The document discusses techniques for developing computer systems, including structured systems analysis and design method (SSADM) and data flow diagrams (DFDs). It provides details on the stages of SSADM and the symbols and steps used to develop DFDs. An example of a hotel reservation and payment system is presented as a DFD to illustrate the technique. Project management is also discussed, with an example of building a bungalow broken down into tasks, durations, and dependencies shown in a graph.
1. The context diagram shows the key external entities that interact with the order system - customers, warehouse, and accounting. It displays the major information flows between these entities and the system.
2. The level-0 DFD of the order system contains 5 main processes: 1) check status, 2) issue status messages, 3) generate shipping order, 4) manage accounts receivable, and 5) produce reports. It also includes 2 data stores - pending orders and accounts receivable - and displays the high-level data flows between the entities, processes, and data stores.
The document provides an overview of process modeling and data flow diagrams (DFDs). It defines key terms like process models, logical vs. physical models, and DFD elements. It explains how to read and create DFDs through decomposition. DFDs show the processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities in a system. The levels of DFDs increase in detail, with level 0 showing overall processes and lower levels showing the decomposition of those processes.
This document provides an outline and overview of chapter 6 from Jerry Post's book on transactions and enterprise resource planning (ERP). It discusses how ERP systems efficiently collect transaction data, integrate operations across the organization, and combine data from different functional areas like production, purchasing, marketing and accounting. A key benefit of ERP systems is how they allow companies to become more efficient and productive by processing transactions, tracking inventory, and facilitating information sharing across the enterprise.
An Automation Support for Creating Configurable Process ModelsWassim Derguech
The document describes an algorithm for automatically merging multiple business process variants into a single configurable process model. The algorithm involves three main steps: 1) pre-processing and merging the input models, 2) post-processing the merged model to add configuration options, and 3) reducing the model size. The evaluation on four real-world processes showed the merged models were around 50% smaller and took much less time to generate than manual merging. Future work could include improving evaluation, extending the algorithm, and enhancing automatic configuration of the merged models.
This document discusses several tools used for data and information system modeling:
1) Data flow diagrams represent information systems as processes that transform inputs to outputs and show the flow of data between these processes.
2) Context diagrams provide an overview of an entire information system as a single process showing its external entities and data flows.
3) Decision trees and decision tables represent all possible combinations of decisions and resulting actions through branching diagrams or tables divided by conditions and actions.
4) Database schemas show the structure of a database by defining the tables, their attributes, primary keys, and relationships between tables.
Getting started with EDI can seem like a daunting proposition. At first sight it can be difficult, highly technical, and even
obscure. Once you dig a little deeper, however, you quickly see that EDI can be a great deal of help to small and midsized
businesses that are seeking to automate their order processing and invoicing systems...
1. The document is a context diagram that shows the flow of information between an iKnow Company and its external entities, like customers and common carriers.
2. It depicts the key processes in iKnow's order entry, billing, shipping, and accounts receivable systems. These include order processing, credit checking, invoice preparation, order fulfillment, payment processing and sales reporting.
3. The major external entities that interact with iKnow's systems are customers, who place orders and make payments, and common carriers, who transport finished goods. Information flows between these entities and iKnow's internal systems and databases.
1. The context diagram shows the key external entities that interact with the order system - customers, warehouse, and accounting. It displays the major information flows between these entities and the system.
2. The level-0 DFD of the order system contains 5 main processes: 1) check status, 2) issue status messages, 3) generate shipping order, 4) manage accounts receivable, and 5) produce reports. It also includes 2 data stores - pending orders and accounts receivable - and displays the high-level data flows between the entities, processes, and data stores.
The document provides an overview of process modeling and data flow diagrams (DFDs). It defines key terms like process models, logical vs. physical models, and DFD elements. It explains how to read and create DFDs through decomposition. DFDs show the processes, data flows, data stores, and external entities in a system. The levels of DFDs increase in detail, with level 0 showing overall processes and lower levels showing the decomposition of those processes.
This document provides an outline and overview of chapter 6 from Jerry Post's book on transactions and enterprise resource planning (ERP). It discusses how ERP systems efficiently collect transaction data, integrate operations across the organization, and combine data from different functional areas like production, purchasing, marketing and accounting. A key benefit of ERP systems is how they allow companies to become more efficient and productive by processing transactions, tracking inventory, and facilitating information sharing across the enterprise.
An Automation Support for Creating Configurable Process ModelsWassim Derguech
The document describes an algorithm for automatically merging multiple business process variants into a single configurable process model. The algorithm involves three main steps: 1) pre-processing and merging the input models, 2) post-processing the merged model to add configuration options, and 3) reducing the model size. The evaluation on four real-world processes showed the merged models were around 50% smaller and took much less time to generate than manual merging. Future work could include improving evaluation, extending the algorithm, and enhancing automatic configuration of the merged models.
This document discusses several tools used for data and information system modeling:
1) Data flow diagrams represent information systems as processes that transform inputs to outputs and show the flow of data between these processes.
2) Context diagrams provide an overview of an entire information system as a single process showing its external entities and data flows.
3) Decision trees and decision tables represent all possible combinations of decisions and resulting actions through branching diagrams or tables divided by conditions and actions.
