The document discusses several determinants of health including heredity, environment, culture, media, and technology. It provides definitions and discusses the level of control for each determinant. Some key points made include that heredity has about 5 out of 10 control and can be influenced by treatments. The environment has less control but can be influenced by one's friends and activities. Culture has a rating of 5 out of 10 for control as home culture is harder to influence than choices outside the home. Media is rated as having 8 out of 10 control as people can control what they post but not where it spreads. The effects of each determinant on health are also discussed briefly.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Definition: The transmission of genetic
characters from parents to offspring and
the passing on of physical or mental
characteristics genetically from one
generation to another.
The level of control on Heredity is about 5 out
of 10 being total control. It affects us and has
some major health issues, but you also can be
helped and you might not have to be in major
pain. I thought it would be 5 out of 10 because,
you can have certain treatment or therapy to
get through those situations. One sort of
treatment that I found out is Gene therapy
solutions, it is a promising new field of medical
research. Basically researchers try to supply
copies of healthy genes to cells with variant or
missing genes so that the healthy genes will
take over.
3. Hereditary affects chances for heart
disease
Statistic: Genes affect our chances of
having several common illnesses, like
heart disease, asthma and
diabetes.
Website: www.sciencemusem.org
Genes affect your weight
Statistics: You may have inherited the
gene (or genes) from your parents that Genes affect your life expectancy
indicate you have a chance of becoming Statistics: The action of a single gene can
obese. Even if you are not obese, knowing have huge effects on how long a creature
that you are at a higher risk of becoming lives.
obese may encourage you to talk to your Website: www.naure.com
doctor about preventative measures.
Website: www.trugentics.com
4. Environment
Michelle Wojcik, Jimmy O’Connor, Nico Novelle, & Renee Bialas
Definition: Environment: the aggregate of surrounding things, conditions, or
influences; surroundings (according to dictionary.com)
Rating: We believe that your environment is a 3 in control. You can’t control
what your parents do around you but you can control your friends and the
people you hang with during your free time.
Selling Point: Your environment is more dominant to your health than
anything else because it impacts the decisions you are going to make for the
rest of your life.
5. Research on Effects of
Environment
3 Examples and Stats:
Each year, over 13,000 new cases of type 1 diabetes are
diagnosed in children and teenagers, making it one of the most
common chronic diseases in American children. -
www.joslin.org/info/genetics_and_diabetes.html
Without treatment, an HIV positive woman will transmit HIV to
her child during pregnancy or childbirth about 25% of the time.
-www.aidshealth.org/learn-about-it.html/2/
People with diabetes often test positive (even years before
onset) for a certain kind of autoantibody. Antibodies are
normally good; a protein that attack and destroy bacteria and
viruses that invade the body --
www.iletsofhope.com/diabetes/information/genes_diagnosis_t
ransmission_1.html
6. CULTURE
BY: Samee, other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded
Definition: The arts and
Matt, Taylor, and Shivali
collectively
According to
https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&site&source=hp&q=define%3A+culture&oq=define%3A+culture
&gs_l=hp.3 ..0l10.107.5005.0.5130.
Rate of control: 5
Control can differ between at home and away from home. When you are
eating out you can choose for example to not go to McDonalds and instead
go to a healthier restaurant even though a lot of Americans choose the
unhealthy fast food. But if you are at home, you have little control over the
cultural foods that your family force you to eat, which can be unhealthy.
Selling Point
Culture can prevent someone from getting proper healthcare to treat
illnesses. A lot of people will deny certain surgeries or other stuff based on
their religion. This is a lot more important than just the health effects of the
other determinants.
7. RESEARCH ON EFFECTS OF CULTURE
• Your ethnicity could affect what kinds of food you’re eating every
day; for example, eating the organic greens, fibrous beans, and
lentils of the Mediterranean is much better than stuffing yourself
with a greasy cheeseburger.
http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/08/25/healthiest.ethnic.cuisine
s/index.html
• Most Italians start drinking wine at a young age because it is
considered a part of their meals.
http://www.bu.edu/today/2011/how-ethnicity-shapes-drinking-
habits/
• Previous research and ethnographic accounts suggest that Chinese
culture embraces emotional moderation and that Mexican culture
embraces emotional expression. http://ist-
socrates.berkeley.edu/~ucbpl/docs/112-
Emotion%20recognition09.pdf
8. Media
The main means of mass communication regarded collectively: "the
campaign won media attention".
The amount of control we have on media on us is probably an 8. We
control what we put on media based websites, but we don’t control
where it ends up going.
