This document summarizes a study on women's empowerment in Pakistan. The study uses survey data from 10,935 married women to examine the socioeconomic factors that influence women's social and economic empowerment. The results of regression analysis show that women's education, occupation, household wealth, and men's occupation have a positive and statistically significant impact on women's empowerment. However, women's age and residence were found to have a positive but insignificant effect. Educated and employed women tended to be more empowered and able to participate in household decision making. Overall, the study found that increasing women's participation in decisions at home is important for empowering women and supporting household management.

1. Volumen:39-3 // ISSN: 1133-3197
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v39i2.3884
Monografico
Women Empowerment in Pakistan: Assessing the Socio-
Economic Determinants
FAQEER MUHAMMAD1, KOSAR BANO2, KHAIR MUHAMMAD3, TASAWAR BAIG4
1
Department of Economics, KARAKORAM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, GILGIT-BALTISTAN,
E-mail: faqeer@kiu.edu.pk
2
Department of Economics, KARAKORAM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, GILGIT-BALTISTAN,
E-mail: rasokneebaj@gmail.com
3
Department of Economics, SOUTH CHINA NORMAL UNIVERSITY, CHINA,
E-mail: dr_km@outlook.com
4
Department of Economics, KARAKORAM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, GILGIT-BALTISTAN,
E-mail: tasawar.baig@kiu.edu.pk
ABSTRACT
The present study is an effort to explore the important factors that contributes to the women empowerment in
Pakistan, with an obtained the objective this study classifies the women empowerment into economic and social
empowerment. For this purpose, the data is collected from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) for
the year 2017-18. The sample of the study is 10,935 married women and the current research utilizes multiple
regression analysis for empirical analysis. The results of the regression analysis show that women education,
women occupation, wealth index and men occupation have a positive and statistically significant effect on
women empowerment, whereas women age and residence have a positive and insignificant effect on women
social and economic empowerment. From the result, we found that educated and self-reliant working women
are more empowered, and she can play important role in decision making process vis-à-vis to support household
level. In sum, women participation in a decision at household is important, as women can smoothly manage
domestic chores more confidently.
Keywords: Women autonomy, participation, education, women empowerment
JEL Classification: O150, I25, Z10
Recibido: 15 de Agosto de 2020
Aceptado: 9 de Octubre de 2020

2. Faqeer Muhammad, Kosar jabbin, Khair Muhammad, Tasawar Baig
2
1. Introduction
Woman participation in decision making at the domestic level is important for addressing the wider
socio-economic issues in any given society. Women who are empowered to make their own decisions
have higher self-esteem than their contemporaries. Baig et al (2018) show that the confidence
provided by a higher sense of self-worth in women contributes significantly to the overall development
of a region. The evolving global norms and commitments of 21st
century suggests a broad-based
understanding on various socio-economic, political and environmental issue areas, which helps in
awakening of social consciousness and preserve the basic rights of individuals. For instance, for gender
sensitization and protection of women’s right the 5th
goal out of the 17th
sustainable development goal
emphasize “to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” (UN, 2015) the world.
These goals include end of discrimination and violence against girls and women across the world by
2030.
In recent years, the growth of awareness and tangible opportunities to pursue education and
professional career enables women to be more independent and confident in taking decisions at the
domestic and professional life. Women participation has increased due to multiple factors including
access to education, awareness provided through the media and through a better understanding with
their spouses. Subsequently, women are well aware of their rights, have the freedom to choose for
themselves, which brings more and more acceptability in society, where women can now go outside
from their home to meet their friends and relative without any fear and restriction.
Despite, the higher scale of connectivity and globalizing feature of human societies, the truth is
there are still divides across the world between north-south, rural – urban, haves and haves not. As a
result, women’s participation in decision-making is different in the dichotomous settings of our social
world. For example, in urban areas, women are more educated and they enjoy liberty and social space
in decisions related to personal, family, social and professional life. In rural areas, women’s
participation is low because they are unaware of their rights primarily owing to inaccessibility to
education and normative limitations, have low living conditions, and lack adequate health facilities. In
rural areas, the head of the family makes the majority of the decisions related to the household. All
family members are bound to follow the decisions of the head of family. In rural areas, most of the
families live in joint family systems, where the apart from head of house hold, only elder women of
the household have given a moderate space in decision-making. In contrast, developed countries
where both women and men have equal rights in the decision-making process. In such societies, both
men and women enjoy a privilege to make decisions according to their own will in social, economic,
political and other administrative matters. In many developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin
America, the male members of a household mostly take the decisions.
