, respectively, on the scanning surfaces. The bottom layers showed more α' martensites and lower properties due to higher cooling rates. Both columnar grains and equiaxed grains with Widmanstätten structures were observed depending on the surface orientation. The mechanical properties decreased with increasing build height.
The document discusses various polymer properties including:
- A table listing the tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and Poisson's ratio ranges for various engineering plastics.
- Descriptions of polymer molecular structures, the relationship between molecular weight and properties, and how crystallinity and cross-linking affect properties.
- Explanations of glass transition temperature, the various modes of polymer deformation, and how temperature impacts properties like stress-strain behavior and impact strength.
- Information on viscosity for melted polymers and how it is affected by temperature and shear rate.
The document discusses powder metallurgy manufacturing processes. It describes how metal powders of different shapes and sizes are produced through various methods like atomization. The powders are then compacted through pressing and sintered to form final parts. Compaction increases density which improves mechanical properties. Hot isostatic pressing allows for full density. Sintering bonds powder particles through diffusion and reduces porosity. Processes like powder rolling and spray forming offer alternatives to produce net-shape parts. Final properties depend on factors like density, temperature, and time applied during sintering.
IRJET- Improvement in the Wear Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Carbur...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an investigation into the effect of varying carburization temperature on the mechanical and wear properties of mild steel. Mild steel samples were carburized at temperatures of 800°C, 870°C, and 940°C, then tempered at 500°C. The samples were tested for hardness, tensile strength, abrasive wear resistance, and toughness. The results showed that mechanical and wear properties improved with increasing carburization temperature. Of the temperatures tested, 940°C produced the highest tensile strength, hardness, and wear resistance but the lowest toughness. In conclusion, a carburization temperature of 940°C is best for improving the mechanical and wear properties of mild steel.
Effect of process parameters using friction stir processing /welding of steel...Husain Mehdi
Microstructural changes and flow of material have be comprehensively studied by many researchers. A lot of studies have been conducted by changing the process parameters such as axial load, feed, speed of the tool, tool geometry, tool tilt angle etc. to find the optimum process parameters. Friction stir welding can be applied on various materials such as aluminum, manganese, copper. Till date majority of the research and development was done on aluminum alloys. This is so because Al alloys are easy to deform at relatively low temperatures (approximately below 550 Celsius). Also, they are easier to weld as compared to other materials. But these days a lot of studies are being conducted on carrying out friction stir processing on steel. This process improves mechanical properties like tensile strength, ductility, micro-hardness etc.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
IUMRS-ICAM 2015_Deformation Mechansims in IA Medium Mn Steel_OCT 25-29_2015Bruno Charles De Cooman
This document summarizes research from the Materials Design Laboratory at Pohang University of Science and Technology on deformation mechanisms in intercritically annealed medium manganese steel. It includes 3 key points:
1) The research examines deformation mechanisms such as twinning-induced plasticity and transformation-induced plasticity in austenite-ferrite medium Mn steel processed via intercritical annealing.
2) Microstructure observations and constitutive modeling are used to study the interactions between the ultrafine-grained ferrite and austenite phases during deformation.
3) Preliminary results suggest increasing the aluminum content in a Fe-6Mn-3Al-1.5Si-0.15C
MS&T’15_Mechanical Properties Plasticity Enhancement Q&P Medium Mn Steel_OCT ...Bruno Charles De Cooman
1. The document describes research on the tensile behavior and plasticity enhancement of steel using Quench and Partitioning (Q&P) processing.
2. Q&P processing involves quenching steel to form martensite followed by partitioning to produce retained austenite. This results in a microstructure with tempered martensite and stabilized retained austenite.
3. Experimental results on a Q&P processed steel found maximum retained austenite and enhanced properties at an optimal quench temperature, with properties dependent on the carbon content and stability of the retained austenite.
MSEC 2014_microstructural analysis and nanoindentation characterization of ti...Xiaoqing Wang
This study investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V parts fabricated by electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) and the effect of build height. The top layers exhibited the finest columnar prior β grain structure on the side surfaces and the highest elastic modulus and hardness of 127.9 GPa and 6.5 GPa, respectively, on the scanning surfaces. The bottom layers showed more α' martensites and lower properties due to higher cooling rates. Both columnar grains and equiaxed grains with Widmanstätten structures were observed depending on the surface orientation. The mechanical properties decreased with increasing build height.
The document discusses various polymer properties including:
- A table listing the tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and Poisson's ratio ranges for various engineering plastics.
- Descriptions of polymer molecular structures, the relationship between molecular weight and properties, and how crystallinity and cross-linking affect properties.
- Explanations of glass transition temperature, the various modes of polymer deformation, and how temperature impacts properties like stress-strain behavior and impact strength.
- Information on viscosity for melted polymers and how it is affected by temperature and shear rate.
The document discusses powder metallurgy manufacturing processes. It describes how metal powders of different shapes and sizes are produced through various methods like atomization. The powders are then compacted through pressing and sintered to form final parts. Compaction increases density which improves mechanical properties. Hot isostatic pressing allows for full density. Sintering bonds powder particles through diffusion and reduces porosity. Processes like powder rolling and spray forming offer alternatives to produce net-shape parts. Final properties depend on factors like density, temperature, and time applied during sintering.
IRJET- Improvement in the Wear Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Carbur...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an investigation into the effect of varying carburization temperature on the mechanical and wear properties of mild steel. Mild steel samples were carburized at temperatures of 800°C, 870°C, and 940°C, then tempered at 500°C. The samples were tested for hardness, tensile strength, abrasive wear resistance, and toughness. The results showed that mechanical and wear properties improved with increasing carburization temperature. Of the temperatures tested, 940°C produced the highest tensile strength, hardness, and wear resistance but the lowest toughness. In conclusion, a carburization temperature of 940°C is best for improving the mechanical and wear properties of mild steel.
