1. The document discusses various factors that influence garment fit and comfort, including appearance, design, fabric properties, garment size ratio to body size, garment slip vs stretch, and clothing pressure. 2. It also discusses the properties required for different types of clothing, such as thermal insulating suits, cooling jackets, and clothing for cold environments. Key properties mentioned include heat transfer, air and moisture permeability, absorbency, and thickness of the air gap. 3. Various physical phenomena are also discussed that affect thermal comfort, such as the thickness of the air gap between the body and clothing, ventilation rates for tight vs loose fitting garments, and the role of fabric air permeability in regulating heat and moisture

1. 1. fabric properties required for comfort of thermal insulating suit
There are lots of clothing comfort properties of textiles such as heat transfer, thermal protection, air permeability,
moisture permeability, water absorption, water repellence, size, fit and etc.
2. Factors affecting garment fit and comfort
• Appearance, Comfort, Design and Fabric.
• Garment fit provides the space allowance for skin strain, which is affected by the ratio of garment
size to body size and the nature of garment design.
• Garment slip, which is determined mainly by the coefficient of friction between skin and fabric and
between different layers of garments, is another mechanism to accommodate skin strain.
• Fabric stretch, as an important factor in pressure comfort, is dependent largely on fabric elastic
characteristics and elastic recovery properties.
• Whether a garment slips or stretches is dependent on the balance of the tensile force in the fabric
and the frictional forces between skin and fabric. If a fabric has a low resistance to stretch and high
friction against the skin or other fabric, it tends to stretch rather than slip. The opposite occurs if the
fabric has low friction and high tensile resistance. If a fabric has high friction and stretching
resistance, high clothing pressure is likely to be exerted on the body, which would result in
discomfort sensations.
3. fabric properties required for comfort of cooling jacket
Absorbency , wettability , water proof ,contact angle, moisture management
4. need and selection of clothing for any 2 different applications
The basic needs of human are food, clothing and shelter, after fulfilling the first need
offood, aperson looks for the second important need, i.e. clothing. In the present day society,
we expect much more from clothing than to satisfy our basic need. In most societies the
clothing is for the purpose of expressing wealth, status, occupation, age, occasion, gender,
etc., There are various factors which influence the selection of clothing type, the factors
which influence the selection of clothing can be divided broadly into four major groups, i.e.
social factor, economic factor, environmental factor and physical factor. All these factors
play significant roles in selection of clothing of aperson.
The social factors include the place where aperson lives (urban or rural area), cultural
background of person, gender, occupation, occasion, social status, etc. Depending on the
place where a person lives, the clothing pattern changes. In urban area, due to close cultural
interactions between the various sections of people, the clothing pattern becomes more
cosmopolitan in nature. But on the other hand the rural clothing is more influenced by the
regional factors. Similarly, clothing is also influenced by cultural background and upbringing
ofaperson, the upbringing influences the taste of aperson toward, the clothing significantly

2. For example, one can easily make out the difference between a police and a common man depending
on his clothing, or in a hospital a nurse can be easily identified based on her clothing. We generally
prefer to wear different clothing depending on the occasion, namely formal wear, casual wear, etc. A
person generally prefers to wear formal clothing in office, but the same person prefers casual wear in
leisure trip.
5. Physical phenomena affecting thermal comfort
Normally, the property of fabric absorbency is important when fabric is to be dyed,
where the completeness and uniformity of the dyeing are dependent upon the absorbency, or
when the fabric is used for special functional garments or products.
1. The principle of this method is: a drop of water is allowed to fall from a fixed
height onto the extended surface of a test specimen;
2. The time required for the water drop to disappear is measured and recorded as
wetting time;
3. The average of five readings is taken;
4. The shorter the average time gets the more absorbent the textile.
6. Need and selection of clothing for cold environment
In the case of clothing, the body temperature is nearly always higher than the
temperature of the surrounding environment, so the normal direction of heat transfer is from
the warm body to the outside environment. Of course, in particularly hot climates, the reverse
is true. When the surrounding environment is colder than the body, resistance to heat transfer
increases as the volume of dead air in the clothing increases, and more heat is kept near the
body. This is the reason that a gown, jacket or comforter can keep a person warm even in a
very cold environment. The down feathers between the outer fabric layers allow for a larger
volume of dead air to serve as resistance to heat transfer. As long as the air within a fabric or
assembly is so-called „dead‟ air, it provides good resistance to heat transfer. However, as the
volume of air space increases, the likelihood of air movement or convection increases. When
convection occurs, it is usually the dominant mean of heat transfer, overpowering any effects
ofreduced conduction of heat.
Because various fibers differ little in thermal transmittance behavior, fiber physical
structure – more than chemical make-up – affects the overall insulation capacity of a fabric

3. and the thermal comfort of the user or wearer. Fibers have a high surface to volume ratio,
thus, there are many small spaces for dead air within a fibrous structure. In those spaces there
is no convection because air movement is practically nil, there is little thermal transmittance
because air is very poor conductor of heat, and there is little radiation because although air is
transparent to radiation, fibers are not.
7. Response of human clothing in hot environment
The normal body temperature of a healthy person is in the region of 9r-99°F and is
fairly carefully controlled. The skin temperature varies at different body regions. In an
ordinarily dressed individual, under comfortable conditions, this may vary by 20°F or more