Women empowerment is a broader phenomenon and which can be further categorized into social,
economic, political and legal empowerment etc. Various empirical studies have shown numerous
determinants of women empowerment. According to Mahmood (2002), women empowerment
depends on the region i.e. rural or urban. Similarly, education and women employment determines
women decision making at the household level (Mahairshad & Arif, 2016). Similarly, social
backwardness and religious conservatism also constrain women freedom (Banerjee & Roy, 2015).
Gender inequality and social status are also the two main hurdles, which affects the decision making
of women (Mekonnen & Asrese, 2014). Similarly, sometimes husbands and mother in law affects the
autonomy of married women’s (Khan, 2014). On the other hand, women’s living in Barani areas
possess higher participation in decision at household as compared to rest of the areas of Punjab (Sathar
& Kazi, 2000).
There are several factors, which affect women participation at the household level in developing
countries. The main factors include; cultural and social norms that limit the participation of women in
the day-to-day decision making, which ultimately affects the family in general, and the whole society
in particular. The majority of the decision in rural and tribal areas are taken by men and the
responsibilities and participation of women are limited within the home. However, the current study

3. Women Empowerment in Pakistan: Assessing the Socio-Economic Determinants
3
explores the important factors of female social and economic empowerment in Pakistan. In the
present study, an effort has been made to examine how male and female occupation affects women’s
social and economic empowerment in Pakistan. In addition, the study also intends to explore the
effects of women education, wealth index and residence on social and economic empowerment of
women. This study has unique importance because it addresses the key factors of women’s
empowerment. Woman participation in decision at domestic level is important for addressing the
socio-economic issues. On the other hand, the findings of the study have policy implications for the
policy makers of Pakistan.
2. Literature Review
Recently a large number of studies have (Ibrahim, & Asad, 2020; Chowdhury & Somani, 2020;
Kabeer, 2020; Kapoor, 2019; Karwati, Ansori, & Mulyono, 2018) discussed the women’s
empowerment. The recent research of Rehman, Moazzam and Ansari (2020) showed that the
influential factors that affect women’s empowerment are education, age, family type and marital
status. The study of Anwar, Shoaib and Javed (2013) shows the positive and significant relationship
between women independence and domestic decision-making. The data is collected from 138 married
women from four different districts of Sialkot. Similarly, the same study was conducted by Acharya et.,
al (2010), and its findings have shown a statistically significant relationship between women
independence and decision making in age, working women and childbirth. Educated and employed
women can make a decision freely in medical treatment; they can go outside from home for domestic
tasks freely. And, there is a positive relationship between education and women autonomy. The study
outcomes of Mahmood’s (2002) research show that women autonomy also depends on status and
region where they live. The study findings indicate that women, who are living in urban areas are more
educated and have high status. They can participate more and equally to their husband in household
decision making as compared to women’s living in rural areas. However, a significant ratio of women
in rural areas are uneducated and their husbands and other elder family members dominate the
decision making processes. Though, women have the autonomy to participate in deciding daily life
matters but overall Pakistani society is a patriarchal society, which suffocates the social space for
women on equal terms as men enjoys.
The research study of Mahairshad and Arif (2016) have found the significant influence of women
employment and education on domestic decision-making and financial activities. This study collected
a sample of 300 working women in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The findings have shown that employed
women can freely participate in household decision-making and manage the financial activities as well,
while the unemployed married women do not participate in domestic decision-making. Roy et.al
(2017) studied the impact of women earning and their role in deciding domestic level. By and large of
women are either housewives and engage in domestic chores, and no tangible reward or wage for this
job. The results revealed that females earning are significantly related to women’s education and
negatively related to their age, number of family members and region. Sathar and Kazi (2000) finding
shows that the status of women also affects women independence. Similarly, the result shows that
women living in Barani areas can participate more in decision making in the absence of their husbands,
who normally remains outside village for the employment purpose. However, in other regions of
Punjab, women participation is comparatively low in the decision at the household level. Kabutiei
(2013) findings show that there is a strong relationship among female access to economic activities,
education level and reproductive judgments making and mostly women’s have permissible to visit their
friends and relative houses freely. Their result also elaborates that social, economic and traditional
factors effects decision making.