Effect of process parameters using friction stir processing /welding of steel...Husain Mehdi
Microstructural changes and flow of material have be comprehensively studied by many researchers. A lot of studies have been conducted by changing the process parameters such as axial load, feed, speed of the tool, tool geometry, tool tilt angle etc. to find the optimum process parameters. Friction stir welding can be applied on various materials such as aluminum, manganese, copper. Till date majority of the research and development was done on aluminum alloys. This is so because Al alloys are easy to deform at relatively low temperatures (approximately below 550 Celsius). Also, they are easier to weld as compared to other materials. But these days a lot of studies are being conducted on carrying out friction stir processing on steel. This process improves mechanical properties like tensile strength, ductility, micro-hardness etc.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
— Continuing our previous researches on UHMWPE (Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene) based implant material and its fusion with Ca-alginate, we describe new methods for preparing Ca-alginate blended UHMWPE samples and how we extended the testing of the prepared samples. If sufficient content of Ca-alginate can be achieved and the Calcium-alginate blended UHMWPE can be made, it might lead to an implant material which can promote bone formation. Earlier result shows that the Calcium–alginate contentwill be formed in the structure of UHMWPE. Using our new modified methods we can make polyethylene samples with sufficiently tough alginate content which can withstand washing and sterilization as that is shown in the paper. Since we had modified the UHMWPE specimens with Ca-alginates we carried out different types of wear testing on the prepared samples.
NAMRC 2015_Scanning speed effect on mechanical properties of ti-6al-4v alloy ...Xiaoqing Wang
Full Paper:
Xiaoqing Wang, Xibing Gong, Kevin Chou, Scanning Speed Effect on Mechanical Properties of Ti- 6Al-4V Alloy Processed by Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing, Procedia Manufacturing 1 (2015) 287–295. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.026.
Available at: https://www.academia.edu/29967143/Scanning_Speed_Effect_on_Mechanical_Properties_of_Ti-_6Al-4V_Alloy_Processed_by_Electron_Beam_Additive_Manufacturing
The document discusses optimizing core-clad ratios in glass extrusions for optical fiber applications. It summarizes previous work using expensive chalcogenide glasses and describes experiments using lower-cost borosilicate glass. A two-stack and six-stack borosilicate glass extrusion were performed and analyzed. The results showed that a core-clad ratio of 60% could be achieved with a core charge height of 5.4 mm and clad charge height of 12.6 mm, giving a stable preform length of 16 mm that could be drawn into a 370 mm fiber.
The document describes a study on the mechanical properties of friction stir processed AA5754 sheet metal at different temperatures and strain rates. The objectives were to characterize the tensile properties of FSPed and base metal sheets under various conditions and develop a Johnson Cook model to predict flow stress. Tensile tests were conducted on FSPed and base metal specimens at temperatures from room temperature to 400°C and crosshead velocities from 1-200mm/min. The results showed that both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength generally decreased with increasing temperature and strain rate for both materials. The FSPed material exhibited higher ductility than the base metal across most test conditions.
Fatigue and fracture behavior of additively manufactured metals after heat tr...TAV VACUUM FURNACES
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is any of various processes of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file.
Unlike subtractive manufacturing methods that start with a solid block of material and then cut away the excess to create a finished part, additive manufacturing builds up a part (or features onto parts) layer by layer from geometry described in a 3D design model.
For many decades, AM processes have been used for rapid prototyping. Over the last few years, additive manufacturing has gained incredible interest in all industry facets: from aerospace applications to simple one-off consumer home builds. This technology has immense versatility and flexibility, due to its ability to create complex geometries with customizable material properties.
Discover how the additive manufacturing processing of metals makes it possible to design and build lightweight parts in real time and understand potential of heat treatments in vacuum for 3D printed parts.
The document summarizes research on simulating the ballistic performance of armour grade heat treated steel using explicit dynamics simulation. It validates the simulation approach by comparing results for depth of penetration to experimental data. It then uses the simulation to analyze the ballistic performance of steel targets of varying thicknesses tempered at 650°C and 200°C against a 7.62mm projectile. The simulation results match well with experimental findings and show the thickness at which the projectile will penetrate or deform on impact for each material condition.
This document discusses mechanical properties of materials and manufacturing processes. It covers topics like types of strain, tensile testing, true stress-strain curves, strain hardening, and effects of temperature and strain rate on properties. Figures and tables show stress-strain behaviors of various materials and typical strain rates for different metalworking processes like forging, rolling, and machining.
1. Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a heat-treated ductile iron that produces a unique microstructure of ausferrite, consisting of a combination of high carbon-stabilized austenite and acicular ferrite.
2. ADI exhibits twice the strength of as-cast ductile iron at a given ductility level. It has excellent combinations of strength, ductility, toughness, and wear resistance.
3. There are six grades of ADI as defined by ASTM standards, with varying properties depending on the heat treatment parameters used. ADI finds applications in automotive and heavy machinery components like gears and wear parts.
This document is a master's thesis that models the adhesive interface between steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) using finite element analysis. The thesis aims to create a simplified finite element (FE) model of a laboratory composite beam test setup using shell elements and spring connectors to model the adhesive interface. The results from the model are compared to analytical calculations and a previous high-detail 3D solid element FE model. The model shows good agreement with theoretical interfacial shear stresses but it is difficult to study normal stresses due to the complex manual extraction process required. The simplified model is easy to create for 2D surfaces but would be complicated for 3D adhesive shapes.
This document discusses machining processes and metal cutting. It begins with an overview of common machining processes like turning and milling. It then covers topics such as orthogonal cutting, chip formation, different chip types, cutting forces, temperatures in cutting, tool geometry and wear. Diagrams illustrate cutting tool geometry, forces acting on tools, chip formation mechanisms, and experimental data on cutting parameters for different materials. The document provides information on machining processes and metal cutting for engineering materials.
EXPERIMENTAL WEAR ANALYSIS OF BORON CARBIDE COATED HIGH SPEED STEEL SUBSTRATEJournal For Research
The aim of the present work is to minimize the wear rate by nano-coating Boron Carbide (B4C) on the high speed steel (HSS) substrate. For this purpose the B4C is being coated on the substrate using sputter deposition method and the wear rate is being analysed by performing pin-on-disc experiment on the coated and uncoated substrate to compare the wear rate on both substrate. For application purpose the same coating is made on the HSS drill bit and surface morphology of the tools were studied by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after performing same number of drilling operation by using both coated and uncoated drill bit to determine the effect of coating.
