324 syazwina lab3
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This document discusses key aspects of computer systems including: - Data is represented using bits (the smallest unit of either 0 or 1) that are grouped into bytes to store characters. Bits and bytes are used to measure data transfer rates and storage capacities. - The main components of a computer system are hardware, system software that controls operations, and application software for tasks. - The basic information processing cycle in a computer involves inputting data, processing it, storing output for future use, and presenting the results.
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CHAP 1 - INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
This document provides an introduction to computers by defining key computer concepts and components. It explains that a computer accepts input, processes data using a central processing unit and memory, stores data, and produces output. Computer hardware includes input, processing, output, and storage devices. Software is divided into system software, like operating systems and utilities, and application software for tasks like word processing. Popular operating systems include Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. The document outlines the basic functions of a computer system and its hardware and software components.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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324 syazwina lab3
- 2. 2.1 SYSTEM CONCEPT • 2.1.1 Overview of Computer System • 2.1.2 Data Representation • 2.1.3 Storage Capacity
- 3. INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE PROCESS ( performing information on the data ) OUTPUT ( presenting the result ) STORAGE ( saving data, programs, or output for future use ) INPUT ( entering data into the computer ) Bubble Map
- 4. DATA REPRESENTATION BIT • The smallest unit of data a computer can process that consist of 0 (off) and 1 (on). • Use to measure data transfer rate of computer communication device. (Kbps, Mbps, Gbps ) BYTE • Eight bits grouped together as a unit to store a single character up to 256 individual characteristic. • Use to measure storage capacity. (KB, MB, GB, TB, PB ) Tree Map
- 5. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE SOFTWARE SYSTEM SOFTWARE – Programs that control or maintain the operations of a computer and its devices APPLICATION SOFTWARE – Program designed to make users more productive or assist them with personal tasks Brace Map
- 6. The End