4) Database schemas show the structure of a database by defining the tables, their attributes, primary keys, and relationships between tables.
Getting started with EDI can seem like a daunting proposition. At first sight it can be difficult, highly technical, and even
obscure. Once you dig a little deeper, however, you quickly see that EDI can be a great deal of help to small and midsized
businesses that are seeking to automate their order processing and invoicing systems...
1. The document is a context diagram that shows the flow of information between an iKnow Company and its external entities, like customers and common carriers.
2. It depicts the key processes in iKnow's order entry, billing, shipping, and accounts receivable systems. These include order processing, credit checking, invoice preparation, order fulfillment, payment processing and sales reporting.
3. The major external entities that interact with iKnow's systems are customers, who place orders and make payments, and common carriers, who transport finished goods. Information flows between these entities and iKnow's internal systems and databases.
The document discusses the functions and purposes of translators in computing. It describes:
1) Interpreters and compilers translate programs from high-level languages to machine code. Compilers translate the entire program at once, while interpreters translate instructions one at a time as the program runs.
2) Translation from high-level languages to machine code involves multiple stages including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, code generation, and optimization.
3) Linkers and loaders are used to combine separately compiled modules into a complete executable program by resolving addresses and linking the modules together.
The document discusses how data and databases are valuable to organizations. It provides examples of how stock control systems and sales data can be used to automatically reorder stock. Banks also find customer data valuable for assessing loan risks. Modern communication allows sharing of data worldwide through value added network services and databases. Standards are needed for sharing data accurately between different systems. Computers now aid various forms of communication like voice mail, e-commerce, and video conferencing. The internet allows global communication and advertising. IT training must be continually updated as technology changes, which is altering many work patterns and jobs.
Emotional intelligence was first defined scientifically in 1990 by Mayer and Salovey, building on prior concepts. Goleman later proposed it involves five traits that determine one's EQ. Emotional intelligence involves self and social awareness and management. It is debated whether EQ can be accurately measured, though tests do exist to assess specific skills or provide an overall assessment. While EQ may help predict some life outcomes, it does not determine success on its own, and high IQ individuals like Einstein had low EQ without hindrance. EQ is significant for social and workplace interactions but is not a sole predictor of life outcomes and has limitations as a concept.
This document discusses real-time systems and simulation. It defines a real-time system as one that can react quickly enough to input data to affect the real world. Real-time applications include airline booking systems and nuclear reactor controls. Sensors measure physical quantities and transmit data to processors, while actuators accept signals from processors and initiate physical movements. Simulations allow computers to model real-world systems and scenarios through calculations, enabling testing without real-world risks or costs. Simulations have limitations in predicting truly random or complex human events. Parallel processing is needed for simulations involving vast data, complex relationships, and immense calculations.
This document discusses common network environments, connectivity, and security issues. It describes how LANs and WANs are organized using different topologies and transmission mediums. It then explains key network components like switches, routers, bridges, and modems - how they connect different types of networks and segments. Finally, it discusses common network environments like the Internet, intranets, and extranets as well as technologies that enable them such as hypertext links, URLs, domain names, and HTML.
This document is an exam for an Advanced Subsidiary Level computing exam. It contains 9 questions testing knowledge of topics like memory addressing, data structures, networks, and software development processes. The exam is 2 hours and contains multiple choice, short answer, and longer explanatory questions.
The operating system must manage hardware resources, provide an interface between users/software and hardware, and provide services like data security. It schedules programs to make best use of the processor when programs are performing input/output tasks. It uses interrupts to change the normal order of program execution in response to events like I/O device signals. Scheduling aims to maximize system usage, be fair to all programs, and prioritize more important programs when needed.
The document discusses different ways of representing numerical data in computing systems, including:
1) Binary representation, which converts decimal numbers to binary by repeatedly dividing by column headings and tracking the remainders as 1s and 0s.
2) Negative numbers can be represented using sign-and-magnitude or two's complement methods.
3) Other number systems like octal and hexadecimal are also discussed which use different column headings but the same representation principles.
4) Floating point representation separates a real number into a mantissa and exponent to store fractional numbers more efficiently in binary.
This document provides a mark scheme to guide teachers in marking a computing exam. It outlines the requirements and expectations for awarding marks to exam answers. The mark scheme is intended to indicate the basis on which examiners will award marks and to help ensure marking is consistent. However, it does not provide details of examiner discussions and alternative answers may be acceptable. CIE will not enter discussions about the mark scheme.
This document outlines an inventory management system project. It includes sections on the disadvantages of the old manual system, advantages of the new computerized system, hardware and software requirements, data flow diagram, entity relationship diagram, tables used in the database, and processing details. The project aims to automate the inventory management processes for a departmental store, including tracking inventory levels, processing customer orders, purchase orders, and generating bills.
The document discusses data analysis and data flow diagrams. It provides information on the key components of data flow diagrams including:
- Data stores which hold data like files or physical records
- Processes which perform actions on data like calculations or producing reports
- Data flow which shows how data moves between processes and external sources/recipients
- Context diagrams show overall data flow at a high level from sources to the system to recipients
- Lower level diagrams break processes down into more detail
The document provides examples and notation for drawing data flow diagrams at different levels of a system.