The document discusses casting processes and properties of cast materials. It includes figures and tables about temperature and density changes during solidification of pure metals and alloys, phase diagrams, cast microstructures, mold features, temperature distributions during casting, shrinkage rates of metals, mechanical properties of various cast alloys, and a table comparing characteristics of different casting processes. The figures and tables provide data on material properties and process characteristics.
Comparative Analysis of Composite Materials based on Stress and Vibration by ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on comparing the stress and vibration characteristics of different composite materials through experimental analysis. Specifically, it analyzes the natural frequency and mode shapes of cantilever beams made of steel, E-glass epoxy, and fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites using a fast Fourier transformer analyzer and stress testing with a universal testing machine. The study found that E-glass epoxy composite material performed better than steel and FRP materials with higher natural frequencies and was better able to withstand stresses. The behavior of vibrating structures obtained through experimental modal analysis can be used to validate results from finite element modeling of mode shapes.
This document discusses improving the properties of NiTi dental alloys through laser surface treatment. Key points:
- Laser surface treatment of NiTi samples led to a 1549% improvement in corrosion resistance and a 368% increase in hardness compared to untreated samples.
- Higher laser powers of 500-600W provided better results, with a 613% improvement in corrosion resistance and 141% increase in hardness over lower laser powers.
- Laser treatment also reduced nickel ion dissolution by 310%, with higher laser powers further lowering nickel ion release. Overall, laser surface treatment enhanced the corrosion resistance, hardness, and biocompatibility of the NiTi dental alloy.
Composites in aerospace structures by k s narayana raoKaushik Byna
The document discusses the use of composites in aerospace structures. It covers various topics such as composite applications, the design process, manufacturing techniques, qualification process, and helicopter applications. The manufacturing techniques section describes various composite manufacturing methods like vacuum bag molding, autoclave molding, resin transfer molding, filament winding, and pultrusion. The qualification process section outlines the building block approach for qualification which involves constituent, lamina, laminate, structural element, and structural subcomponent or full-scale testing.
Experimental study on flexural behavior of the self compacting concrete with ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on the flexural behavior of self-compacting concrete with hybrid fibers. Tests were conducted to evaluate the compressive and flexural strength of self-compacting concrete mixtures containing different fiber combinations. Nylon e-300 microfibers and Nylon tuff macrofibers were added to self-compacting concrete mixtures in various volumes. The results showed that adding hybrid fibers improved the compressive and flexural strength properties of self-compacting concrete compared to plain self-compacting concrete.
Erosion wear behaviour of plasma sprayed ni crsibEbe Nezer G
The document discusses several studies on erosion wear behavior and coatings:
1) One study examines the erosion wear behavior of a plasma sprayed NiCrSiB/Al2O3 composite coating on AISI 304 steel. Testing found the coating protects the substrate at 30° and 90° impact angles.
2) Another study evaluates the cavitation erosion and corrosion resistance of WC-CoCr and FeCrSiBMn coatings deposited by HVOF spraying. The WC-CoCr coating showed better resistance in NaCl solution.
3) A third study optimizes NiCrSiB/WC-Co coatings deposited by HVOF using Taguchi methods. Testing identified standoff distance and powder
This is the presentation of my 8th semester project on Application of Artificial Neural Network in Friction Stir Processing. We have used AA5052. The presentation starts from the basics of Aluminium and FSP process and then first we predict the properties of Hardness, Roughness and Tensile strength using Minitab16 and then use Minitab16 to create dummy outputs which are fed into the ANN to train it.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and power consumption when turning 6063 aluminum alloy reinforced with 5% and 10% titanium carbide composites. 27 experimental runs were conducted using a full factorial design varying the machining parameters at three levels. Analysis of variance was used to determine the percentage contribution of each parameter on surface roughness and power consumption. The results showed that feed rate is the most significant parameter affecting surface roughness, while cutting speed has the greatest effect on power consumption. The conclusions provide insights on optimizing the machining parameters to minimize surface roughness and power usage during machining of these metal matrix composites.
This document summarizes a study on WC-Co coatings produced by HVOF spray technique on stainless steel substrates. Three coatings were produced with varying WC particle size ranges. SEM analysis showed uniform distribution of WC particles in the coatings. XRD analysis identified WC and Co phases in the coatings. Hardness testing and pin-on-disc wear testing was conducted under varying loads and speeds. The coating with larger WC particle size (45-90μm) exhibited the lowest wear rate, indicating improved wear resistance with larger WC particle size. SEM of the worn surfaces showed grooves, pulled out particles and cracks formed during wear testing.
Coating technologies provide sheet steel with superior corrosion resistance at low cost without impacting recyclability. Widespread use in manufacturing is due to a switch from uncoated to coated sheet in automotive and building industries. Coatings include metallic and organic types applied via hot or cold rolling and provide favorable application characteristics like excellent adhesion and formability.
Galvanizing is a process that provides corrosion protection to steel by applying a zinc coating. There are three main galvanizing methods: hot dipping steel in molten zinc, electroplating zinc onto steel, and galvannealing which involves galvanizing followed by annealing. Hot dip galvanizing provides a thick, uniform zinc coating and is commonly used for construction applications. Electrogalvanizing produces a thinner coating suitable for parts that require shaping after coating. Galvannealing improves formability and paintability. Aluminized steel uses a hot dip process with aluminum instead of zinc to provide corrosion resistance at higher temperatures.
— Continuing our previous researches on UHMWPE (Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene) based implant material and its fusion with Ca-alginate, we describe new methods for preparing Ca-alginate blended UHMWPE samples and how we extended the testing of the prepared samples. If sufficient content of Ca-alginate can be achieved and the Calcium-alginate blended UHMWPE can be made, it might lead to an implant material which can promote bone formation. Earlier result shows that the Calcium–alginate contentwill be formed in the structure of UHMWPE. Using our new modified methods we can make polyethylene samples with sufficiently tough alginate content which can withstand washing and sterilization as that is shown in the paper. Since we had modified the UHMWPE specimens with Ca-alginates we carried out different types of wear testing on the prepared samples.
