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REPOSITIONING LIVESTOCK ON THE GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
- 1. IVESTOCK AND THE PUBLIC GOOD NEXUS immy W. Smith orld Bank
- 2. ays to think about the Public Good nexus he status quo ncreasing the Public Good contributions
- 4. Thinking about Public Goods –Based on Economic Principles Pure Public Goods share two qualities: Nonexcludability --which means that when provided to one party, the public good is provided to all. Nonrivalary --which means that the consumption of the Public Good by one party does not reduce the amount available to others.
- 5. High Rivalry Common Pool Goods Communal rangelands Private Goods Water (volume and quality) On-farm production, processing, Air quality (including and distribution (quality standards) protection against climate Most clinical veterinary and change) breeding services Animal genetic resources and Most input supplies (feed, seed, other sources of biodiversity etc.) High excludability Pure Public Goods Poverty reduction Club Goods Border quarantine Standards and certification Food safety inspection systems Protection against Face-to-face advisory services contagious diseases Collective action in disease (tick Animal health intelligence dips) control Disease data systems
- 6. SOME EXAMPLES -- PUBLIC GOOD, ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY Funding Responsibility Oversight For Imp. Pure Public Goods Veterinary health • Border quarantine Public sector Public sector Mainly national Veterinary Services (VS) • Surveillance of Public sector Preferably in Mainly district service, with main contagious subcontract with clear lines to national VS, with diseases private operators international support in developing countries and international coordination among all countries • Early alert and Public sector Preferably in Mainly national VS with response for main subcontract with international support contagious private operators diseases • Vaccination Public/private Mostly private sector Mainly national VS with partnership international support • Vaccine Public/private Mostly private sector National or regional public development partnership institutions • Disease data Public/private Mainly public sector Mainly national VS with systems partnership international support Food safety and human Public/private Preferably in Mainly local, within overall public health partnership subcontract with guidelines of national and, private operators eventually, international buyers Research and Public/private Preferably private with Public/private at corresponding education partnership subcontracts levels
- 8. radicate extreme poverty and hunger t least 50 % of income, food and arable farming inputs for 700 million poor, even in middle income countries: Indonesia: Only 3 percent poultry meat from large farms India: 5.5 percent of national workforce in dairy sector chieve universal education ritical cash to pay school fees romote gender equality
- 9. educe Child Mortality ritical cash to pay health expenses ssential mineral and vitamin source to supplement poor basal diets mprove maternal health ilk to supplement breast feeding and enhance overall maternal health ombat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases raction to reduce drudgery of labor of weakened farming population
- 10. nsure environmental sustainability rganic Fertilizer for about half total nutrient needs raction for about one-third of the world’s total arable land ncome to buy inputs for crops evelop a global partnership esponding to critical research needs
- 12. Early 1980s Official development assistance (ODA): 17% World Bank lending: 30% World Bank lending Early 1990s is recovering ….. Official development assistance (ODA): 12% World Bank lending: 15% Early 2000s Official development assistance (ODA): 4% World Bank lending: <10% …but overall ODA has not recovered
- 13. Challenges AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL WORLD POOR 4% DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE AGRICULTURE PUBLIC SPENDING (Sub-Saharan Africa) RURAL 4% 75%
- 14. nvestment at the national level is limited: Only 3 countries had PRSPs with detailed strategy and budget for livestock and poverty reduction None had specified investments under Poverty Reduction Strategy Credits; and Low investment from national budgets (estimated 15-20 percent of Agricultural budget) For example, Mali: Livestock about 35 percent of Ag. GDP but MinAg. budget: 91.6 % arable farming, 3.6 % livestock and 1% for fisheries 14
- 15. ncreasing the Public Good Contributions
- 16. Poverty Reduction Global extreme poverty 2002, $1.08 a day Global extreme poverty 2002, $1.08 a day – 2.5 billion people depend directly on agriculture Global Urban poor 287 mill. South – 800 m smallholders Asia rural 407 mill. – 75% of poor are rural MENA rural 5 mill. and the majority will be rural to about 2040 ECA rural East Asia 5 mill. rural Sub-Saharan 218 mill. Africa rural LAC rural 27 mill. 229 mill.
- 18. Important user of natural resources: Mitigating the effects of livestock Mitigating the effects of livestock 70-75% of fresh water resources on the environment on the environment 40% of land area 25-30% of greenhouse gas emissions Mitigating the effects of climate Mitigating the effects of climate change on livestock change on livestock Contributions to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Developing country agriculture & deforestation 21% Developing Industrialized country countries other 64% sources 15% 18
- 19. Three Worlds of Agriculture Agriculture’s share in growth 1990-2005 80% Agriculture based countries Mainly SS-Africa 417 million rural people 20% Urbanized countries Transforming countries Mainly Latin America Mainly Asia, MENA 0 255 million rural people 2.2 billion rural people 0 50% 100% Rural poor/total poor, 2002
- 20. 20
- 21. peration Flood in India Cooperative movement now with about 130,000 member coops, serving 14 million farmers, including 3.7 million women processing about 20 million ton milk annually astoral development in East Africa Ethiopian and Kenyan pastoral development projects working for the poorest group of society rated moderately satisfactory or better for outcomes
- 22. upport research for “technologies for the poor” Develop remedies to “livestock diseases of the poor” Develop alternative feeds resources upport better integration of smallholders in the value chain romote, where needed, exits from the sector
- 23. ublic health: Six major zoonotic disease scares over last decade with economic losses over US $ 200 billion (direct and indirect) over the last decade Of 1415 known pathogens, 62 percent of animal origin 1.6 million annual TB fatalities of which 2-15 percent of bovine origin Food borne pathogens important contributor to diarrheal diseases Contribution to obesity and other food related health risks 23
- 24. uilding on the HPAI efforts to promote the “One Health” concept: At the international evel seek to promote: Permanent global Coordination mechanisms Sustainable funding Mechanisms t the national level eek to promote:
- 25. revent and control the ‘lingering’ zoonotic diseases whih mostly affect the poor urther strengthen veterinary public health services/mechanisms.
- 26. Livestock sector is major contributor to greenhouse gas emission, important eroder of bio-diversity; cause of land degradation and water pollution Use one quarter of total terrestrial land and one third of total crop land Contribute to 20 percent rangeland degradation Emit 18 percent of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gasses Use 15 percent of global agriculture water Pose a threat to bio-diversity in 306 of the 825 eco-regions Changing climatic effects on feed & water resources, pathogens and disease dynamics 26
- 27. ontinue to work on payment for environmental services: Use PES to reduce deforestation of hunid tropical forest; Shift pastoralists in arid areas from livestock herders to stewards of the landscape xpand work on environmental mitigation of intensive livestock production systems; Promote innovation in livestock waste management ncrease attention to livestock and Global Climate Change Reducing GHG emission Adapting livestock systems to GCC
- 28. HANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Cannot ignore threats to human health from emerging and reemerging zoonotic disease, One new disease has emerged every year over the last two decades, and about 75 percent of these have been zoonotic. Policy choices, and careful investment interventions are required to address issues ranging from the intensification of production systems, improving market efficiencies, food safety along value chains and ensuring sustainable natural resources.