The document discusses a municipal utility billing application called Municipal Suite Utility Billing. It allows municipalities to automate billing, collections, and administrative functions for utilities like water, sewer, fire, and refuse. Key features include processing customer accounts, meter readings, bill calculations, payments, collections, and reporting. The system aims to provide positive customer service and allow municipalities to turn billing into a public relations function.
Web Locker is a platform where the bank customer can keep their things secured.. This website is designing for customer’s security purpose Customer can easily pay their due on online mode.
This document defines a data flow diagram (DFD) and its components. A DFD is a graphical representation of how data flows through a system. It shows external entities, processes, data stores, and data flows. External entities interact with the system, processes manipulate data, data stores hold data, and data flows show the movement of data. The document provides examples of DFD symbols and components. It also explains that DFDs can be leveled to show more detail at each level, with level 0 providing an overview and higher levels showing more granular processes.
Didier Delanoye en Jasper Kerremans lichten toe hoe de steeds sneller veranderende processen bij hun klanten de aanpak van financiële audits beïnvloeden.
Ze tonen hoe ze daarop antwoorden bieden via de de data-enabled audit methodologie en process mining technieken.
Vertrekkende van enorme volumes aan gegevens, biedt de data-enabled audit methodologie nieuwe inzichten en meer assurance via verbeterde risico-inschattingen, analyses en testing, bijvoorbeeld van journaalboekingen.
Process mining wordt enerzijds ingezet om het functioneren van key controls te bevestigen, en anderzijds om betere inzichten in bedrijfsprocessen te verwerven, bijvoorbeeld door middel van visualisaties en animaties die belangrijke afwijkingen van de verwachte processen blootleggen of efficiëntieverschillen tussen entiteiten tonen.
A Research Paper on Credit Card Fraud DetectionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to detect credit card fraud using machine learning algorithms. It discusses how credit card fraud is a growing problem and describes challenges in detecting fraud like class imbalance in the data. The proposed system uses different machine learning classifiers like decision trees and random forest on a credit card transaction dataset to identify the best algorithm for predicting fraudulent transactions. It performs exploratory data analysis on the dataset, trains and evaluates the models, and calculates various metrics to select the most accurate classifier for detecting credit card fraud.
The document discusses application security and threat modeling. It covers why security is important given increasing attacks, creating a security process involving people, process and technology, using threat modeling to understand threats by decomposing applications and determining STRIDE threats. It also discusses ranking threats by risk, choosing mitigation techniques, secure programming principles, and including security testing.
This project develops a new banking system to provide a better interface for account transactions. The key features include account information retrieval, new account creation, deposits, withdrawals, cheque books, stop payments, account transfers, and report generation. The system allows customers to view account balances and transaction histories online.
A data flow diagram (DFD) shows the flow of data through an information system. It does not show the physical components of the system. A DFD is used as the first stage of system design. It shows data sources, processes, data stores, and the flow of data between these elements using arrows and symbols. A Level 0 DFD provides an overview of the whole system as a single process. Level 1 DFDs break this process down into sub-processes to show more detail.
Claims Manager® delivers workers compensation software, insurance claims software and comprehensive claims management all in a seamless connection to policy administration.
Robust, intuitive, and analytical, Claims Manager® drives superior claims data management and delivers optimum claims processing.
Claims Manager® comes with:
• All-in-one browser-based application
• Fully automated electronic accounts reconciliation
• Easy analysis of critical insurance data of most lines of business, including workers compensation, property, casualty, commercial auto and more
• Intuitive interface that increases productivity and shortens the learning curve
• The most flexibility available in an out-of-the-box solution
See all the ways Claims Manager® can power your claims management process- http://www.jdidata.com
Electronic document interchange (EDI) allows businesses to exchange documents like orders and invoices electronically instead of using paper. EDI standards were developed to facilitate this exchange between trading partners in a consistent format. Using EDI provides benefits like reduced errors, faster processing, lower costs, and access to electronic data. While early systems required custom formats for each partner, evolving standards now allow any partners using the same standard to exchange documents electronically. SAP systems support EDI using IDocs to represent documents that are exchanged securely and asynchronously between different systems.
The document provides guidance for completing a customer service benchmarking questionnaire. It defines key terms, outlines the scope and organization of the questionnaire, and provides instructions on reporting costs, staffing, and other metrics. Responses should be brief, 2-3 sentences, and focus on established practices rather than new initiatives. Certain costs like facilities and CIS systems are excluded from reporting.
The document discusses the functions and purposes of translators in computing. It describes:
1) Interpreters and compilers translate programs from high-level languages to machine code. Compilers translate the entire program at once, while interpreters translate instructions one at a time as the program runs.
2) Translation from high-level languages to machine code involves multiple stages including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, code generation, and optimization.
3) Linkers and loaders are used to combine separately compiled modules into a complete executable program by resolving addresses and linking the modules together.