NAMRC 2015_Scanning speed effect on mechanical properties of ti-6al-4v alloy ...Xiaoqing Wang
Full Paper:
Xiaoqing Wang, Xibing Gong, Kevin Chou, Scanning Speed Effect on Mechanical Properties of Ti- 6Al-4V Alloy Processed by Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing, Procedia Manufacturing 1 (2015) 287–295. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2015.09.026.
Available at: https://www.academia.edu/29967143/Scanning_Speed_Effect_on_Mechanical_Properties_of_Ti-_6Al-4V_Alloy_Processed_by_Electron_Beam_Additive_Manufacturing
The document discusses optimizing core-clad ratios in glass extrusions for optical fiber applications. It summarizes previous work using expensive chalcogenide glasses and describes experiments using lower-cost borosilicate glass. A two-stack and six-stack borosilicate glass extrusion were performed and analyzed. The results showed that a core-clad ratio of 60% could be achieved with a core charge height of 5.4 mm and clad charge height of 12.6 mm, giving a stable preform length of 16 mm that could be drawn into a 370 mm fiber.
The document describes a study on the mechanical properties of friction stir processed AA5754 sheet metal at different temperatures and strain rates. The objectives were to characterize the tensile properties of FSPed and base metal sheets under various conditions and develop a Johnson Cook model to predict flow stress. Tensile tests were conducted on FSPed and base metal specimens at temperatures from room temperature to 400°C and crosshead velocities from 1-200mm/min. The results showed that both yield strength and ultimate tensile strength generally decreased with increasing temperature and strain rate for both materials. The FSPed material exhibited higher ductility than the base metal across most test conditions.
Fatigue and fracture behavior of additively manufactured metals after heat tr...TAV VACUUM FURNACES
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is any of various processes of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file.
Unlike subtractive manufacturing methods that start with a solid block of material and then cut away the excess to create a finished part, additive manufacturing builds up a part (or features onto parts) layer by layer from geometry described in a 3D design model.
For many decades, AM processes have been used for rapid prototyping. Over the last few years, additive manufacturing has gained incredible interest in all industry facets: from aerospace applications to simple one-off consumer home builds. This technology has immense versatility and flexibility, due to its ability to create complex geometries with customizable material properties.
Discover how the additive manufacturing processing of metals makes it possible to design and build lightweight parts in real time and understand potential of heat treatments in vacuum for 3D printed parts.
The document summarizes research on simulating the ballistic performance of armour grade heat treated steel using explicit dynamics simulation. It validates the simulation approach by comparing results for depth of penetration to experimental data. It then uses the simulation to analyze the ballistic performance of steel targets of varying thicknesses tempered at 650°C and 200°C against a 7.62mm projectile. The simulation results match well with experimental findings and show the thickness at which the projectile will penetrate or deform on impact for each material condition.
This document discusses mechanical properties of materials and manufacturing processes. It covers topics like types of strain, tensile testing, true stress-strain curves, strain hardening, and effects of temperature and strain rate on properties. Figures and tables show stress-strain behaviors of various materials and typical strain rates for different metalworking processes like forging, rolling, and machining.
1. Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is a heat-treated ductile iron that produces a unique microstructure of ausferrite, consisting of a combination of high carbon-stabilized austenite and acicular ferrite.
2. ADI exhibits twice the strength of as-cast ductile iron at a given ductility level. It has excellent combinations of strength, ductility, toughness, and wear resistance.
3. There are six grades of ADI as defined by ASTM standards, with varying properties depending on the heat treatment parameters used. ADI finds applications in automotive and heavy machinery components like gears and wear parts.
This document is a master's thesis that models the adhesive interface between steel and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) using finite element analysis. The thesis aims to create a simplified finite element (FE) model of a laboratory composite beam test setup using shell elements and spring connectors to model the adhesive interface. The results from the model are compared to analytical calculations and a previous high-detail 3D solid element FE model. The model shows good agreement with theoretical interfacial shear stresses but it is difficult to study normal stresses due to the complex manual extraction process required. The simplified model is easy to create for 2D surfaces but would be complicated for 3D adhesive shapes.
This document discusses machining processes and metal cutting. It begins with an overview of common machining processes like turning and milling. It then covers topics such as orthogonal cutting, chip formation, different chip types, cutting forces, temperatures in cutting, tool geometry and wear. Diagrams illustrate cutting tool geometry, forces acting on tools, chip formation mechanisms, and experimental data on cutting parameters for different materials. The document provides information on machining processes and metal cutting for engineering materials.
EXPERIMENTAL WEAR ANALYSIS OF BORON CARBIDE COATED HIGH SPEED STEEL SUBSTRATEJournal For Research
The aim of the present work is to minimize the wear rate by nano-coating Boron Carbide (B4C) on the high speed steel (HSS) substrate. For this purpose the B4C is being coated on the substrate using sputter deposition method and the wear rate is being analysed by performing pin-on-disc experiment on the coated and uncoated substrate to compare the wear rate on both substrate. For application purpose the same coating is made on the HSS drill bit and surface morphology of the tools were studied by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) after performing same number of drilling operation by using both coated and uncoated drill bit to determine the effect of coating.
The document discusses casting processes and properties of cast materials. It includes figures and tables about temperature and density changes during solidification of pure metals and alloys, phase diagrams, cast microstructures, mold features, temperature distributions during casting, shrinkage rates of metals, mechanical properties of various cast alloys, and a table comparing characteristics of different casting processes. The figures and tables provide data on material properties and process characteristics.
Comparative Analysis of Composite Materials based on Stress and Vibration by ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on comparing the stress and vibration characteristics of different composite materials through experimental analysis. Specifically, it analyzes the natural frequency and mode shapes of cantilever beams made of steel, E-glass epoxy, and fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites using a fast Fourier transformer analyzer and stress testing with a universal testing machine. The study found that E-glass epoxy composite material performed better than steel and FRP materials with higher natural frequencies and was better able to withstand stresses. The behavior of vibrating structures obtained through experimental modal analysis can be used to validate results from finite element modeling of mode shapes.