Media is the most important and influential category because teens
sometimes say and do things on the internet that they shouldn’t. If the
things they do go viral, their reputation will never be the same. While
watching media, people’s actions are also affected. People feel that their
Matt Chacko, Tyler Olsen, and
actions should be similar to the ones of the actors and actresses on TV.
8 Emily Cintron
9. Alcohol
Non-specialist journalists aren’t to blame for overlooking nuances – that is, to some degree, inevitable. Nor can health
campaigners, seeking to counter powerful trade influence, be blamed for accentuating negative projections in order to keep
their perspective in the headlines. However, it is unfortunate that news reporting often edges out not only complexities
within the available data, but also crucial issues which are less easily quantifiable: the role of cultural beliefs in shaping
expectancies, geographical variations, and the impact of income on patterns of both consumption and harm. It also edges
out good news stories (such as declining use among young people) which could be harnessed to encourage a shift in the
perceptions of peer drinking which may shape individual behavior.
http://www.alcoholpolicy.net/2011/03/alcohol-policy-comment-determinants-influences-and-the-media.html
Health Choices
Health starts in our homes, schools, workplaces, neighborhoods, and communities. We know that taking care of ourselves
by eating well and staying active, not smoking, getting the recommended immunizations and screening tests, and seeing a
doctor when we are sick all influence our health. Our health is also determined in part by access to social and economic
opportunities; the resources and supports available in our homes, neighborhoods, and communities; the quality of our
schooling; the safety of our workplaces; the cleanliness of our water, food, and air; and the nature of our social interactions
and relationships. The conditions in which we live explain in part why some Americans are healthier than others and why
Americans more generally are not as healthy as they could be.
http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/overview.aspx?topicid=39
The factors which influence health are multiple and interactive. Health promotion is fundamentally concerned with action
and advocacy to address the full range of potentially modifiable determinants of health – not only those which are related
to the actions of individuals, such as health behaviors and lifestyles, but also factors such as income and social status,
education, employment and working conditions, access to appropriate health services, and the physical environments.
http://definitionofwellness.com/dictionary/determinants-of-health.html
9/6/2012 9
10. Technology
• TECHNOLOGY-the branch of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of
technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment,
drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and
pure science.
• Control = 6
• selling point - people are easily influenced by technology such as; advertisements
on the television, the internet, and communications with the cell phone.
Technology now has different ways to get healthy like supplements or vitamins and
lifting machines and programs to lose weight.
11. Research on effect of technology on
your health
• Cellphones emit radiation that is harmful for us.
Some cellphones emit as much as 1.6 w/kg
(watts/kilogram).
• Your eyes could be affected and irritated because of
staring at a bright screen all day. Many scientists say
that there was an increase of patients with irritating
eyes and a bad headache.
• It affects family health, as many more people are
gathering around screens instead of doing other
family activities.
12. Attitude detirminants
Can you control you attitude?
We have a lot of control
over our attitude. From 1
to 10, I would give the
Attitude - Attitude: manner, disposition, etc., with regard to
control level a 10 because
a person or thing; tendency or orientation, especially of everybody can control
the mind: a negative attitude. how they act. This is the
most important because
everything you do is
Luke Tralmer motivated by your
Simona Urbaite attitude. If you have a
Crystal Lite Gaddam bad attitude you won’t
Lauren Toler want to exercise, but
instead do drugs.
13. “Motivation”
Motivation is something that we use every
day. It's what enables us to survive and to
educate ourselves in order to pursue a
higher goal in life. http://www.betterhealth-
organics.com/better_thinking_motivations_e
ffect.htm
“Self-Esteem”
Anger and depression has a lot to do with
self-esteem and that directly affects your
health. Your body may become exhausted
after defending against your negative and
stressful thoughts.
http://www.burnsurvivorsttw.org/articles/self
esteem.html
“Stress”
It is estimated that 90% of diseases are
caused by stress.
http://www.answer-my-health-
question.info/how-does-stress-affect-
health.html
14. Behavior
Ethan Waterman, Rebecca Metcalf, Caitlin Miller,
Latricia Lust
ONLY YOU can
control your behavior.
Definition: manner of behaving or acting. The
actions or reactions of a person or animal in response
to external or internal stimuli.
15. Research on Effects of Behavior
1. Badly behaved teenagers often make bad
choices like drinking and smoking.
2. Some adults and children have unhealthy
habits, such as eating fast food often.
3. If a person has a behavior of staying up late,
then they will get little sleep which can lead to
stress. Sources http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12880879
http://www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/mandatory-
menu-labeling-didnt-change-behavior-at-one-fast-food-chain
http://childrenwithanxiety.com/articles-resources/sleep-habits-
can-affect-levels-of-stress-and-anxiety-in-children-and-teens