The document discusses how data and databases are valuable to organizations. It provides examples of how stock control systems and sales data can be used to automatically reorder stock. Banks also find customer data valuable for assessing loan risks. Modern communication allows sharing of data worldwide through value added network services and databases. Standards are needed for sharing data accurately between different systems. Computers now aid various forms of communication like voice mail, e-commerce, and video conferencing. The internet allows global communication and advertising. IT training must be continually updated as technology changes, which is altering many work patterns and jobs.
Emotional intelligence was first defined scientifically in 1990 by Mayer and Salovey, building on prior concepts. Goleman later proposed it involves five traits that determine one's EQ. Emotional intelligence involves self and social awareness and management. It is debated whether EQ can be accurately measured, though tests do exist to assess specific skills or provide an overall assessment. While EQ may help predict some life outcomes, it does not determine success on its own, and high IQ individuals like Einstein had low EQ without hindrance. EQ is significant for social and workplace interactions but is not a sole predictor of life outcomes and has limitations as a concept.
This document discusses real-time systems and simulation. It defines a real-time system as one that can react quickly enough to input data to affect the real world. Real-time applications include airline booking systems and nuclear reactor controls. Sensors measure physical quantities and transmit data to processors, while actuators accept signals from processors and initiate physical movements. Simulations allow computers to model real-world systems and scenarios through calculations, enabling testing without real-world risks or costs. Simulations have limitations in predicting truly random or complex human events. Parallel processing is needed for simulations involving vast data, complex relationships, and immense calculations.
This document discusses common network environments, connectivity, and security issues. It describes how LANs and WANs are organized using different topologies and transmission mediums. It then explains key network components like switches, routers, bridges, and modems - how they connect different types of networks and segments. Finally, it discusses common network environments like the Internet, intranets, and extranets as well as technologies that enable them such as hypertext links, URLs, domain names, and HTML.
This document is an exam for an Advanced Subsidiary Level computing exam. It contains 9 questions testing knowledge of topics like memory addressing, data structures, networks, and software development processes. The exam is 2 hours and contains multiple choice, short answer, and longer explanatory questions.
The operating system must manage hardware resources, provide an interface between users/software and hardware, and provide services like data security. It schedules programs to make best use of the processor when programs are performing input/output tasks. It uses interrupts to change the normal order of program execution in response to events like I/O device signals. Scheduling aims to maximize system usage, be fair to all programs, and prioritize more important programs when needed.
The document discusses different ways of representing numerical data in computing systems, including:
1) Binary representation, which converts decimal numbers to binary by repeatedly dividing by column headings and tracking the remainders as 1s and 0s.
2) Negative numbers can be represented using sign-and-magnitude or two's complement methods.
3) Other number systems like octal and hexadecimal are also discussed which use different column headings but the same representation principles.
4) Floating point representation separates a real number into a mantissa and exponent to store fractional numbers more efficiently in binary.
This document provides a mark scheme to guide teachers in marking a computing exam. It outlines the requirements and expectations for awarding marks to exam answers. The mark scheme is intended to indicate the basis on which examiners will award marks and to help ensure marking is consistent. However, it does not provide details of examiner discussions and alternative answers may be acceptable. CIE will not enter discussions about the mark scheme.
This document outlines an inventory management system project. It includes sections on the disadvantages of the old manual system, advantages of the new computerized system, hardware and software requirements, data flow diagram, entity relationship diagram, tables used in the database, and processing details. The project aims to automate the inventory management processes for a departmental store, including tracking inventory levels, processing customer orders, purchase orders, and generating bills.
The document discusses data analysis and data flow diagrams. It provides information on the key components of data flow diagrams including:
- Data stores which hold data like files or physical records
- Processes which perform actions on data like calculations or producing reports
- Data flow which shows how data moves between processes and external sources/recipients
- Context diagrams show overall data flow at a high level from sources to the system to recipients
- Lower level diagrams break processes down into more detail
The document provides examples and notation for drawing data flow diagrams at different levels of a system.
The document discusses a municipal utility billing application called Municipal Suite Utility Billing. It allows municipalities to automate billing, collections, and administrative functions for utilities like water, sewer, fire, and refuse. Key features include processing customer accounts, meter readings, bill calculations, payments, collections, and reporting. The system aims to provide positive customer service and allow municipalities to turn billing into a public relations function.
Web Locker is a platform where the bank customer can keep their things secured.. This website is designing for customer’s security purpose Customer can easily pay their due on online mode.
This document defines a data flow diagram (DFD) and its components. A DFD is a graphical representation of how data flows through a system. It shows external entities, processes, data stores, and data flows. External entities interact with the system, processes manipulate data, data stores hold data, and data flows show the movement of data. The document provides examples of DFD symbols and components. It also explains that DFDs can be leveled to show more detail at each level, with level 0 providing an overview and higher levels showing more granular processes.
Didier Delanoye en Jasper Kerremans lichten toe hoe de steeds sneller veranderende processen bij hun klanten de aanpak van financiële audits beïnvloeden.
Ze tonen hoe ze daarop antwoorden bieden via de de data-enabled audit methodologie en process mining technieken.
Vertrekkende van enorme volumes aan gegevens, biedt de data-enabled audit methodologie nieuwe inzichten en meer assurance via verbeterde risico-inschattingen, analyses en testing, bijvoorbeeld van journaalboekingen.