This document discusses improving the properties of NiTi dental alloys through laser surface treatment. Key points:
- Laser surface treatment of NiTi samples led to a 1549% improvement in corrosion resistance and a 368% increase in hardness compared to untreated samples.
- Higher laser powers of 500-600W provided better results, with a 613% improvement in corrosion resistance and 141% increase in hardness over lower laser powers.
- Laser treatment also reduced nickel ion dissolution by 310%, with higher laser powers further lowering nickel ion release. Overall, laser surface treatment enhanced the corrosion resistance, hardness, and biocompatibility of the NiTi dental alloy.
Composites in aerospace structures by k s narayana raoKaushik Byna
The document discusses the use of composites in aerospace structures. It covers various topics such as composite applications, the design process, manufacturing techniques, qualification process, and helicopter applications. The manufacturing techniques section describes various composite manufacturing methods like vacuum bag molding, autoclave molding, resin transfer molding, filament winding, and pultrusion. The qualification process section outlines the building block approach for qualification which involves constituent, lamina, laminate, structural element, and structural subcomponent or full-scale testing.
Experimental study on flexural behavior of the self compacting concrete with ...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on the flexural behavior of self-compacting concrete with hybrid fibers. Tests were conducted to evaluate the compressive and flexural strength of self-compacting concrete mixtures containing different fiber combinations. Nylon e-300 microfibers and Nylon tuff macrofibers were added to self-compacting concrete mixtures in various volumes. The results showed that adding hybrid fibers improved the compressive and flexural strength properties of self-compacting concrete compared to plain self-compacting concrete.
Erosion wear behaviour of plasma sprayed ni crsibEbe Nezer G
The document discusses several studies on erosion wear behavior and coatings:
1) One study examines the erosion wear behavior of a plasma sprayed NiCrSiB/Al2O3 composite coating on AISI 304 steel. Testing found the coating protects the substrate at 30° and 90° impact angles.
2) Another study evaluates the cavitation erosion and corrosion resistance of WC-CoCr and FeCrSiBMn coatings deposited by HVOF spraying. The WC-CoCr coating showed better resistance in NaCl solution.
3) A third study optimizes NiCrSiB/WC-Co coatings deposited by HVOF using Taguchi methods. Testing identified standoff distance and powder
This is the presentation of my 8th semester project on Application of Artificial Neural Network in Friction Stir Processing. We have used AA5052. The presentation starts from the basics of Aluminium and FSP process and then first we predict the properties of Hardness, Roughness and Tensile strength using Minitab16 and then use Minitab16 to create dummy outputs which are fed into the ANN to train it.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and power consumption when turning 6063 aluminum alloy reinforced with 5% and 10% titanium carbide composites. 27 experimental runs were conducted using a full factorial design varying the machining parameters at three levels. Analysis of variance was used to determine the percentage contribution of each parameter on surface roughness and power consumption. The results showed that feed rate is the most significant parameter affecting surface roughness, while cutting speed has the greatest effect on power consumption. The conclusions provide insights on optimizing the machining parameters to minimize surface roughness and power usage during machining of these metal matrix composites.
This document summarizes a study on WC-Co coatings produced by HVOF spray technique on stainless steel substrates. Three coatings were produced with varying WC particle size ranges. SEM analysis showed uniform distribution of WC particles in the coatings. XRD analysis identified WC and Co phases in the coatings. Hardness testing and pin-on-disc wear testing was conducted under varying loads and speeds. The coating with larger WC particle size (45-90μm) exhibited the lowest wear rate, indicating improved wear resistance with larger WC particle size. SEM of the worn surfaces showed grooves, pulled out particles and cracks formed during wear testing.
Coating technologies provide sheet steel with superior corrosion resistance at low cost without impacting recyclability. Widespread use in manufacturing is due to a switch from uncoated to coated sheet in automotive and building industries. Coatings include metallic and organic types applied via hot or cold rolling and provide favorable application characteristics like excellent adhesion and formability.
Galvanizing is a process that provides corrosion protection to steel by applying a zinc coating. There are three main galvanizing methods: hot dipping steel in molten zinc, electroplating zinc onto steel, and galvannealing which involves galvanizing followed by annealing. Hot dip galvanizing provides a thick, uniform zinc coating and is commonly used for construction applications. Electrogalvanizing produces a thinner coating suitable for parts that require shaping after coating. Galvannealing improves formability and paintability. Aluminized steel uses a hot dip process with aluminum instead of zinc to provide corrosion resistance at higher temperatures.
Galvalume roofing sheets manufacturers in Indiamaharajaroofing
Maharaja Roofing Products is one of the leading companies for coated roofing sheets manufacturers and Z purlins manufacturers In India. We are number one manufacturers of Color coated roofing sheets, Z purlins.
A hot dip galvanizing plant was built in Balotesti county from 2011-2013 for the Italian company ZINCHERIA S.A. The plant covered 5500 square meters and included equipment on 25,000 square meters of land with a total value of 11.5 million euros.
This document provides specifications for hot dip zinc galvanization of steel. It outlines the general requirements including applicable codes, quality of zinc, surface preparation, and galvanizing process. It also specifies coating requirements such as the minimum mass of zinc coating for different steel thicknesses and types, as well as requirements for uniformity and freedom from defects. Testing methods are described for visual inspection, adhesion, uniformity, and mass of zinc coating. Criteria for conforming lots and scales of sampling are also provided.
Galvanizing for Corrosion Protection (AGA)Abrianto Akuan
This document provides an overview of corrosion protection for reinforcing steel through galvanizing. It discusses how corrosion occurs via electrochemical processes on steel and how zinc protects steel through barrier protection and cathodic protection. The hot dip galvanizing process coats steel in a protective zinc layer. Galvanized steel reinforcement provides corrosion resistance and maintains the mechanical properties of steel in concrete structures.
1. The document describes the manufacturing process for galvanized steel frames used in power transmission towers. It involves planning and design, obtaining raw materials, fabrication which includes cutting, marking, drilling and other machining, and a final galvanization process to prevent corrosion.
2. Key steps in the fabrication process are cutting the steel angles to size, marking them according to drawings, drilling holes using precision machines, and bending frames into shape. Coolants are used to prevent overheating during machining.
