This document provides an overview of valuation and summarizes key aspects of the ICAI Valuation Standards. It discusses that valuation is the process of estimating the value of a business or ownership interest based on appropriate valuation procedures and professional judgment. The valuation standards cover definitions, bases, approaches, scope of work, reporting, and specific standards for business, intangible assets, and financial instruments. The document reviews premises of value, valuation bases, and the market, income and cost valuation approaches and common methods used under each.

1. Valuation
An Overview
CA Dr Prithvi Ranjan Parhi
Chartered Accountant and Registered Valuer
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ICAI Valuation Standards
101 :
Definitions
102 :
Valuation Bases
103 :
Valuation
Approaches
and Methods
201 :
Scope of Work,
Analyses and
Evaluation
202 :
Reporting and
Documentation
301 :
Business
Valuation
302 :
Intangible Assets
303 : Financial
Instruments

3. Value:
• A value is an estimate of the value of a
business or business ownership interests,
arrived at by applying the valuation
procedures appropriate for a valuation
engagement and using professional
judgment as to the value or range of values
based on those procedures.
-Para 6.43 ICAI Valuation Standard 101
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An Estimation
Business
Business
Ownership
Interest
Appropriate
Procedures
Professional
Judgement

4. Business Valuation
• Business Valuation is the act or process of
determining the value of a business
enterprise or ownership interest therein.
-Para 9: ICAI Valuation Standard-103 Valuation Approaches and Methods
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Process
Business
Ownership
Interest

5. Valuation Methodology
-ICAI Valuation Standard 301 - Business Valuation
12. In performing a valuation assignment, a valuer shall:
a) define the premise of the value;
b) analyse the asset to be valued and collect the
necessary information;
c) identify the adjustments to the financial and non-
financial information for the valuation;
d) consider and apply appropriate valuation
approaches and methods;
e) arrive at a value or a range of values; and
f) identify the subsequent events, if any
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Define Premises
Analyse the Asset
Identify the
Adjustments to
information
Consider the
Approach
Consider
the
Method
Arrive at the
Value
Identify
Subsequent
Events

6. Premise of Value
Para 37 & 38 of ICAI-VS 102 Bases of Value
• Premise of Value refers to the conditions
and circumstances how an asset is
deployed.
• In a given set of circumstances, a single
premise of value may be adopted while in
some situations multiple premises of value
may be adopted.
• Some common premises of value are as
follows:
1. Highest And Best Use;
2. Going Concern Value;
3. As Is Where Is Value;
4. Orderly Liquidation; Or
5. Forced Transaction.
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1. Highest And Best Use Value
2. Going Concern Value
3. As Is Where Is Value
4. Orderly Liquidation
5. Forced Transaction
Premises
of
Value

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Valuation Premises
As per ICAI-VS 102 :Valuation Bases
1. Highest And
Best Use Value
2. Going
Concern Value
3. As Is Where
Is Value
4. Orderly
Liquidation
5. Forced
Transaction
Value at HABU
Conversion Cost
to be considered
Realisable value
of an asset on
liquidation after
allowing
appropriate
marketing efforts
and a reasonable
period of time
Seller is under
constraints to
sell an asset
without
appropriate
marketing
period or effort
Value of a
business
enterprise that
is expected to
continue to
operate in the
future
Value
Considering
the Existing
use of the
asset

8. Premise #1
Highest and Best Use
• 43. Where the highest and best use is different from the existing use,
costs, to be incurred, if any for conversion of an asset to its highest and
best use need to be considered for determination of value based on
highest and best use.
• 44. In certain cases, assessment of highest and best use may involve
considerable subjectivity/ technical aspects and the valuer may base
his assessment considering inter-alia relevant inputs from the client,
information available in public domain, etc.
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9. Premise #2
Going Concern Value
• 45. Going concern value is the value of a business enterprise
that is expected to continue to operate in the future.
• 46. The intangible elements of Going Concern Value result
from factors such as having a trained work force, an
operational plant, the necessary licenses, marketing systems,
and procedures in place etc.
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10. Premise #3
As-is-where-is Basis
• 47. As-is-where-is basis will consider the existing use of the
asset which may or may not be its highest and best use.
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11. Premise #4
Orderly Liquidation
• 48. An orderly liquidation refers to the realisable value of an asset
in the event of a liquidation after allowing appropriate marketing
efforts and a reasonable period of time to market the asset on an
as-is, where-is basis.
• 49. The reasonable period of time to market the asset would vary
based on the market conditions, nature of the asset, etc.
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12. Premise #5
Forced transaction
• 50. Forced transaction is a transaction where a seller is
under constraints to sell an asset without appropriate
marketing period or effort to market such asset.
• 51. Sale in the market that is not active cannot be
presumed to be forced transaction without assessing
the seller specific circumstances.
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13. Valuation base:
• Valuation base means the indication of the type of value being used in an
assignment.
• -Para 6.1 ICAI Valuation Standard 101
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Valuation Bases (ICAI-VS)
Fair Value
Price in an
orderly
transaction
Liquidation value
Sale of an
asset or a group of
assets when an
actual / hypothetical
termination of the
business is
contemplated/
assumed
Participant Specific Value
Specific advantages
or disadvantages are
considered

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Valuation Approaches & Methods
As per ICAI Valuation Standards 103
Market Approach Income Approach Cost Approach
Market Price Method
Comparable Companies
Multiple Method
Comparable Transaction
Multiple Method
Discount Cash Flow Method
Earning Capitalisation
Method
Dividend Discount Models
Intangible Asset Valuation
Option Pricing Models
Relief from Royalty Method
Multi Period Excess Earning
Method
With and Without Method
Replacement Cost
Method
Reproduction Cost
Method

16. 1. Market Approach
• Market approach is a valuation approach that uses
prices and other relevant information generated by
market transactions involving identical or comparable
(i.e., similar) assets, liabilities or a group of assets and
liabilities, such as a business.
-Para 14: ICAI Valuation Standard-103 Valuation Approaches and Methods
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17. 2. Income Approach
-ICAI Valuation Standard 301 - Business Valuation
• 34. Income approach is the valuation approach that converts maintainable or future
amounts (e.g., cash flows or income and expenses) to a single current (i.e.
discounted or capitalised) amount.
• The fair value measurement is determined on the basis of the value indicated by
current market expectations about those future amounts.
• 35. The most commonly used income approach is Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)
Method.
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18. 3. Cost approach
• 36. Cost approach is a valuation approach that reflects the amount
that would be required currently to replace the service capacity of an
asset (often referred to as current replacement cost).
• 37. The following are the commonly used valuation methods under
the cost approach:
• (a) Replacement Cost Method; and
• (b) Reproduction Cost Method.
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19. Thank You.
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