Process mining wordt enerzijds ingezet om het functioneren van key controls te bevestigen, en anderzijds om betere inzichten in bedrijfsprocessen te verwerven, bijvoorbeeld door middel van visualisaties en animaties die belangrijke afwijkingen van de verwachte processen blootleggen of efficiëntieverschillen tussen entiteiten tonen.
A Research Paper on Credit Card Fraud DetectionIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that aims to detect credit card fraud using machine learning algorithms. It discusses how credit card fraud is a growing problem and describes challenges in detecting fraud like class imbalance in the data. The proposed system uses different machine learning classifiers like decision trees and random forest on a credit card transaction dataset to identify the best algorithm for predicting fraudulent transactions. It performs exploratory data analysis on the dataset, trains and evaluates the models, and calculates various metrics to select the most accurate classifier for detecting credit card fraud.
The document discusses application security and threat modeling. It covers why security is important given increasing attacks, creating a security process involving people, process and technology, using threat modeling to understand threats by decomposing applications and determining STRIDE threats. It also discusses ranking threats by risk, choosing mitigation techniques, secure programming principles, and including security testing.
This project develops a new banking system to provide a better interface for account transactions. The key features include account information retrieval, new account creation, deposits, withdrawals, cheque books, stop payments, account transfers, and report generation. The system allows customers to view account balances and transaction histories online.
A data flow diagram (DFD) shows the flow of data through an information system. It does not show the physical components of the system. A DFD is used as the first stage of system design. It shows data sources, processes, data stores, and the flow of data between these elements using arrows and symbols. A Level 0 DFD provides an overview of the whole system as a single process. Level 1 DFDs break this process down into sub-processes to show more detail.
Claims Manager® delivers workers compensation software, insurance claims software and comprehensive claims management all in a seamless connection to policy administration.
Robust, intuitive, and analytical, Claims Manager® drives superior claims data management and delivers optimum claims processing.
Claims Manager® comes with:
• All-in-one browser-based application
• Fully automated electronic accounts reconciliation
• Easy analysis of critical insurance data of most lines of business, including workers compensation, property, casualty, commercial auto and more
• Intuitive interface that increases productivity and shortens the learning curve
• The most flexibility available in an out-of-the-box solution
See all the ways Claims Manager® can power your claims management process- http://www.jdidata.com
Electronic document interchange (EDI) allows businesses to exchange documents like orders and invoices electronically instead of using paper. EDI standards were developed to facilitate this exchange between trading partners in a consistent format. Using EDI provides benefits like reduced errors, faster processing, lower costs, and access to electronic data. While early systems required custom formats for each partner, evolving standards now allow any partners using the same standard to exchange documents electronically. SAP systems support EDI using IDocs to represent documents that are exchanged securely and asynchronously between different systems.
The document provides guidance for completing a customer service benchmarking questionnaire. It defines key terms, outlines the scope and organization of the questionnaire, and provides instructions on reporting costs, staffing, and other metrics. Responses should be brief, 2-3 sentences, and focus on established practices rather than new initiatives. Certain costs like facilities and CIS systems are excluded from reporting.
This document provides a high-level overview of key components in telecom OSS/BSS systems. It discusses general concepts like numbering plans and call scenarios. It then summarizes the main components, including data collection, mediation, billing, SS7 monitoring, revenue assurance, and fulfillment/provisioning. The document provides brief explanations of the purpose and processes within each component.
Smart ERP is a Comprehensive Enterprise Resource Planning Software Solution for every industry vertical in general and for Defence, Trading, Services and Manufacturing in broader terms. It manages all the functions of an organization through:
> A great combination of State-Of-The-Art features & Modern Technology
> Comprehensive functionality
> Amazing ease of use (User friendliness)
The document describes controls over duplicate invoice processing in SAP. It notes the risk of duplicate payments leading to misstated financials. The control is that SAP only allows payment on an invoice once. Testing found the control is not appropriately designed. The 'Check for Duplicate Invoices' setting had not been enabled for company codes. Message controls to check for duplicates were also not configured. The conclusion was that the control design was non-compliant.
The document provides an introduction to the ISPCMS project. It will have 4 team members working over 6 weeks. The project uses a Pentium IV processor with 256MB RAM and 40GB hard drive running Windows NT. It will be developed using Visual Basic 6.0 and Oracle 9i. The software engineering paradigm will use a prototype model. The objective of ISPCMS is to provide fast processing of consumer applications, automatic billing, easier payment acceptance, and computerized plan setup with data security. It will have various forms like new connection, disconnection, billing, payment, customer details, and payment details. There is potential to further expand the project into a complete ISPCMS system.
Stochastic Programming in Finance and Business managementSSA KPI
The document discusses stochastic programming and its applications in finance and business management. It provides examples of using stochastic programming to optimize interbank payment systems, cash planning and investment management, power production planning, and supply chain management. The key concepts covered include simulating transaction flows, modeling costs and liquidity, and using statistical optimization techniques to minimize total expected costs over multiple periods under uncertainty. Computer models are presented demonstrating the optimization of deposit amounts across agents to reduce total settlement costs.