3. The galvanization process provides corrosion protection by coating the fabricated steel frames with zinc via hot-dipping. Zinc corrodes more slowly than steel, protecting the frames for decades in harsh environments.
2012 Bolted joints - Bolted joints in real conditionsErik Galdames
A summary of the conditions encountered when tightening bolts in the automotive industry. Experiences when using different materials and different tightening procedures. Based on experience and specifications of the automotive industry
The document describes a new solution called Recyclean for the hot-dip galvanizing process that uses biological degreasing and activated pickling to improve sustainability. It involves a bio reactor, pumps, dosing equipment and pH regulators to biologically degrease and pickling parts. This system allows degreasing and pickling baths to be used for over 10 years without dumping, reduces water usage by reusing rinsing water, and can save up to 10% on zinc consumption compared to traditional galvanizing processes.
This document discusses hot dip galvanizing, which provides superior corrosion protection for machinery used in corrosive environments. It involves cleaning and dipping metal components in acid and then molten zinc. This results in uniform coating that self-heals scratches and lasts much longer than paint. However, it is more expensive due to additional processing steps and may cause distortion or inconsistent coloring of parts. While providing excellent longevity, hot dip galvanizing also has downsides related to cost, delivery times, and potential issues from heat distortion.
This master's thesis analyzes a new 3rd generation dual phase steel called DP600HD and compares it to other commonly used automotive grades. DP600HD has higher strength and formability than the standard DP600 steel due to improved work hardening capability. Finite element simulations show that two body panels can be formed with DP600HD using less thickness than DP600, resulting in weight reduction while meeting dimensional requirements. The study demonstrates the potential to substitute DP600HD for other grades in automotive body applications. More broadly, the analysis method can be applied to evaluate new advanced high strength steel materials.
This document provides information about Taishan Sports Industry Group and their carbon bicycle frames. It includes details about their manufacturing process, carbon technologies used, frame models offered in mountain, gravel and road categories, components produced, and custom OEM services. Their goal is to provide high quality, durable carbon frames through research and testing at their three R&D institutes.
This document provides information about Taishan Sports Industry Group and their carbon bicycle frames. It includes details on their manufacturing process, carbon technologies used, frame models for mountain, gravel and road bikes, components offered, and custom OEM services. Their mountain bike frames are designed for competition and include 27.5" and 29" hardtail models.
"Accelerating the development of lightweight aluminium solutions for automotive structures and Crash Management Systems” takes a closer look at HSA6, Constellium’s latest high-strength alloy. It also highlights capabilities of the new Constellium University Technology Center at Brunel University London, a dedicated center of excellence for the design, development and full-scale rapid prototyping of aluminium alloys, extrusions and automotive structural components.
Presented by Martin Jarrett, Director, Operational Excellence and Technology, November 30 at ALUMINIUM 2016.
Advanced Materials International Forum, Bari 18-19 settembre, conferenza internazionale dedicata ai materiali avanzati e alle loro possibili applicazioni nei settori industriali, con un focus particolare sui trasporti (aerospazio, automotive, navale e cantieristico).
Hicasting is a leading aluminum gravity and sand casting company in South Korea that is ISO 9001/14001 certified. They provide customized casting solutions for applications in automotive, industrial machinery, and other sectors. Their core technologies include hybrid casting, complex casting, angle tilt casting, and pressure dynamic casting to produce parts with intricate internal geometries and that can withstand high pressures. Hicasting works with major global companies and pursues R&D to further optimize their casting processes.
Krishna Kumar is seeking a challenging position utilizing his 8+ years of experience in heat treatment metallurgy, quality control, and production management. He currently works as a senior engineer at VE Commercial Vehicles, where he controls heat treatment processes, performs inspections and testing, handles documentation, and improves production. Previously, he worked at JMT Auto and Soni Auto Allied Industries in similar quality and metallurgy roles. Krishna holds a diploma in tool room operations, bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering, and is pursuing a bachelor's in metallurgical engineering.
Element Materials Technology Hitchin - O&G ServicesWilliam Barnes
Element Hitchin is a specialist in materials testing and research for the oil and gas sector. It was founded in 1986 and acquired by Element in 2012. It has 40,000 square feet of lab space across three buildings and 50 employees. It provides materials and product testing, finite element analysis, and consultancy services to international clients, focusing on polymers, elastomers, thermoplastics, adhesives, and composites. Its core competencies include service-relevant testing, life prediction modeling, technical audits, training, and conferences. It has extensive high pressure high temperature testing capabilities under sweet, sour, and permeation conditions.
The document presents research on optimizing machining parameters for end milling of titanium alloy with coated tungsten carbide inserts. The research aims to identify key process parameters, design experiments using optimization techniques, conduct experiments, analyze results, and determine optimal parameters. Process parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, and insert coating will be varied across experiments. Responses like cutting forces, surface roughness, and material removal rate will be measured and used to optimize the parameters for end milling titanium alloy.
Structural Damage and Maintenance Day 1tti-sharmila
The aim of this presentation is to provide a consistent test/fail guideline for light and heavy vehicle inspections that are in line with the RTA Guide.
Accelerating the Development of Aluminium Lightweighting SolutionsConstellium
Accelerating the Development of Aluminium Lightweighting Solutions for Body-In-White and Crash Management Systems.
Need for innovative aluminium lightweight solutions - Market growth of aluminium sheet & extrusion - Driving innovation in the Constellium University Technology Center
1. Advancements in CAE and manufacturing technologies are providing opportunities for diversification and improvement in the metal casting industry. This includes award-winning optimized designs from topology optimization and simulations.
2. Companies are using these technologies to improve existing automotive and sports components, reducing weight by up to 50% while maintaining strength. This allows compliance with emissions regulations.
3. The technologies also enable feasible smaller production runs and diversification into new industries like tooling, with 3D printed fixtures. Overall these advancements are driving lighter, smarter, and more efficient product design.
