The document discusses the evolution of software, tracing its history from the era of incompatible machines in 1968 through the birth of proprietary software in the 1980s, to the rise of free software and open source in the late 1990s and early 2000s. It highlights key milestones such as the introduction of the GNU General Public License and the transition of free software into mainstream usage. Furthermore, it touches on themes of software freedom, collaboration, and innovation.

2. The Age of
Incompatible
Expensive
Machines

5. selling hardware

6. 1968
hardware software

7. FORTRAN
COBOL
Algol

8. #!/usr/bin/perl foreach (@pkglines) {
# close REASON or chomp;
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify die "Can't close FILE [$file]: $!n"; $linenbr++;
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by } if (/^Package:/) {
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or ($label, $pkg) = split(/:s+/,$_,2);
# (at your option) any later version. # $pkgcnt++;
# # Main program starts here. printf "pkg(%4.4d) pkg=[%s]n",$pkgcnt,$pkg if $debug >= 1;
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, # $has_pkg = 1; ### we have necessary section
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of GetOptions('q|quiet' => $quiet, next;
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the 's|sparse' => $sparse, }
# GNU General Public License for more details. 'e|explain!' => $explain, if (/^Status:/) {
# 'reason-dir=s' => $reasondir, my $label = "";
'd|debug+' => $debug, ($label, $pkgstatus) = split(/:s+/,$_,2);
use strict; 'h|help' => $help); print "tpkgstatus=[$pkgstatus]n" if $debug >= 1;
use warnings; $pkg_status{$pkg} = $pkgstatus;
if ($help) { ($plan, $state, $status) = split(/s+/,$pkgstatus);
use Getopt::Long; usage(); print "ttplan=[$plan]n" if $debug >= 1;
exit 0; print "ttstate=[$state]n" if $debug >= 1;
# Declaration of important/main variables. } print "ttstatus=[$status]n" if $debug >= 1;
my $quiet = 0; $has_status = 1; ### we have necessary section
my $sparse = 0; opendir(REASONDIR, $reasondir) or next;
my $help = 0; die "Can't open DIR [$reasondir]: $!n"; }
my $explain = 1; # Parse all the reason files in $reasondir except those beginning with if (/^Section:/) {
my $debug = 0; # a . or ending with a ~ my $label = "";
my $reasondir = '/usr/share/vrms/reasons/'; parse_reason_file("$reasondir/$_") ($label, $section) = split(/:s+/,$_,2);
my %reason = (); foreach (grep {!/~$/ && !/^./} readdir(REASONDIR)); print "tsection=[$section]n" if $debug >= 1;
closedir REASONDIR or $has_section = 1; ### we have necessary section
# die "Can't close DIR [$reasondir]: $!n"; if ($section =~ /contrib|non-free|restricted|multiverse/) {
# Auxiliary functions section (FIXME: put them in a file by themselves). ### read thru rest of array to find descr instead of waiting for it
source code
# my $statusfile = '/var/lib/dpkg/status'; my $found_descr =0;
my $is_nonfree = 0; ### preset none found, yet while (! $found_descr) {
# sub usage: my %nonfree = (); if ($linenbr > $#pkglines) {
# Input: nothing. my $is_other_nonfree = 0; ### preset none found, yet ### iff badly formed entry ensure blank description
# Output: Messages to stdout telling the usage of the program. my %other_nonfree = (); print "tEEEE shortdescr=[$shortdescr]n" if $debug >= 1;
sub usage() { my $is_contrib = 0; ### preset none found, yet last;
print <<EOF; my %contrib = (); }
Usage: vrms [OPTIONS] ... my $is_other_contrib = 0; ### preset none found, yet my $dline = $pkglines[$linenbr++];
my %other_contrib = (); if($dline =~ /^Description:/) {
--quiet, -q Do nothing if there are no non-free packages installed. my %pkg_status = (); ($label, $shortdescr) = split(/:s+/,$dline,2);
--explain, -e Give a brief explanation of why a package is non-free, my $pkgcnt = 0; print "tshortdescr=[$shortdescr]n" if $debug >= 1;
if available. my $clumpcnt = 0; $found_descr = 1;
--sparse, -s Just list non-free packages, nothing else. my $dontcarelines = 5; ### no. of lines a non-installed entry may have in the }
--reason-dir=DIR Use DIR as the reason directory. statusfile }
--help, -h Display this help. if ($section =~ /contrib/) {
--debug, -d Generate debugging information. if (lc $status eq 'installed') {
my $sysname = ""; $is_contrib = 1;
All options can be prefixed with "no" (eg: --noexplain) to turn them off. chop($sysname = `uname -n`); $contrib{$pkg} = $shortdescr;
EOF } else {
} open(PKG_SOURCE, "< $statusfile") or $is_other_contrib = 1;
die "Can't open FILE [$statusfile]: $!n"; $other_contrib{$pkg} = $shortdescr;
# sub parse_reason_file: }
# Input: the name of a reason file and the global hash %reason $/ = ""; ### snarf a paragraph at a time } else {
# Output: the hash %reason filled with reasons from the input file while(<PKG_SOURCE>) { if (lc $status eq 'installed') {
# (FIXME: %reason shouldn't be global) my $clump = $_; $is_nonfree = 1;
sub parse_reason_file { $clumpcnt++; $nonfree{$pkg} = $shortdescr;
my $file = shift; my (@pkglines) = split(/n/, $clump); } else {
print "Parsing reason file $filen" if $debug >= 1; ### iff more than $dontcarelines lines, package is installed, so process it $is_other_nonfree = 1;
open(REASON, "<", $file) or ### (speed-up by skipping don't-care entries) $other_nonfree{$pkg} = $shortdescr;
die "Can't open FILE [$file]: $!n"; if (@pkglines > $dontcarelines) { }
my $pkg = ""; ### name of this package }
while (my $line = <REASON>) { my $pkgstatus = ""; ### status }
chomp $line; my $plan = ""; ### install plan (hold, deinstall, purge, install, etc.) last; ### this is last desriptor of package we care about so end loop
# Grab a line of the form 'package: reason', skip if we don't match my $state = ""; ### state (ok or ???) } else {
my ($pkg, $reason) = ($line =~ /^(S+):s+(.*)s*$/) or next; my $status = ""; ### status (installed, not-installed, etc.) ### un-processed lines from package info
print "'$pkg' because '$reason'n" if ($debug >= 1); my $section = ""; ### section this is where non-free is marked if($debug >= 1) {
my $shortdescr = ""; ### one-liner description of pkg print "tt--- $_n";
# If this is _our_ master file, then prefer anything my $linenbr = 0; ### current line number of this pkackag's info }
# else (so that package maintainers can override) my $label = ""; ### junk field (not used, except to catch split values) }
next if exists $reason{$pkg} and $file =~ //vrms$/; my $has_pkg = 0; ### reset the markers }
my $has_status = 0; if (!$has_status or !$has_pkg) {
$reason{$pkg} = $reason; my $has_section = 0; print STDERR "vrms: ERROR- Badly formed dpkg-status entry #$clumpcnt!n";
} print STDERR " pkg=[$pkg], pkgstatus=[$pkgstatus], section=[$section] n";
}