This document describes a bank management system project developed by Nikhil K Phalke. The project aims to automate manual bank processes using Visual Basic and SQL Server. It allows users to open new accounts, make deposits, withdrawals, check credit and apply for loans. The system improves efficiency over the existing manual system by reducing errors, storing customer records efficiently and providing faster retrieval of information. The system requirements, data flow diagram, entity relationship diagram, forms, and advantages are outlined. The project aims to provide a structured, secure and presentable way to manage all bank activities and documentation.
iTel Billing is a very powerful and flexible VoIP billing software that enables the VoIP service providers to grow and prosper in this challenging environment by managing their business efficiently. It supports all models of Internet Telephony business: Retail Origination (from calling cards, call shops, devices, PC/Mobile Dialers), wholesale origination and termination.
This document contains a password and instructions stating that the password provided is the one typed during installation. It repeats the password and instructions twice with additional numbers that do not provide further context.
This document appears to be a lab sheet containing measurements of an unknown quantity (QU) taken multiple times. The document lists measurements of the unknown quantity taken at intervals, with the numbers increasing from 2 to 11 for each successive measurement.
This very short document contains a series of numbers and letters with no other context. It lists the characters "QU" followed by the numbers 1 through 9. No other meaning or purpose is evident from the limited information provided.
No document was provided to summarize. A summary requires source text to extract the key points and essential information from. Without a document, it is not possible to generate an accurate 3 sentence summary.
This document discusses databases and the evolution from flat files to relational databases. It covers:
1) The limitations of flat files including data duplication, separation of data across files, fixed queries, and proliferation of application programs.
2) The introduction of hierarchical and network databases to try to overcome limitations but these still led to inconsistent and redundant data.
3) An introduction to relational databases which overcome limitations by allowing each record to be of fixed length and each field to contain a single data item. This addresses issues with variable length records in previous approaches.
The document discusses computer architecture and the fetch-execute cycle. It describes the Von Neumann architecture, which uses a single processor that follows a linear sequence of fetching, decoding, and executing instructions. It then explains the fetch-execute cycle in more detail with the steps involved. Finally, it discusses parallel processor systems that can split up the fetching, decoding, and executing stages to improve efficiency.
This document discusses different programming paradigms including procedural, object-oriented, and declarative paradigms. It provides examples of code using these paradigms. Specifically, it shows an assembly language program that adds two numbers, a C++ program that calculates the area of a rectangle, and Prolog queries to retrieve information from a database about people's genders and family relationships. It also discusses how parameters are used to pass values to functions in Visual Basic.
This document contains the mark scheme for the May/June 2002 GCE Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level Computing exam. It outlines the requirements and allocation of marks for each question. Examiners are instructed to award marks based on the criteria in the scheme but also have flexibility to award marks for valid alternative answers. The mark scheme should be read along with the question papers and exam report. CIE will not enter discussions about the mark scheme.
The document provides a mark scheme for the June 2005 computing exam for GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level. It outlines the requirements and expectations for awarding marks to exam questions and practical tasks. Key points include providing marks for describing database attributes and validation, creating forms to enter and display data, validating strings of binary numbers, and functions to convert between binary and decimal numbers. Examiners are instructed to award marks that fairly reflect the knowledge and skills demonstrated in candidates' responses, even for unexpected correct answers.
This document provides the mark scheme for the November 2003 GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level Computing exam. It outlines the maximum marks for each paper: Paper 1 is out of 90 marks, Paper 2 is out of 60 marks, and Paper 3 is out of 90 marks. The mark scheme is published to help teachers and students understand how marks were awarded by examiners for the questions.
This document consists of instructions for an Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level computing exam from the University of Cambridge International Examinations. The exam covers topics such as input/output devices, data types, algorithms, operating systems, data transfer types, databases, and website design considerations. It contains 12 questions testing understanding of these computing concepts through tasks such as describing components, analyzing algorithms, explaining relationships, and discussing issues.
This document provides a mark scheme for a computing exam with 7 questions. It outlines the requirements and expectations for answering each question and awards marks based on key points addressed. Examiners are instructed to give marks that fairly reflect the knowledge demonstrated in candidates' responses, even for unexpected answers. The mark scheme is intended to ensure examiners apply the rubric consistently and to be read along with the exam questions and examiner report.
This document is the mark scheme for the May/June 2007 Cambridge International Examinations paper for Computing. It provides guidance for examiners on how to award marks for answers on the paper. The mark scheme explains that examiners should give credit for alternative answers and unexpected approaches as long as they demonstrate the relevant knowledge. It also notes that the mark scheme should be read along with the question paper and exam report.
The document describes a database system needed for a local football league with 10 teams. It includes the following:
1. The database needs to store player and team details including names, addresses, phone numbers, teams played for, manager details, game results.
2. The secretary needs to search by team name to output manager, location, game results, and player names.
3. The document provides questions to design forms and tables to store this data and develop a system for inputting and outputting the required information.
This document consists of instructions for a computing exam with 3 tasks:
1. Design a database to store book and author information with forms to add, edit, and link data.
2. Analyze an algorithm that validates strings and test it with sample inputs.
3. Design and create a simple octal calculator that converts between octal and decimal and performs basic math operations.