4. between the trunk and the extremities. After "heavy" muscular exercise the
internal temperature can raise to 102°F or 104°F or even more, and the same thing
happens in the hot bath.
Over longer periods of time, people become acclimatized to exposure to more
marked heat or cold. People acclimatized to tropical heat are sensitive to c01d
exposure. By the same reasoning, people over dressed in excessive underwear feel
cold when this is taken off.Thus, clothing should have the capacity to maintain the
equilibrium between the body and the environment by heat regulation.
8. Moisture vapour and liquid moisture permeability
LIQUID MOISTURE PERMEABILITY
The primary cooling mechanism of the human body is evaporation of perspiration,
with water vapor carrying heat away from the body as it evaporates out of the skin‟s
pores. In the garment–skin microclimate environment, the absorption of sweat
by garment and its transportation through and across the fabric where it is
evaporated are claimed by some researchers to aid clothing comfort perception.
The manner of the moisture absorbed at the fabric inner surface, transported between
the two sides and evaporated at the outer surface significantly influences the
wearer‟s comfort sensation, as the moisture is a much better heat conductor than
air. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the fabric physical properties of
moisture transfer before design of high value-added garments or products.
AIR PERMEABILITY
It is a measure of how well a fabric allows the passage of air through it. Apart from
apparel comfort, it is also important for anumber of fabric
end uses
e.g. Industrial filtres, tents, sail-cloths, parachutes, air bags
etc.
Airpermeability”- The volume of air (in cc) which pass in one sec through 1 cm2
of fabric
under apressure head of 1 cm of water.

5. It is described as under aprescribed air pressure differential
between the two surfaces of material.
It depends on,
• Types of yarn
• Fabric Structure
• Fibre Parameters
9. Report on garment fit and comfort
A pair of tight-fitting shorts and perform two sets of postures, the stand and leg raise (the
angle between thigh and shank was 90°), in a controlled room, with temperature and
humidity of 20 °C and 60%, respectively.
10. Fluctuating microclimate in loose-fit garment
Due to metabolic action, the human body continually produces heat. The clothing
system contributes greatly to through the regulation of heat balance. The size and
fit of a garment influences the thickness of microclimate. The fluctuation of
microclimate occurs very frequently due to activity and body movement. This
phenomenon is very significant in case of loose-fit garments. The changes in
garment surface temperature on a garment made of cotton and polyester fabrics, due
to fluctuation of relative humidity of microclimate. They have reported that with
the rapid fluctuation of relative humidity of microclimate the surface temperature of
cotton garment fluctuates significantly, whereas in case of polyester garment the
fluctuation was smaller than cotton.

6. Thickness of garment = thegirth of garment —the girth of naked body to the the
girth of naked body
The clothing pressure can be measured using pressure sensors. The selected four
areas of body (i.e. hip, shank, thigh and knee) where the clothing pressure on the
body were measured. They have used GYG-06 pressure sensor which was
primarily designed to measurethe application in which the pressure range can be
expected to, 0-10 kPa. The sensor, cell was small and flexible, and so could be
easily inserted between the pants and skin without affecting the accuracy of the
pressure measurement.
11. Air Gap Thickness
When the air gap exceeds a certain value (in case of very
loose-fit garment), possibility of drop in thermal insulation and
moisture vapour resistance is there with the increase in the air gap.
This is due to the fact that in loose/fit garments, there are easy
passages of adjacent atmospheric air to penetrate through the openings
and interfere with the still air of the microclimate. Also the air gap results
in greater natural convection.Thermal insulation and moisture vapour
resistance reach a maximum at a certain air gap thickness depending on
fabric properties, wind conditions and garment fit. Tighter fitting
garments are preferable to keep the body warm in windy.With the open-

7. structured knitted garment, reported that in absence of wind the
maximum thermal insulation was reached with air gap thickness of
approximately 1 cm, corresponding to a difference of 7.5 cm in girth
between the garment and the body. On the other hand, in windy
conditions the maximum thermal insulation reached at lower air gap
thickness (i.e. approximately 0.6 cm thick), corresponding to a difference
of 5 cm in girth between the garment and the body. More natural and
forced convection is believed to cause the slower increase of thermal
insulation and vapour resistance with the increase in air gap thickness.
12. Tight fit ventilation :
Most of the garments, especially the protective clothing, are designed to protect
the human being from hostile thermal, biological, chemical environments, etc. The
comfort properties of these garments are of considerable interest for their
satisfactory performance. In addition to the selection of raw material,
constructional parameters and finish, garment fit also gains its importance in
deciding the transfer of heat and moisture to the environment. The ventilation
rate by changing the fit of the garment is (jackets). The jackets were made from
normal fit to oversize by using metal rings inside. These rings enlarged the air
volume between skin and clothing by about 60%. Nine male subjects participated in
the study.
The 3D scanner method was used for measuring the volume of trapped air.
The volume also varied due to the variations in body dimensions of the subject.
Ventilation rate was measured during standing, walking* swinging arms and
bending arms by TNO tracer gas method. The ventilation rate was found to be higher
(200 litre/min.) in loose-fit garment than normal-fit garment (120 litre/min.). So,
looser the garment more the heat loss was observed. Another way to enhance the
heat loss is to make clothing more air permeable, The effect of air permeability
on heat strain of chemical protective clothing. He has observed that the tolerance
time when walking on a treadmill has increased from 174 ±42 to 203 ± 56 min by

8. increasing the ventilation through the material from 186 to 365litre/m2
. It can be
concluded that fit of the garment and air permeability are the two important factors
in deciding the heat and moisture transfer of clothing.
13. Human clothing system for physiological and psychological comfort:
Comfort is considered as a fundamental property when a textile product is valued.
Comfort is freedom from pain, freedom from discomfort. It is a neutral state.
Comfort is a pleasant state of physiological, psychological and physical harmony between a
human being and the environment.
Psychological comfort
It is mainly related to the aesthetic appeal, which includes size, fit, texture, style,
fashion etc. it is subjective perception which vary individual to individual.
Perception of comfort classified into three groups:
• physical variables of the environment and the clothing
• psycho-physiological parameters of the wearer
• psychological filters of the brain