Banerjee and Roy (2015) explain different determinants which affect women independence in
India. According to the “social backwardness and religious conservativeness” have decreased the
authority of women independence. Besides, working women can also participate in the social and
financial decision, but the socio-cultural norms and values deter females making choice or decisions
on family and social matters. Researchers also found that financial independence is an important

4. Faqeer Muhammad, Kosar jabbin, Khair Muhammad, Tasawar Baig
4
feature of women independence, as when they have cash in their hand, they can make of savings and
spending in an astute manner. Mekonnen and Asrese (2014) conducted a study that show that the
most important problem in decision-making is gender inequality and social status mostly in under
developing countries. Their findings show that women participation in taking decision can be increased
by providing equal rights, women’s empowerment and education. Agreeing to multiple factors impact,
Khan (2014) also lists series of factors which affect women autonomy at the household level. Primarily,
Khan’s research vindicates that even if the education levels of their husbands do not increase, then
impact of the freedom and independence of women along his income level effects negatively.
Similarly, the study conducted by Heaton et.al (2005) proves that women autonomy could be affected
by social and economic status. There findings’ illustrate that women independence can be increased
when women have a specific status in the society. Women status can be increased by providing better
education, skills etc.
In regard to multiple factors, the issue of dowry is remained a huge constraints in stabilizing a joy
and peace in family’s life. In this regard, the work of Eswaran and Malhotra (2011) suggests that
women from richer family mostly face domestic violence, because husbands demand more money and
assets from her parents. Their findings also showed that the majority of women wishes to have more
sons over daughters because if a large number of sons then their autonomy will increase in taking
decisions at the household level. Castro’s (2014) findings have shown that women autonomy and
participation in decision-making can be increased by providing equal opportunities and decreasing the
gender gap.
Finally, the other studies of Alonge (2017), Murtaza (2012), and Bradshaw (2013) have shown about
the positive relationship among empowers women and their role in final decision making at domestic
level. These Studies show that women’s participation in decision making at community level and
household level. Women empowerment had increased the socio-economic status, they can contribute
in domestic earning, and their dependence on husbands has been decreased. In addition, the working
women can take decisions by themselves as compare to unemployed in decision related to day-to-day
purchases and freedom of movement.
3. Research Methodology
Table 1 Variables Description
Variable Description Data source
socepw social empowerment PDHS
ecoepw economic empowerment PDHS
windx wealth index PDHS
wmage women age PDHS
weduc women education PDHS
wocup women occupation PDHS
mocup men occupation PDHS
residn region PDHS
This research adopted multiple regression analysis to explore the factors of social and economic
determinants of women’s empowerment in Pakistan. The data is collected from the PDHS for the year
2017-2018. The dependent variables of the study are social and economic empowerment. The variable
social empowerment is developed by taking the average of two indicators of social empowerment in
PDHS data. Similarly, economic empowerment is constructed by the average of two economic
indicators. This study has also developed a wealth index from the various indicators of wealth from
PDHS data. The details of the variable’s description are given in Table 1. In addition, VIF is used to
check the expected Multicollinearity among the variables. Lastly, descriptive statistics is used to

5. Women Empowerment in Pakistan: Assessing the Socio-Economic Determinants
5
explain the nature of the data and correlation matrix is utilized to show the correlation among the
explanatory variables of the present study.
3.1. Model Specification
wempw = f (wedu, wocp, wage, windx, mocp, residn) (1)
This research further categorizes the women’s empowerment into social and economic
empowerment. The regression model for social empowerment is given below
socepw =α +β1wedu +β2wocp +β3wage +β4windx +β5mocp +β6residn+ ut (2)
On the other hand, the regression model of economic empowerment is
ecoepw =α +β1wedu +β2wocp +β3wage +β4windx +β5mocp +β6residn+ ut (3)
The data is collected from the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) for the year 2017-18
and taking married women as a sample 16-49 years. Lastly, the data analysis is carried out in STATA-
14.