This document is an exam paper for a computing exam. It contains 12 questions about various computing topics like software, data management, system design, and production line control. The exam tests knowledge of office software use, data backup procedures, user interfaces, debugging tools, data transmission, computer hardware components, requirements analysis, and management information systems. It requires explanations, definitions, descriptions, and examples in the responses.
1. Chapter 3.8 Systems Development, Implementation, Management and
Applications
3.8 (a) Techniques for Developing Computer Systems
The figure below shows the stages involved when using Structured Systems Analysis and
Design Method (SSADM).
Feasibility Study
Requirements Analysis
Requirements Specification
Logical System Specification
Physical Design
Data Flow Diagrams
DFDs provide a graphic representation of information flowing through a system. The
system may be manual, computerized or a mixture of both.
The advantages of using DFDs are that it
is a simple technique;
is easy to understand by users, analysts and programmers;
gives an overview of the system;
is a good design aid;
can act as a checking device;
clearly specifies communications in a system;
ensures quality.
DFDs use only four symbols. These are shown in Fig. 3.8 (a)2.
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2. Entity Outside environment (e.g. Customer)
e.g. 2 Accounts Dept
Process Produce Invoices
Data Flow Order
e.g.
D1 Data Store e.g. D1 Customer Orders
Fig. 3.8 (a)2
All names used should be meaningful to the users, whether they are computer literate or
not.
The steps to be taken when developing DFDs are given in Table 3.8 (a)1.
Step Notes
1. Identify dataflows. e.g. documents, VDU screens, phone messages.
2. Identify the external entities. e.g. Customer, Supplier
3. Identify functional areas. e.g. Departments, individuals.
4. Identify data paths. Identify the paths taken by the dataflows identified in
step 1.
5. Agree the system boundary. What is inside the system and what is not.
6. Identify the processes. e.g. Production of invoices, delivery notes, payroll
production.
7. Identify data stores. Determine which data are to be stored and where.
8. Identify interactions. Identify the interaction between the data stores and the
processes.
9. Validate the DFD. Check that meaningful names have been used.
Check that all processes have data flows entering and
leaving.
Check with the user that the diagram represents what
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3. is happening now or what is required.
10. Fill in the details.
Table 3.8 (a)1
Fig. 3.8 (a)3 shows the different levels that can be used in DFDs.
0 Payroll System
Level 1
(Top 1 Get hours worked 2 Calculate wages 3 Produce wage slips
Level)
Level 2
(Lower 2.1 Validate 2.2 Calculate 2.3 Calculate 2.4 Calculate
Level) Data gross wage deductions net wage
Level 3
(Not
always
needed)
Fig. 3.8 (a)3
Now consider the following scenario.
A hotel reception receives a large number enquiries each day about the availability of
accommodation. Most of these are by telephone. It also receives confirmation of
bookings. These are entered onto a computer database.
While a guest is resident in the hotel, any expenses incurred by the guest are entered into
the database by the appropriate personnel. If guests purchase items from the bar or
restaurant, they have to sign a bill which is passed to a receptionist who enters the details
into the database.
When guests leave the hotel they are given an invoice detailing all expenditure. When
they pay, the database is updated and a receipt is issued.
The flow of data in this system is shown below:
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4. Customer
Enquiry
Drinks Bill
Reply Drinks Order
Confirmation 1 Reception 1 Bar
of booking
Process Process
bookings and bookings and
Final Bill Customer's
accounts accounts
Customer Payment expenditure
Receipt
Customer Customer Drinks Bill
Details Details
D2 Customer Accounts
D1 Customer Details
Food Bill
1 Restaurant
Food Order Process
bookings and
Customer accounts
Food Bill
The symbol for Customer, an external entity, has a diagonal line to indicate that it occurs
more than once. This does not mean that these symbols represent different customers. It
is simply used to make the diagram clearer. Without this, there would be too many flow
lines between this symbol and the internal processes.
Data stores may also be duplicated. This is done by having a double vertical line on the
left hand side as shown in Fig. 3.8 (a)5.
M1 Customer data
Fig. 3.8 (a)5
Notice this data store is numbered M1 whereas those in Fig. 3.8 (a)4 were numbered D1
and D2. In data stores, M indicates a manual store and D indicates a computer based data
6.2 - 4
5. store. Also, there can be no data flows between an external entity and a data store. The
flow of data from, or to, an external entity must be between the external entity and a
process.
The example of the hotel system only shows one external entity, the customer. Usually
there is more than one external entity. Suppose we are dealing with a mail order
company. Clearly, one external entity is the customer. However, another is the supplier.
Note that although there are more than one customer and supplier, in the diagram they are
written in the singular.
When a major project is undertaken, there will be a number of different tasks to be
carried out. (If the project consisted of a single task it could hardly be called ‘major’).
With a number of tasks, some may be possible at the same time, while with others it
becomes important to do them in the correct order.
It may also be important to work out how long the project should take to complete.
Major projects like this can be represented graphically to show the different tasks and
how they join together, or relate to each other.
Take, as an example, the major project of building a bungalow. It can be divided into a
number of tasks.