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE STEEL’S CONTRIBUTION IN LIGHTWEIGHTINGiQHub
The document discusses how advanced manufacturing technologies can enhance steel's contribution to mass efficient automotive body structures. It covers developments in steel grades, modeling, pre-processing, and advanced manufacturing techniques. Combining these technologies allows automakers to achieve right-weighted, mass efficient vehicles using steel while meeting objectives related to vehicle programs, business, and performance. The technologies provide opportunities for steel to remain an optimal material choice for automakers developing more efficient electric vehicles.
Vehicle Light Weighting - A Greener, Composite Solution (for Class A Body Pan...OC_Composites
Presentation at CAMX 2015 by Dhruv Raina, Corporate Sustainability Leader, and Michael Hiltunen of CSP, about a study on a decklid part that includes strategies for material light weighting and its impact on the environment.
Case studies on improving testing processes for batteries, interior components, composites and electronics.
Presented at Automotive Testing Expo Europe 2016.
This document summarizes advances in fiberglass properties for wind turbine blades. It discusses the evolution of glass fiber innovations from 1939 to present day, including the development of high modulus glass fibers with improved strength and corrosion resistance. It also outlines market trends driving demands for larger, more durable blades. Recent test results show increasing modulus and fatigue life of unidirectional fiberglass fabrics reinforced with high modulus glass fibers. Case studies demonstrate how these materials improve blade design and performance.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Different Characteristics of Hollow and Sol...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and analysis of hollow and solid propeller shafts made from different materials for a heavy duty truck. It analyzes carbon steel, aluminum, Kevlar epoxy composite, glass epoxy composite, and epoxy carbon composite materials. Mathematical calculations are shown for maximum torque, shear stress, strain, deflection, and critical speed for hollow and solid propeller shaft designs made from aluminum and carbon steel. A comparative analysis is conducted of the different materials.
Presentation by David Hartman, Senior Technical Staff, Owens Corning at CAMX on October 15, 2014. Advances in reinforcement materials, specifically glass fiber materials, should not go unnoticed. In this presentation discover new advances in glass fiber technology areas, applications to various markets and the needs of those markets, as well as current advances in fiber reinforcement materials and forms.
This document discusses how corrosion costs industries billions of dollars annually and presents fiberglass reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as a material that can help reduce corrosion costs. It provides examples showing that FRP often has lower capital and lifetime costs than traditional materials like stainless steel for applications in industries like chemical processing, water treatment, and oil and gas that deal with corrosive environments. The document encourages identifying suitable applications for FRP and properly selecting materials and fabricators to construct FRP solutions that deliver long-term corrosion resistance performance.
Similar to 3rd CAMS 2014_TWIP-TRIP Steels_FINAL_2014 (20)
Advantex glass for industrial corrosion - An industry issue creates an opport...
3rd CAMS 2014_TWIP-TRIP Steels_FINAL_2014
1. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Alloy Design UHS Intercritically Annealed
6%-12%Mn TWIP+TRIP Steel
B. C. De Cooman
Materials Design Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology
Pohang University of Science and Technology
Pohang, South Korea
CAMS 2014
MATERIALS AUSTRALIA
November 26th-28th, 2014
Sydney, NSW, AUSTRALIA
3. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
The world’s only fully
accredited Institute
in Steel Science and
Technology
• Research Areas:
Alternative Technology
Control & Automation
Computational Metallurgy
Clean Steel
Environmental Metallurgy
Microstructure Control
Materials Design
Material Mechanics
Surface Engineering
4. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
The world’s only fully
accredited Institute
in Steel Science and
Technology
• Research Areas:
Alternative Technology
Control & Automation
Computational Metallurgy
Clean Steel
Environmental Metallurgy
Microstructure Control
Materials Design
Material Mechanics
Surface Engineering
5. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
The world’s only fully
accredited Institute
in Steel Science and
Technology
• Research Areas:
Alternative Technology
Control & Automation
Computational Metallurgy
Clean Steel
Environmental Metallurgy
Microstructure Control
Materials Design
Material Mechanics
Surface Engineering
6. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Global Trends Automotive Steel Grades
The increasing use of AHSS/UHSS use is driven by…
• The need for high volume vehicles at competitive prices.
• Stringent regulations and corporate goals for:
Passenger safety
Fuel economy
Lower greenhouse gas emissions
• Sustained efforts by the steel industry to innovate and create advanced steels, and original,
steel-based solutions and methods, which underline the large potential of steel.
Car makers test, utilize multi-materials designs, but steel remains dominant…
• Steel, the material of choice for BIW: 99% passenger cars have a steel BIW.
• 60-70% of the car weight consisting of steel or steel-based parts.
• Globalization requires world-wide availability and global procurement of standard materials.
• The automotive industry makes excursions in light materials applications but there is only a
slight actual increase in the use of Al, Mg and plastics…. but this may change!
7. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Lightweighting: Mass “Containment”, Mass “Reduction”
• Low gas mileage: 0.3l-0.6l/100km fuel use reduction for a 100kg weight reduction
• Less greenhouse gas emissions: 2020 target ~100gr/km
• NHTSA CAFE Standards for 2017
New mpg target: DOUBLE the average mpg for new cars, trucks
54.5 mpg will cut of gas emissions by HALF
Current situation
Best US highway mileage 2012: 42 mpg (Chevrolet CRUZE)
Other example: 32 mpg (VW Passat )
General situation: 25mpg in US, 45 mpg in EU, better in Japan
Passenger Safety:
• Low peak deceleration, long crush length, long time duration of crash pulse
• High energy dissipation with minimum intrusion
• Higher impact strength for A and B Pillars
• Anti-Intrusion applications: front and rear crash, side intrusion
• Tougher collision and rollover safety test for the 5-star rating
Closure Applications:
• Dent resistance
Coated Products:
• Perforation and cosmetic corrosion resistance
• Surface quality, visual
Other Issues:
• Noise and Vibrations
• Vehicle Handling, Stiffness and Torsional Rigidity
Global Trends Automotive Steel Grades
23. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Strain Hardening Engineering
0
0
True strain
Truestress,strainhardeningrate,MPa
Gain in strength
and ductility !
u
)(
d
d
24. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
0
0
True strain
Truestress,strainhardeningrate,MPa
Gain in strength
and ductility !