4. Results and Discussion
The results of the descriptive statistics are given in Table 2
Table 2 Descriptive Statistics
ecempw soempw windx wmage weduc wocup mocup residn
Mean .4211706 .4710562 2.650206 29.32209 .7559214 .2161866 .9749428 1.585002
Maximum 9 9 4 49 3 1 1 2
Minimum 0 0 1 16 0 0 0 1
Std. Dev. .5329416 .5365368 1.188208 6.133921 1.039179 .4116618 .1563059 .4927442
Skewness 4.514972 4.266811 -.1761915 .4844353 .9974177 1.37893 -6.077373 -.3450317
Kurtosis 69.34898 66.21336 1.509906 2.826358 2.53744 2.901448 37.93446 1.119047
N 10935 10935 10935 10935 10935 10935 10935 10935
The mean of women age is 29% this shows that the women participate at the age of 29. The
minimum age is 16 and maximum age is 49. The value of the kurtosis of the majority of the variables
are less than 3 which shows Platykurtic. However, the kurtosis of three variables i.e. Economic, social
empowerment and male occupation is higher than 3 showing Leptokurtic. The coefficients of the
skewness of the variables; male occupation, residence and wealth is negative while the coefficients of
rest of the variables have positive sign.
Table 3 Correlation Matrix
ecempw soempw wmage weduc wocup mocup windx residn
ecempw 1.0000
soempw 0.8526 1.0000
wmage 0.0705 0.0104 1.0000
weduc 0.0073 0.0601 -0.1138 1.0000
wocup 0.0520 0.0596 0.0867 -0.1056 1.0000
mocup 0.0284 0.0306 0.0174 0.0085 0.0302 1.0000
windx 0.0705 0.0700 -0.0536 0.5344 -0.2255 0.0454 1.0000
residn -0.0319 -0.0352 -0.0027 -0.3589 0.1457 -0.0317 -0.5288 1.0000
From Table 3 the results of the correlation matrix have shown that all variables under consideration
are less correlated to each other. Therefore, based on the findings the problem of the Multicollinearity
is not expected among the independent variables. To check the Multicollinearity Variance Inflation

6. Faqeer Muhammad, Kosar jabbin, Khair Muhammad, Tasawar Baig
6
Factor (VIF) is used and the results are given in Table 4. The results of the VIF shows the absence of
Multicollinearity among the explanatory variables.
Table 4 VIF
VIF 1/VIF
windx 1.77 0.566204
wmage 1.02 0.978100
weduc 1.43 0.697552
wocup 1.06 0.939973
mocup 1.00 0.995485
residn 1.41 0.709433
Mean VIF 1.28
This study utilized multiple regression analysis for empirical analysis and the findings of the
estimation are given in Table 4. The results of the Model 1 that represents the results of the economic
empowerment have shown that wealth index has positive and significant effect on women’s economic
empowerment. Similarly, the influential determinants of economic empowerment are women’s
education and occupation. The previous studies e.g. Acharya et al. (2010) also reveals that education
is an important determinant of women autonomy. Similarly, Riyami, Afifi, and Mabry (2004) also find
education as a key factor in women’s status. However, “education and employment do not necessarily
enhance women’s autonomy” (Jejeebhoy & Sathar 2001).
The results have also revealed that in Pakistan the occupation of the prime bread winner of the
family, invariably a male member, also determines the economic empowerment of the women in the
households. On the other, the effect of women’s age on economic empowerment is not significant but
its effect is positive. Lastly, women living in urban or rural areas is not a major determinant of economic
empowerment. However, the study of Mahmood (2002) shows that women living in more educated
households participate more in domestic decision-making. In contrast to urban areas, the rural women
are less educated, and the male takes the majority of the decisions.
Table 5 Regression Results
Model 1 Model 2
economic empowerment social empowerment
windx 0.0336***
(5.92)
0.0323***
(5.66)
wmage 0.000712
(0.85)
0.000945
(1.12)
weduc 0.0146*
(2.49)
0.0167**
(2.84)
wocup 0.0897***
(7.06)
0.100***
(7.84)
mocup 0.0778*
(2.39)
0.0848**
(2.59)
residn 0.00667
(0.57)
0.00414
(0.34)
N 10935 10935
t statistics in parentheses
* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001
This study also explores the factors of the social empowerment and the second column of Table 5
shows the regression results. The outcomes of the study have shown that wealth determines the social
empowerment of women in Pakistan. Similarly, women with higher academic qualifications enjoy
higher social empowerment. The decision making power of women also depends upon the occupation
of both the men and women in the household. Banerjee and Roy (2013) also find that working women

7. Women Empowerment in Pakistan: Assessing the Socio-Economic Determinants
7
have a higher level of participation in financial and social decision making. However, religious and
cultural norms are constraining factors for female decision making within the home and outside. On
the other hand, Fuseini and Kalule-Sabiti (2015) show that religion does matter for female autonomy.