A Concreting the foundations takes 4 days
B Building the walls takes 4 days
C Making the doors and windows takes 7 days
D Tiling the roof takes 2 days
E Installing the plumbing takes 3 days
F Doing the interior carpentry takes 4 days
G Installing the electrics takes 6 days
H Decorating takes 5 days
One way of deciding how long the bungalow takes to build is to add up all the separate
times, 35 days. On the other hand they are separate jobs so as long as enough people are
working, it will only take as long as the longest task, 7 days. This is silly, the decorating
can’t be done before the roof is on!
The real time for the project is somewhere between 7 and 35 days.
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A
4 8 12 16 20 24 No of Days
Fig. 3.8 (a)6
Fig. 3.8 (a)6 shows when all the different tasks can start and when they must end.
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6. It shows which can overlap, and by how much.
Finally, it shows how long the project will take. (Your ideas of how a bungalow is built
may be different, but this is the method used by B and L Construction.)
Another type of graph might be similar to a flow diagram. The circles represent stages
and the arrows the tasks needed to reach that stage and the time, in days, needed to carry
them out.
4
1 A 2
4
B
2
3 7 4 D 5 6
C G
4
3 F 7
E 5
6 H
1 Start
2 Foundations finished
3 Start making the windows and doors
4 Walls finished
5 Roof finished
6 Interior finished
7 Bungalow finished
There are many routes through the diagram. The one that gives the time taken to
complete the bungalow is
1 2 4 5 6(G) 7
A total of 21 days. This is the critical path. The bungalow cannot be built in a shorter
time.
The arrows show the order in which the tasks must be carried out, so E (the plumbing)
cannot be done before B (building the walls), but can be done at the same time as tiling
the roof (D). Each node can have an optimum time worked out. Node 6 has an optimum
time of 4+4+2+6 = 16 days. This is the time to be sure of getting to node 6 whichever
route you choose. Each node can also have a latest starting time before it holds up
another node. Node 1 must start immediately otherwise the walls (4) won’t be finished
by day 8. However, node 3 could start immediately or wait a day without affecting the
rest.
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7. Complex computing projects require effective management or they may get out of
control. Different personnel will be needed for different tasks. Their time must be
booked in advance so that they are free from working on other tasks or projects when
they are needed. This means that an accurate prediction of the start times of the various
tasks must be made. It is also necessary to assess how long the different tasks will last so
that other projects can book personnel.
There is now specialist project management software available that can take more
complex projects than the one that we were considering and produce the type of analysis
that we have been talking about. If the software is compatible with the diary software
used by a firm then it can automatically book the workers when they are needed.
3.8 (b) The Purpose of Documentation
It is important that the design of a solution is accurate BEFORE it is implemented. For
the design to be accurate, the original specification must be accurate. This means that,
when we are asked to produce a solution, we must make sure that we thoroughly
understand the problem. This can only be achieved by checking our analysis with those
who are going to use our system. Users are not usually technical people and so we
require simple ways of showing our understanding of the problem. One of the best ways
of doing this is to use diagrams.
An E-R diagram shows the relationships between entities so that we can check these
relationships with the end user. These diagrams help us to ask questions like
Can a customer only have one product?
Can a customer own many products?
Can a student borrow many books?
Thus, we can ensure that the relationships are correct. We can also ensure that we have
included all the entities.
Similarly, our Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) show how data is moving through the
organization and we can ask questions like
Are there any other data requirements?
Are all data moving between the right departments?
Are all the external entities present?
This continual validation process is essential if we are to reduce the cost of maintenance
due to errors and omissions. The careful documentation also helps to maintain a piece of
software when it is to be upgraded by adding extra facilities.
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8. User Request
Initial Study
Feasibility
Study
Systems
Analysis
Systems
Design
Implementation
Change Over
Evaluation
and
Maintenance
3.8 (d) Appropriate Response Times
A classic example is the file of goods that needs to be accessed directly if it is to be used
at the point of sale terminal, and sequentially if the details are to be used for ordering of
replacements. The solution is to store the file in an indexed sequential format. At the
point of sale the item required is identified by a laser scanner whereas at the head office
the item name will likely be typed in at a keyboard. If a single item needs to be found
then a program can be written to find the details directly from the key field by using a
hashing algorithm, alternatively the items can be held sequentially in an index and a
program can be written to find the particular item by using a binary search of the index.
Dependent upon the method of search the data needs to be stored differently.
3.8 (e) Implementation Techniques
Direct Implementation
Parallel Implementation
Phased Implementation
3.8 (f) Managing, Monitoring and Maintenance of Systems
Adaptive Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Perfective Maintenance
6.2 - 8
9. 3.8 Example Questions
1. Explain what is meant by the term entity model. (4)
2. A computer system has been designed and produced for a person who works from
home for a publisher of fiction books as a proof reader of manuscripts. Another
system is designed for a graphic designer who sends work to clients electronically.
Describe how the hardware specifications for the two systems would differ. (10)
3. Describe how the forms of implementation:
(i) Parallel running
(ii) Phased
(iii) Direct
are carried out. In each case describe one aspect of an application which would
make that form of implementation appropriate in that case.
4. Discuss the need for project management when a major project is being
implemented.
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