9. The Birth of
UNIX

13. UNIX.zip
UNIX-source.zip

14. trade secret

15. most widely and
deeply understood
trade secret
in the history
of computing

16. sharing
innovations
&
bug fixes

20. The Birth of
Proprietary
Software

21. 1980

22. proprietary
software

26. sharing

27. shareware

29. The Rise of
Free Software

32. 1984

33. Free Software

34. Free as in speech

35. Free as in freedom

36. Free as in beer

37. 1. use
2. copy
3. modify
4. contribute

39. 1989, 1991
GPL

40. you must extend the
same freedoms
to others

41. copyleft

42. permissive
licenses

43. you give complete
freedom to
developers

48. 1993

49. 1995

50. 2000
$1,000,000,000

51. Free Software
Becomes
Mainstream

53. 1998

61. Open Source
is Everywhere

67. all software

75. 2005–2007

79. Software
Freedom as
Inspiration

84. open data

85. open access

87. Questions?
francois@catalyst.net.nz
@fmarier

88. Photo credits:
ibm 360 with people: http://www.flickr.com/photos/cote/54408562/sizes/l/in/photostream/
cdc6600: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Personable_Computer.jpg
ken and dennis with medals: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Medal_lg.jpeg
warrington logo: http://wikieducator.org/File:Warrington_logo.png
ashs logo: http://wikieducator.org/File:ASHS_logo.png
wanted poster: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mscaprikell/59580038/in/photostream/
tape: http://www.flickr.com/photos/leejordan/486911915/
tim o'reilly: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Tim_O%27Reilly_in_Foo_China_200
fsf logo: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:FSF-Logo.svg
tux: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Tux.svg
open source: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/wiki/File:Opensource.svg
stock market: http://www.flickr.com/photos/thewalkingirony/3051500551/
android logo: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:Android_logo.svg
in-flight entertainment: http://www.flickr.com/photos/kalleboo/2473197800/
samsung tv: http://www.flickr.com/photos/johannesfreund/2320330661/
Linus: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Torvalds.jpeg
Bill Gates: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Gates_in_WEF_,2007.jpg
Bruce Perens: [not CC] http://perens.com/press/photos/
Lawrence Lessig: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lessig_portrait.jpg
Jimmy Wales: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Wales_Fundraiser_Appeal_edit.jpg
Steve Ballmer: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steve_ballmer_2007_outdoors2.jpg
us department of justice: https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/File:US-DeptOfJustice-Seal.svg