Lastly, the effect of woman age and residence is not significant but it has a positive influence on social
empowerment.
Besides, Anwar, Shoaib and Javed (2013) also observed an influential relationship between
women’s autonomy and domestic decisions. Similarly, the decision-making ability is more in working
women’s in contrast to uneducated women’s which suggests that educating women of rural areas is
important for women empowerment. To enhance the family earning it is important to empower
women which will reduce dependence on men’s in turn (Murtaza, 2012). In addition, the other factors
which affects the decision making are political, social and economic (Kabutiei, 2013). Similarly, social
backwardness and religious conservatism reduce women autonomy (Banerjee & Roy, 2013).
5. Conclusion and Recommendations
The present study aimed to explore the influential determinants of women’s empowerment in
Pakistan. Further, this study categorizes the women empowerment into social and economic
empowerment. The sample of the study consists of 10,935 married women from age 16-49 and data
is obtained from the “Pakistan demographic health survey” (PDHS) for the year 2017-18. The
regression results of the Model 1 and 2 have shown that women education, women occupation, wealth
index and men occupation have a positive and statistically significant effect on women social and
economic empowerment. Whereas women age and gender have positive and insignificant relation
with women autonomy. The former studies have shown several factors that affect women
participation in developing countries at the household level. The two important factors i.e. cultural
and social norms limit the women’s participation in the day-to-day decision in tribal and rural areas.
The lack of women’s participation ultimately affects the family in general and the whole society in
particular. Besides, the majority of the decision in rural and tribal areas are taken by men and women
responsibilities and participation are limited within the home. Rather and Bhat (2017) research high
light the direct and indirect contribution of rural women to their families and their rule in poverty
reduction. Therefore, by empowering women’s living standard of people can be increased in Pakistan.
The outcomes of the study have shown that educated and empower women can play an important
role in decision making at the household level. In addition, their involvement in decision-making is vital
because women can easily handle all domestic chores more confidently. Therefore, women’s
empowerment can be enhanced by providing equal opportunities and reducing the gender gap
(Castro, 2014).
References
1. Acharya, D. R., Bell, J. S., Simkhada, P., Van Teijlingen, E. R., & Regmi, P. R. (2010). Women's
Autonomy in Household Decision-Making: A Demographic Study in Nepal. Reproductive Health,
7(1), 15-51.
2. Alonge, S. K. (2017). Relationship Between Women’s Empowerment and Having ‘Final Say’ in
Household Decision Making Among Ijesa Women of South Western Nigeria. Enterprises. Advances
in Social Sciences Research Journal, (423) 184-192.
3. Anwar, B., Shoaib, M., & Javed, S. (2013). Women’s Autonomy and Their Role in Decision Making at
Household Level: A Case of Rural Sialkot, Pakistan. World Applied Sci J, 23(1), 129-136.
4. Baig, I. F., Batool, Z., Ali, A., Baig, S. A., Hashim, M., & Zia-ur-Rehman, M. (2018). Impact of women
empowerment on rural development in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Qual Quant 52, 1861-1872.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0572-x.
5. Banerjee, S., & Roy, A. (2015). Determinants of Female Autonomy across Indian States. Journal of
Economics, Business and Management, 3(11).

8. Faqeer Muhammad, Kosar jabbin, Khair Muhammad, Tasawar Baig
8
6. Bradshaw, S. (2013). A Woman’s Decision-Making in Rural and Urban Households in Nicaragua: The
Influence of Income and Ideology. Environment and Urbanization, 25(1), 81-94.
7. Castro, L. (2014). Measuring Women’s Empowerment and Women’s Autonomy in the Philippines.
Philippine Statistics Authority.