Strain Hardening Engineering
u
)(
d
d
Dislocation
Accumulation
or Storage
(Stage II)
Dislocation
Annihilation
or Dynamic recovery
(Stage III)
ρkρk
dε
dρ
dε
dρ
dε
dρ
21
38. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
6Mn
TWIP1000
Truestress,MPa
Workhardeningrate,MPa
True strain
TWIP 1000: 18%Mn0.6%C1.5%Al
Medium Mn 1: 12%Mn0.3%C3.0%Al
Medium Mn 2: 10%Mn0.3%C3.0%Al2.0%Si
Medium Mn 3: 8%Mn0.4%C3.0%Al2.0%Si
Medium Mn 4: 6%Mn0.3%C3.0%Al1.5%Si
Mechanical properties at reduced Mn
DSA
39. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Original concept: TWIP Steel
Deformation
g
g
Fully Austenitic
Low SFE
Dislocation plasticity
Twinning-induced plasticity
Low YS / High Strain Hardening
g
g
High Mn TWIP Steel Design Concept
Austenite:
e.g. 18% Mn 0.6% C +Al
41. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
)(Gb)( o gag
Kocks-Mecking Model
[1] P. S. Follansbee, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 41A (2010), pp. 3080-3090.
[2] T. Gladman, Mater. Sci. Tech-Lond, 15 (1999), pp. 30-36.
[3] J. G. Speer, B. C. De Cooman, Fundamentals of Steel Product Physical Metallurgy, AIST, 2011.
[4] S. Takaki, K. Takeda, N Nakada, T Tsuchiyama,, IAS 2008, Pohang, Korea, p. 107
[5] Y. Estrin, H. Mecking, Acta Metall., 32 (1984), pp. 57-70.
[6] O. Bouaziz, Y. Estrin, Y. Brechet, J.D. Embury, Scripta Mater., 63 (2010), pp. 477-479.
o )T,(p g [1]
)d,f( preprepre [2]
)X( is [3]
D
ky
[4]
)(k)(
b
k
b
P
d
d
2
1
gg
g
-
Ferrite Austenite
[5]
0D gg
111
a D
'
'
0
F
F1
c2
a
a
-
p : Pierels stress
pre : Pierels stress
s : Solid solution strengtheing
ky : Hall-petch constant
D : Grain size
: Dislocation density
P : Grain size dependent constant [6]
K1
: Constant
K2
: Constant
G : Shear modulus
b : Burgers vector
42. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Modeling result at room temperature
Exp.
Model
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Truestress,MPa
True strain
Exp.
Model
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
d/d,MPa
True strain
Model
Exp._Magnetic saturation
Exp._XRD
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Martensitevolumefraction
True strain
Coarse grained d
k1 : 0.01
k2 : 1.307
UFG a
UFG g
Martensite
k1 : 0.01
k2 : 1.012
k1 : 0.015
k2 : 1.005
k1 : 0.306
k2 : 39.1
Constitutive modeling of medium Mn steel
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38Temperature,oC
True strain
Exp.
Model
Max
Min
44. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Deformation
g
gFully
austenitic
g: Deformation-induced twinning
a: Dislocation glide
Ferrite/Austenite formation
C, Mn partitioning
Al, Si partitioning
Grain size refinement
SFE increase
Lowering Ms temperature
g
a
Cooling
Retained
g
a’Mainly
martensitic
g
a
C, Mn
Al, Si
Intercritical
annealing
Austenite
fg: 100%
8% Mn 0.3% C
Austenite
fg: 50%
16% Mn 0.6% C
Medium Mn TWIP Steel Design Concept
45. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Deformation
g
gFully
austenitic
g: Deformation-induced twinning
g: Transformation-induced plasticity
a: Dislocation glide
g
a
Cooling
g
a’Mainly
martensitic
g
aIntercritical
annealing
a’
C, Mn
Al, Si
Medium Mn TWIP+TRIP Steel
46. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Strain Hardening Engineering of UFG Steel
Ultra Fine
Grain Size
a
Multi-phase
microstructure
g
Precipitates
VC
Bimodal
Grain size
Distribution
Larger grains
Martensite reversion +
intercritical annealing
54. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
γ
γ+α+θ
γ+α
γ+α+(Fe,Mn)5C2
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Mass percent C
Temperature(°C)
1 μm
1 μm
10 μm
γ+α΄
γ+α
α+ α΄+(Fe,Mn)5C2
Microstructure at room temperature
gaM23C6
Fe-C-10Mn-3Al-2Si
1500
1000
500
0
0.0 0.5 1.0
Temperature,°C
Carbon content,mass-%
aM23C6
aM23C6
M5C2
aM5C2
g
3 mm
g
a
a
a
g
Fe-0.3C-10Mn-3Al-2Si
T:750°C
gaM5C2
ga
900
750
gaq
(a) (b)
Strain Hardening 10-12% Mn Steel
EBSD: Phase map
Microstructure Medium Mn Steel
(10%Mn)
55. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Microstructure Medium Mn Steel
Example: 12% Mn, nucleation UFGs on twin boundaries
After hot rolling After cold rolling
Hot rolled 12%Mn: Austenitic with 2% ferrite.
Cold rolled 12%Mn: Austenitic with martensite + twinning.
Ferrite
Austenite
Martensite
Twins
After intercritical annealing
UFG α+γ (1 < μm)
66. MATERIALS DESIGN LABORATORY
Conclusions
New 1GPa UHSS grades for automotive applications:
High Mn, Austenitic MBIP-SBIP Steel
High Mn, Austenitic TWIP Steel
Medium Mn, multi-phase TWIP+TRIP Steel
Medium Mn, Multi-phase TRIP Steel
Press Hardening Steel
Quench and Partitioning Processed Steel
Some concepts are “out-of-the-box” in terms of cost, processing, application
performance, … and the alloy fundamentals are challenging.
Current research focus on selecting and optimizing best concepts:
Multi-phase TWIP+TRIP steel with 6-10% Mn
Multi-phase UFG TRIP steel with 5-7% Mn
Application properties receiving attention:
Delayed fracture
Hole expansion and stretch forming performance
Coatings