8. Chowdhury, T. A., & Somani, S. (2020). Performance Evaluation and Impact of Grameen Bank on
Social Development and Women Empowerment in Bangladesh. International Journal of Social and
Administrative Sciences, 5(1), 54-73.
9. Eswaran, M., & Malhotra, N. (2011). Domestic violence and women's autonomy in developing
countries: theory and evidence. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique,
44(4), 1222-1263.
10.Fuseini, K., & Kalule-Sabiti, I. (2015). Women’s Autonomy in Ghana: Does Religion Matter. African
Population Studies, 29 (2).
11.Ibrahim, B., & Asad, S. (2020). Women Economic Empowerment and Employment Discrimination.
Pakistan Review of Social Sciences (PRSS), 1(2), 25-35.
12.Heaton, Tim B., Tina, J., Huntsman, Flake, Dallan F., 2005. The effects of status on women's
autonomy in Bolivia, Peru, and Nicaragua. Popul. Res. Policy Rev. 24, 283–300.
13.Jejeebhoy, S.J. and Sathar, Z.A. (2001). Women’s Autonomy in India and Pakistan: The Influence of
Religion and Region. Population and Development Review, 27: 687–712.
14.Kabeer, N. (2020). Women’s Empowerment and Economic Development: A Feminist Critique of
Storytelling Practices in “Randomista” Economics. Feminist Economics, 26(2), 1-26.
15.Kapoor, S. (2019). Entrepreneurship for Economic and Social Empowerment of Women: A Case
Study of a Self-Help Credit Program in Nithari Village, Noida, India. Australasian Accounting,
Business and Finance Journal, 13(2), 123-142.
16.Kabutiei, G. (2013). Influence of Women’s empowerment on their Decision-Making roles in the
community among the NJEMPS in BARINGO County. Master’s Thesis, University of Nairobi.
17.Khan, S. U. (2014). What Determines Women's Autonomy: Theory And Evidence? PhD thesis. Bond
University, Queensland Australia.
18.Karwati, L., Ansori, A., & Mulyono, D. (2018). Women Empowerment to Build Entrepreneurship.
Journal of Nonformal Education, 4(2), 169-176.
19.Mahmood, N. (2002). Women's Role in Domestic Decision-Making in Pakistan: Implications for
Reproductive Behavior. The Pakistan Development Review, 121-148.
20.Mekonnen, A., & Asrese, K. (2014). Household Decision Making Status of Women in Dabat District,
North West Ethiopia, 2009 Gc, Science Journal of Public Health. Vol. 2, No. 2, 2014, pp. 111-118.
Doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20140202.20.
21.Murtaza, K. F. (2012). Women empowerment through higher education in Gilgit-Baltistan.
International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(9), 343-367.
22.Mahairshad, S., & Arif, F. (2016, Jun). Women Empowerment in Household Decision Making In
Married Women of Lahore. Journal of Environment, Ecology, Family and Urban Studies ((JEEFUS), 2
(1), 9-16.
23.Rehman, H., Moazzam, D. A., & Ansari, N. (2020). Role of microfinance institutions in women
empowerment: A case study of Akhuwat, Pakistan. South Asian Studies, 30(1).
24.Rather, T.A & Bhat, M.D. (2017). Measuring Women’s Empowerment and Poverty Reduction:
Experiences of Hanji Women in Kashmir. Sociological Bulletin, 66(2) 191–211. DOI:
10.1177/0038022917708492.
25.Riyami, A.A., Afifi, M., & Mabry, R.M. (2004). Women's Autonomy, Education and Employment in
Oman and their Influence on Contraceptive Use, Reproductive Health Matters, 12:23, 144-154, DOI:
10.1016/S0968-8080(04)23113-5.
26.Roy, P., Haque, S., Jannat, A., Ali, M., & Khan, M. (2017). Contribution of women to household
income and decision making in some selected areas of Mymensingh in Bangladesh. Progressive
Agriculture, 28(2), 120-129.
27.Sathar, Z. A., & Kazi, S. (2000). Women's Autonomy in the Context of Rural Pakistan. The Pakistan
Development Review, 89-110.

9. Women Empowerment in Pakistan: Assessing the Socio-Economic Determinants
9
28.United Nations (UN), Sustainable development Goals.
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/gender-equality/